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Although organic–inorganic hybrid Mn2+halides have advanced significantly, achieving high stability and narrow-band emission remains enormously challenging owing to the weak ionic nature and soft crystal lattice of the halide structure. To address these issues, we proposed a cationic engineering strategy of long-range cation π···π stacking and C–H···π interactions to simultaneously improve the crystal structural stability and rigidity. Herein, two organic zero-dimensional (0D) manganese halide hybrids of (BACQ)2MnX4[BACQ = 4-(butylamino)-7-chloroquinolin-1-ium; X = Cl and Br] were synthesized. (BACQ)2MnX4display strong green-light emissions with the narrowest full width at half-maximum (fwhm) of 39 nm, which is significantly smaller than those of commercial green phosphor β-SiAlON:Eu2+and most of reported manganese halides. Detailed Hirshfeld surface analyses demonstrate the rigid environment around the [MnX4]2–units originating from the interactions between [BACQ]+. The rigid crystal structure weakens the electron–phonon coupling and renders narrow fwhm of these manganese halides, which is further confirmed by temperature-dependent emission spectra. Remarkably, (BACQ)2MnX4realizes outstanding structural and luminescence stabilities in various extreme environments. Benefiting from the excellent performance, these Mn2+halides are used to assemble light-emitting diodes with a wide color gamut of 105% of the National Television System Committee 1931 standard, showcasing the advanced applications in liquid-crystal-display backlighting.

The lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) plays a crucial role in both T-cell development and activation. Dysregulation of LCK signaling has been demonstrated to drive the oncogenesis of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), thus providing a therapeutic target for leukemia treatment. In this study, we introduced a sophisticated virtual screening strategy combined with biological evaluations to discover potent LCK inhibitors. Our initial approach involved utilizing the PLANET algorithm to assess and contrast various scoring methodologies suitable for LCK inhibitor screening. After effectively evaluating PLANET, we progressed to devise a virtual screening workflow that synergistically combines the strengths of PLANET with the capabilities of Schrödinger’s suite. This integrative strategy led to the efficient identification of four potential LCK inhibitors. Among them, compound 1232030-35-1 stood out as the most promising candidate with an IC50of 0.43 nM. Further in vitrobioassays revealed that 1232030-35-1 exhibited robust antiproliferative effects on T-ALL cells, which was attributed to its ability to suppress the phosphorylations of key molecules in the LCK signaling pathway. More importantly, 1232030-35-1 treatment demonstrated profound in vivoantileukemia efficacy in a human T-ALL xenograft model. In addition, complementary molecular dynamics simulations provided deeper insight into the binding kinetics between 1232030-35-1 and LCK, highlighting the formation of a hydrogen bond with Met319. Collectively, our study established a robust and effective screening strategy that integrates AI-driven and conventional methodologies for the identification of LCK inhibitors, positioning 1232030-35-1 as a highly promising and novel drug-like candidate for potential applications in treating T-ALL.

The increasing demands in optoelectronic applications have driven the advancement of organic–inorganic hybrid metal halides (OIMHs), owing to their exceptional optical and scintillation properties. Among them, zero-dimensional (0D) low-toxic manganese-based scintillators have garnered significant interest due to their exceptional optical transparency and elevated photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs), making them promising for colorful light-emitting diodes and X-ray imaging applications. In this study, two OIMH single crystals of (Br-PrTPP)2MnBr4(Br-PrTPP = (3-bromopropyl) triphenylphosphonium) and (Br-BuTPP)2MnBr4(Br-BuTPP = (4-bromobutyl) triphenylphosphonium) were prepared via a facile saturated crystallization method. Benefiting from the tetrahedrally coordinated [MnBr4]2–polyhedron, both of them exhibited strong green emissions peaked at 517 nm owing to the d–d electron transition of Mn2+with near-unity PLQYs of 99.33 and 86.85%, respectively. Moreover, benefiting from the high optical transparencies and remarkable luminescence properties, these manganese halides also exhibit excellent radioluminescent performance with the highest light yield of up to 68,000 photons MeV–1, negligible afterglow (0.4 ms), and linear response to X-ray dose rate with the lowest detection limit of 45 nGyairs–1. In X-ray imaging, the flexible film made by the composite of (Br-PrTPP)2MnBr4and PDMS shows an ultrahigh spatial resolution of 12.78 lp mm–1, which provides a potential visualization tool for X-ray radiography.

