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In different nonferrous metal-producing industry sectors, the impurity element iron has to be removed from the process solution. Examples for the arising residues are jarosite or goethite precipitates from nickel or zinc production but also red mud from aluminum production. Regardless of environmental concerns, the material is landfilled in almost any case, although valuables such as indium, silver, nickel, or zinc are present in considerable amounts. Within the presented research, a low carbon dioxide emitting multi-metal recovery from such iron-containing residues by means of a selective chlorination extraction has been fundamentally evaluated by experiments but also by comprehensive thermodynamic calculations. The paper summarizes the thermodynamic fundamental concept exploited to separate the dominating iron matrix from the valuable elements and shows verification experiments in a lab size of several grams. Through thermodynamic calculations and small-scale experiments with pure metal oxides and sulfates, it has been proven that the metal chlorides AlCl3∙6H2O, FeCl3∙6H2O, and MgCl2∙6H2O are viable and effective reactants for chlorination. In trials with actual industrial iron precipitation residues from the zinc industry, especially, the use of MgCl2∙6H2O and FeCl3∙6H2O leads to high extraction rates for the investigated valuable metals Ag, Au, Bi, Cu, In, Pb, Sn, and Zn.

AimsThe reasons for failure of a hemirthroplasty (HA) when used to treat a proximal humeral fracture include displaced or necrotic tuberosities, insufficient metaphyseal bone-stock, and rotator cuff tears. Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) is often the only remaining form of treatment in these patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome after conversions from a failed HA to rTSA.Material and MethodsA total of 35 patients, in whom a HA, as treatment for a fracture of the proximal humerus, had failed, underwent conversion to a rTSA. A total of 28 were available for follow-up at a mean of 61 months (37 to 91), having been initially reviewed at a mean of 20 months (12 to 36) postoperatively. Having a convertible design, the humeral stem could be preserved in nine patients. The stem was removed in the other 19 patients and a conventional rTSA was implanted. At final follow-up, patients were assessed using the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, the Constant Score, and plain radiographs.ResultsAt final follow-up, the mean ASES was 59 (25 to 97) and the mean adjusted Constant Score was 63% (23% to 109%). Both improved significantly (p < 0.001). The mean forward flexion was 104° (50° to 155°) and mean abduction was 98° (60° to 140°). Nine patients (32%) had a complication; two had an infection and instability, respectively; three had a scapular fracture; and one patient each had delayed wound healing and symptomatic loosening. If implants could be converted to a rTSA without removal of the stem, the operating time was shorter (82 minutes versus102 minutes; p = 0.018).ConclusionAfter failure of a HA in the treatment of a proximal humeral fracture, conversion to a rTSA may achieve pain relief and improved shoulder function. The complication rate is considerable.Cite this article: Bone Joint J2018;100-B:761–6.

High levels of self-stigma are associated with a range of adverse mental health, treatment, and functional outcomes. This prospective study examined the effects of an electronic mental health stigma reduction intervention on self-stigma (self-blame, shame, and help-seeking inhibition) among male construction workers in Australia.

Die inverse Schulterprothese hat sich in Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie etabliert. Bei steigenden Implantationszahlen erhalten auch Therapie und Prophylaxe auftretender Komplikationen einen erhöhten Stellenwert.

To investigate cerebellar gray matter volume in patients with essential tremor (ET).

Most cases of early-onset primary torsion dystonia (PTD) are caused by the same three–base pair (bp) (GAG) deletion in the DYT1gene. Exon rearrangements are a common mutation type in other genes and have not yet been tested for in DYT1. Several lines of evidence suggest a relationship of the DYT1gene with Parkinson disease (PD).

Der Arbeitskreis Geotechnik der Deponiebauwerke (früher Geotechnik der Deponien und Altlasten) hat in den Empfehlungsgruppen E 1 bis E 5 bisher 74 Empfehlungen veröffentlicht. Die Serie wird fortgesetzt durch den Empfehlungsentwurf E 2‐38 "Tonmineralogisch orientierte Kombinationen in Basisdichtungssystemen" und die Neufassung der E 2‐20 "Entwässerungsschichten in Oberflächenabdichtungen". Auf weitere Überarbeitung wird hingewiesen.

Several colour‐difference formulas such as CMC, CIE94, and CIEDE2000 have been developed by modifying CIELAB. These formulas give much better fits for experimental data based on small colour differences than does CIELAB. None of these has an associated uniform colour space (UCS). The need for a UCS is demonstrated by the widespread use of the a*b*diagram despite the lack of uniformity. This article describes the development of formulas, with the same basic structure as the DIN99 formula, that predict the experimental data sets better than do the CMC and CIE94 colour‐difference formulas and only slightly worse than CIEDE2000 (which was optimized on the experimental data). However, these formulas all have an associated UCS. The spaces are similar in form to L*a*b*.© 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 282–290, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10066

Medical practice and research are paying increasing attention to what patients want, as reflected by the growth of routine surveys of patients' satisfaction and more formal studies of patients' views of medical care. However, the field lacks conceptual clarity.

Poly(ethylene glycol), or PEG, conjugation to proteins and peptides is a growing technology used to enhance efficacy of therapeutics. This investigation assesses pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of PEG-conjugated [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]-enkephalin (DPDPE), a met-enkephalin analog, in rodent (in vivo, in situ) and bovine (in vitro) systems. PEG-DPDPE showed increased analgesia (i.v.) compared with nonconjugated form (p < 0.01), despite a 172-fold lower binding affinity for the delta-opioid receptor. [125I]PEG-DPDPE had a 36-fold greater hydrophilicity (p < 0.01) and 12% increase in the unbound plasma protein fraction (p < 0.01), compared with [(125)I]DPDPE. [125I]PEG-DPDPE had a 2.5-fold increase in elimination half-life (p < 0.01), 2.7-fold decrease in volume of distribution (p < 0.01), and a 7-fold decrease in plasma clearance rate (p < 0.01) to [125I]DPDPE. Time course distribution showed significant concentration differences (p < 0.01) in plasma, whole blood, liver, gallbladder, gastrointestinal (GI) content, GI tract, kidneys, spleen, urine, and brain (brain, p < 0.05), between the conjugated and nonconjugated forms. Increased brain uptake of [(125)I]PEG-DPDPE corresponded to analgesia data. [125I]PEG-DPDPE in brain was shown to be 58.9% intact, with 41.1% existing as [125I]DPDPE (metabolite), whereas [125I]DPDPE was 25.7% intact in the brain (at 30 min). In vitro P-glycoprotein affinity was shown for [125I]DPDPE (p < 0.01) but not shown for [125I]PEG-DPDPE. In vitro saturable uptake, with 100 microM DPDPE, was shown for [125I]PEG-DPDPE (p < 0.05). In this study, PEG-conjugated DPDPE seems to act as a prodrug, enhancing peripheral pharmacokinetics, while undergoing hydrolysis in the brain and allowing nonconjugated DPDPE to act at the receptor.

Insulin crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) via receptor-mediated transcytosis and has been suggested to augment uptake of peripheral substances across the BBB. The delta-opioid receptor-selective peptide D-penicillamine(2,5) (DPDPE), a Met-enkephalin analog, produces analgesia via a central nervous system-derived effect. In vitro (K(cell), microl