To explore the coupled effect of temperature Tand strain rate $$\dot{\varepsilon }$$ ε˙ on the deformation features of AZ31 Mg alloy, mechanical behaviors and microstructural evolutions as well as surface deformation and damage features were systematically examined under uniaxial tension at Tspanning from 298 to 523 K and $$\dot{\varepsilon }$$ ε˙ from 10−4to 10−2s−1. The increase in Tor the decrease in $$\dot{\varepsilon }$$ ε˙ leads to the marked decrease in flow stress, the appearance of a stress quasi-plateau after an initially rapid strain hardening, and even to the occurrence of successive strain softening. Correspondingly, the plastic deformation modes of AZ31 Mg alloy transform from the predominant twinning and a limited amount of dislocation slip into the enhanced non-basal slip and the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) together with the weakened twinning. Meanwhile, the cracking modes also change from along grain boundaries (GBs) and at twin boundaries (TBs) or the end of twins into nearby GBs where the DRX has occurred. The appearance of a stress quasi-plateau, the formation of large-sized cracks nearby GBs, and the occurrence of continuous strain softening, are intimately related to the enhancement of the non-basal slip and the DRX.

Optimization of grain boundary engineering (GBE) process is explored in a Fe–20Cr–19Mn–2Mo–0.82 N high-nitrogen and nickel-free austenitic stainless steel, and its intergranular corrosion (IGC) property after GBE treatment is experimentally evaluated. The proportion of low Σ coincidence site lattice (CSL) boundaries reaches 79.4% in the sample processed with 5% cold rolling and annealing at 1423 K for 72 h; there is an increase of 32.1% compared with the solution-treated sample. After grain boundary character distribution optimization, IGC performance is noticeably improved. Only Σ3 boundaries in the special boundaries are resistant to IGC under the experimental condition. The size of grain cluster enlarges with increasing fraction of low ΣCSL boundaries, and the amount of Σ3 boundaries interrupting the random boundary network increases during growth of the clusters, which is the essential reason for the improvement of IGC resistance.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as sudden loss of renal function characterized by increased serum creatinine levels and reduced urinary output with a duration of 7 days. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent regulated necrotic pathway, has been implicated in the progression of AKI, while ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), a selective inhibitor of ferroptosis, inhibited renal damage, oxidative stress and tubular cell death in AKI mouse models. However, the clinical translation of Fer-1 is limited due to its lack of efficacy and metabolic instability. In this study we designed and synthesized four Fer-1 analogs (Cpd-A1, Cpd-B1, Cpd-B2, Cpd-B3) with superior plasma stability, and evaluated their therapeutic potential in the treatment of AKI. Compared with Fer-1, all the four analogs displayed a higher distribution in mouse renal tissue in a pharmacokinetic assay and a more effective ferroptosis inhibition in erastin-treated mouse tubular epithelial cells (mTECs) with Cpd-A1 (N-methyl-substituted-tetrazole-Fer-1 analog) being the most efficacious one. In hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)- or LPS-treated mTECs, treatment with Cpd-A1 (0.25 μM) effectively attenuated cell damage, reduced inflammatory responses, and inhibited ferroptosis. In ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)- or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced AKI mouse models, pre-injection of Cpd-A1 (1.25, 2.5, 5 mg·kg−1·d−1, i.p.) dose-dependently improved kidney function, mitigated renal tubular injury, and abrogated inflammation. We conclude that Cpd-A1 may serve as a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of AKI.

Low-density δ-quenching and partitioning (δ-QP) steels with excellent strength and ductility have been recently developed. However, there are still rare reports on the formability of δ-QP steels, which are critical for satisfying the manufacture of structural parts during the application in automotive industry. In the present work, an 1180 MPa Fe–Mn–Al–C–Nb δ-QP steel with a high ductility was adopted for the stretch–flangeability study. The δ-QP steel was developed by separated quenching and partitioning processes. A good hole expansion ratio (HER) of 34.9 ± 0.9% was obtained in the quenched steel, but it has been further increased to 52.2% by the tempering treatment. The improved stretch–flangeability was attributed to the enhanced austenite stability and deformation uniformity. On the one hand, the stability of austenite was increased by carbon partitioning during tempering, which reduced crack possibility via the suppression of the fresh martensite formation. On the other hand, the tempering treatment released the internal stress caused by martensitic transformation and reduced the difference in strength among different phases, resulting in an increase in the resistance to crack initiation and propagation.

With the emergence and development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), different sensors have become more miniaturized and intelligent. UAVs equipped with various sensors are now an important approach for acquiring spatial data. Many advantages, such as low cost, short revisiting cycle, flexibility and high precision, have made UAVs powerful tools in geological, agricultural, ecological and forestry growth monitoring, as well as evaluation. Now, UAVs are a hotspot in scientific research. Their application in mining areas (MA), although still in its infancy, is developing rapidly in terms of speed, scale and service scope. This research examines aspects such as UAV platforms, different sensors and their application fields, as well as reviewing the advances of scientific research in MA at the present time. By combining current research and the functions of multiple sensors, an application framework for UAV monitoring in MA is constructed. Finally, the challenge and prospects for the development of UAVs and sensors are also considered. This research hopes to provide a technical reference, expanding the knowledge and recognition of UAV monitoring in MA, as well as an assessment of applications in mining, reclamation and environment.

Exploring highly efficient blue-emissive lead-free halide materials is a significant and challenging objective in the study of luminescent materials. This study reports the synthesis of a new zero-dimensional (0D) hybrid zinc halide of [CYP]ZnBr4(CYP = 1-cyclohexylpiperazine) containing an isolated [ZnBr4]2–tetrahedron. [CYP]ZnBr4exhibits strong blue light emission with a high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 79.22%, surpassing all previously reported 0D zinc halide counterparts. According to the theoretical and experimental studies, the blue light emission is attributed to intrinsic self-trapped excitons resulting from strong electron–phonon coupling and structural deformation. Importantly, [CYP]ZnBr4demonstrates excellent structural and luminescence stability toward high temperatures (180 °C) over at least half a month. High luminescence efficiency and stability enable [CYP]ZnBr4to be an efficient blue phosphor to fabricate white light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which produces high-quality white light with a color rendering index (CRI) of 93.1 and a correlated color temperature (CCT) of 5304 K, closely resembling natural sunlight. This white LED also exhibits consistent performance and stability across different drive currents, suggesting the potential for high-power optoelectronic applications. Overall, this study paves the way for the utilization of 0D hybrid halides in advanced solid-state lighting applications.

The effects of silicon oxide additive on the transformation characteristics of sodium and sulfur in coal ash under atmospheric and elevated pressure were investigated in this study. The results indicated that silicon oxide additive significantly inhibited the release of sodium under high pressure. The sodium content in ash with 4% of silicon oxide additive was 3.5% at 0.1 MPa, which was higher than that without additive. However, the sodium content increased to 5.4% without additive and 6.9% with 4% additive at 4 MPa, respectively. The sodium mainly existed in the forms of NaAlSiO4and NaAlSi3O8at 0.1 MPa, and the content of NaAlSiO4increased with increasing additive dosage, which weakened the agglomeration of ash. The decomposition of low melting point mineral CaSO4was inhibited at 4 MPa, and the formation of Na6Ca2Al6Si6O24(SO4)2from NaAlSiO4and CaSO4was promoted significantly with increasing additive dosage. Furthermore, the inhibition mechanism of sodium and sulfur released from coal ash by silicon oxide under high pressure was proposed.

Lead halide perovskites have been explored as a new kind of promising X-ray with wide applications in radiation-associated fields, but low light yield and serious toxicity extremely restrict further applications. To address these issues, we herein demonstrated one new zero-dimensional (0D) organic–inorganic hybrid cuprous halide of [BAPMA]Cu2Br5(BAPMA = N,N-Bis(3-aminopropyl) methylamine) containing discrete [Cu4Br10]6–tetramers as excellent lead-free scintillators. Upon UV light excitation, [BAPMA]Cu2Br5displays highly efficient broadband yellowish-green light emission with one dominant peak at 526 nm, a large Stokes shift of 244 nm, and a high photoluminescent quantum yield of 53.40%. Significantly, this broadband light emission can also be excited by higher-energy X-ray as radioluminescence with a high scintillation light yield of 43,744 photons/MeV. The detection limit of 0.074 μGyair/s is also far less than the required value for regular medical diagnostics of 5.5 μGyair/s. The solution-assembled hybrid structure facilely enables the [BAPMA]Cu2Br5-based scintillation screen to display high-performance X-ray imaging with a spatial resolution of 15.79 lp/mm showcasing potential application in X-ray radiography. In brief, combined merits of low toxicity and cost, negligible self-absorption, a low detection limit, considerable light yield, and spatial resolution highlight the excellent scintillation performance of 0D hybrid cuprous halide.

Hernandezine (Her) is a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid extracted from the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Thalictrum glandulosissimum. Evidence shows that Her is a natural agonist of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and induces apoptosis and autophagy in tumor cells. In this study, we investigated the role of autophagy in Her-induced cell death in human pancreatic cancer cell lines. We showed that Her dose-dependently suppressed cell proliferation, promoted autophagy and induced autophagic death in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines Capan-1 and SW1990. The IC50values of Her in inhibition of Capan-1 and SW1990 cells were 47.7 μM and 40.1 μM, respectively. Immunoblotting showed that Her (1−40 μM) promoted the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, and Her exerted concentration-dependent and time-dependent effects on autophagy activation in PDAC cells. In transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence image analysis, we found that autophagic vacuoles were significantly increased in Her-treated cells. Knockdown of ATG5, a key gene in the autophagy pathway, alleviated the activation of autophagy by Her. These results demonstrated that Her induced autophagy in PDAC cells. Intensely activated autophagy could promote cell death. The autophagy inhibitors, BafA1 and HCQ significantly inhibited Her-induced cell death, implying that Her induced autophagic cell death in PDAC cells. Moreover, we showed that Her activated autophagy by increasing the phosphorylation of AMPK and decreasing the phosphorylation of mTOR/p70S6K. Knockdown of AMPKα relieves the autophagic cell death induced by Her. Furthermore, Her concentration-dependently enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in PDAC cells. Antioxidants could reduce the phosphorylation of AMPK and suppress autophagic cell death induced by Her. Our study provides evidence for the development of Her as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

Halide perovskite nanocrystal (PNC) of 3D CsPbX3as a scintillator has aroused intensive attention with advanced applications in radiation detection and X-ray imaging. However, the low light yield and serious toxicity of Pb2+severely hinder advanced optoelectronic applications. To reduce these fatal shortcomings, a family of new environmentally friendly 0D hybrid lead-free indium halides of [DADPA]InX6·H2O (DADPA = 3,3′-diaminodipropylamine; X = Cl and Br) was prepared. Upon UV excitation, these halides display strong broadband yellow-orange light emissions, and the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) can be optimized up to near unity through the Sb3+-doping strategy. Significantly, high PLQY, negligible self-absorption and low attenuation ability toward X-ray render extraordinary scintillation performance with a high light yield of 51 875 photons MeV−1and ultralow detection limit of 98.3 nGyairs−1, which is far superior to typical 3D PNC scintillators. Additionally, the ultra-high spatial resolution of 25.15 lp mm−1, negligible afterglow time (2.75 ms) and robust radiant stability demonstrates excellent X-ray imaging performance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on X-ray scintillation based on 0D indium halide materials.

X-ray scintillators as functional energy materials possess the powerful ability to convert high-energy radiation into visible light with wide applications in various nuclear radiation fields. In this regard, three-dimensional (3D) lead perovskite nanocrystal-based X-ray scintillators have attracted extensive attention, but their low light yield and serious toxicity extremely restrict their further applications. To address these issues, a family of 0D hybrid cuprous halides of A2Cu4X6(A = PTPP, TPA; X = Br, I) based on discrete [Cu4X6]2−nanoclusters were demonstrated as highly desirable lead-free scintillators. Upon excitation of both ultraviolet and blue light, these halide nanoclusters displayed that self-trapped excitons induced broadband light emissions from green to red with near-unity photoluminescent quantum yield (PLQY, 93.1%) andlarge Stokes shifts (>1.3 eV). Significantly, the high PLQY, negligible self-absorption, and strong X-ray attenuation from [Cu4X6]2−nanoclusters endowed them with extraordinary radioluminescence properties. The linear radioluminescence intensity response to a wide range of X-ray dose rates gave an acceptable detection limit of 0.7563 µGyairs−1, which was lower than the required value for regular medical diagnostics (5.5 µGyairs−1). X-ray imaging demonstrated an ultrahigh spatial resolution of 14.83 lp mm−1and negligible afterglow (1.3 ms), showcasing potential applications in X-ray radiography. Overall, the combined superiorities of nontoxicity, high light yield, excellent stability, and good radiation hardness make cuprous halide nanoclusters excellent scintillators.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an extremely aggressive malignancy prone to recurrence and metastasis. Studies show that tumor cells with increased invasive and metastatic potential are more likely to undergo ferroptosis. SMAD4 is a critical molecule in the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway, which affects the TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) status. SMAD4 loss is observed in more than half of patients with PDAC. In this study, we investigated whether SMAD4-positive PDAC cells were prone to ferroptosis because of their high invasiveness. We showed that SMAD4 status almost determined the orientation of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)-induced EMT via the SMAD4-dependent canonical pathway in PDAC, which altered ferroptosis vulnerability. We identified glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), which inhibited ferroptosis, as a SMAD4 down-regulated gene by RNA sequencing. We found that SMAD4 bound to the promoter of GPX4 and decreased GPX4 transcription in PDAC. Furthermore, TGF-β1-induced high invasiveness enhanced sensitivity of SMAD4-positive organoids and pancreas xenograft models to the ferroptosis inducer RAS-selective lethal 3 (RSL3). Moreover, SMAD4 enhanced the cytotoxic effect of gemcitabine combined with RSL3 in highly invasive PDAC cells. This study provides new ideas for the treatment of PDAC, especially SMAD4-positive PDAC.

Autophagy-lysosome system plays a variety of roles in human cancers. In addition to being implicated in metabolism, it is also involved in tumor immunity, remodeling the tumor microenvironment, vascular proliferation, and promoting tumor progression and metastasis. Transcriptional factor EB (TFEB) is a major regulator of the autophagy-lysosomal system. With the in-depth studies on TFEB, researchers have found that it promotes various cancer phenotypes by regulating the autophagolysosomal system, and even in an autophagy-independent way. In this review, we summarize the recent findings about TFEB in various types of cancer (melanoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer and lung cancer), and shed some light on the mechanisms by which it may serve as a potential target for cancer treatment.

Rewritable luminescent paper is particularly crucial, considering the ultrahigh paper consumption and confidential information security, but a highly desirable stimuli-responsive smart luminescent material with excellent water solubility has rarely been studied. Herein, a new type of rewritable paper made by highly efficient green light emissive zero-dimensional (0D) organic manganese halides is rationally designed by virtue of the reversible photoluminescence (PL) off–on switching. Specifically, the green emission can be linearly quenched by water vapor in a wide humidity range and again recovered in a dry atmosphere, which make it a smart hydrochromic PL off–on switching and humidity sensor. Benefiting from the reversible luminescence off–on switch and excellent water solubility, rewritable luminescent paper is realized through water-jet security printing technology on 0D halide-coated commercial paper with high resolution. The printed/written information can be easily cleaned by slight heating with outstanding “write–erase–write” cycle capabilities. In addition, multiple light source-induced coincident green light emissions further provide convenience to realize anti-counterfeiting, encryption and decryption of confidential information, and so forth. This work highlights the superiority of dynamic ionic-bonded 0D organic manganese halides as reversible PL switching materials in rewritable luminescent paper, high-security-level information printing, storage and protection technologies, and so forth.

GSK3B is the mRNA form of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β), which is a critical repressor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and generally inhibited in cancer cells. Plenty of researches have disclosed that circular RNAs, namely circRNAs exert important functions in the progression of various human malignancies including lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Therefore, we attempted to explore whether there existed certain circRNAs that could mediate LUAD development by regulating GSK3B expression and Wnt/β-catenin pathway. In the present research, circ-GSK3B (hsa_circ_0066903) was found to be significantly down-regulated in LUAD tissues and cells and it suppressed the proliferation, migration and stemness of LUAD cells. Furthermore, it was discovered that circ-GSK3B competitively sponged miR-3681-3p and miR-3909 to elevate GSK3B expression. Circ-GSK3B could impair the binding ability of FKBP51 to GSK-3β to inhibit the phosphorylation of GSK-3βS9, resulting in the inactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In addition, the regulatory effect of circ-GSK3B on LUAD tumorigenesis and cell progression was testified through in vitro and in vivo rescue experiments. In conclusion, circ-GSK3B suppressed LUAD development through up-regulating and activating GSK3B.

Traditional white light-emitting diode (WLED) is mainly depending on coating broadband yellow phosphors (520–700 nm) on blue emitting LED chip (440–460). However, too strong blue light and absence of cyan light results in incongruous emission strength and low color rendering index (CRI), which cause serious damage to retina of eye. To overcome these shortcomings, cyan light emitting phosphor is highly desirable for the full-visible-spectrum LED with high CRI, but bright cyan phosphor remains rare. Herein, a new 0D hybrid copper(I) halide of [TMPDA]Cu2I6(TMPDA = N,N,2,2-tetramethyl-1,3-propylenediamine) single crystal is reported as a cyan light emitter with mominant emission wavelength at 489 nm, photoluminescence quantum yield of 26.66 % and large Stokes shift of 198 nm exceeding most of organic-inorganic metal halides. Remarkably, the single crystals display stable emission in various polar organic solvents and high temperature with sufficient emitting stability. More significantly, this 0D cuprous halide act as down-conversion cyan phosphor to fabricate WLED with a high CRI of 95 by reducing the cyan gap. In this study, we demonstrate an optical engineering strategy to prepare efficient cyan light emitting 0D cuprous halide and assembly high-performance WLED.

In this study, we propose a drainage pipe pile under vacuum consolidation to integrate foundation treatment and pile foundation engineering in soft soil areas. To study its bearing capacity characteristics and foundation treatment performance, single pile static load tests, vane shear tests, and water content tests were carried out for ordinary piles, perforated piles, and drainage pipe piles under conditions of static and vacuum consolidation. Based on the results, the concept of strong and weak reinforcement areas was proposed and used for bearing capacity prediction. The results showed that the drainage pipe pile did not become silted under vacuum consolidation. The single pile bearing capacity was much higher than that of an ordinary pile, and the pile side friction was exerted mainly in the middle and lower parts. Good results were achieved using the shear strength at the junction of the strong and weak reinforcement areas to estimate the ultimate bearing capacity of a single pile. This study provided important insights into the design and construction of drainage pipe piles in a soft soil foundation.

When tunnels are constructed in coastal cities, they will inevitably undercross a river. Exploring the influence of rivers on tunnelling-induced deformation in costal soft soil is of great significance for controlling excessive settlement and protecting surrounding buildings. This paper presents a case study of twin tunnels undercrossing a river in soft soil in Hangzhou, China. The soft soil of Hangzhou refers to cohesive soil in a soft plastic or fluid plastic state with high natural water content, high compressibility, low bearing capacity, and low shear strength. Considering the influence of the river, the research region was divided into two parts, inside and outside the river-affected area, based on monitoring data of the Zizhi Tunnel. The development law of surface settlement is divided into three stages. In the first and second stages, the surface settlement within and outside the river-affected area showed a similar trend: the settlement increased and the growth rate of settlement in the second stage was smaller within the river-affected area. In the third stage, the surface settlement continued to increase within the river-affected area, while it converged outside the river-affected area. Within the river-affected area, there was an asynchronization of the sinking rate and stability of vault settlements and surface settlements. A numerical model was established by simulating different reinforcements of the tunnel. The numerical model revealed that the ground movement is influenced by the distribution and amount of the excess pore water pressure. The excess pore pressure was concentrated mostly in the range of 1.0Ht–3.0Ht(Htis the tunnel height) before the tunnel face, especially within the river-affected area. Inside the river-affected area, the dissipation of excess pore water pressure needs more time, leading to slow stabilization of surface settlement. When undercrossing a river, a cofferdam is necessary to reduce excessive ground deformation by dispersing the distribution of excess pore water pressure.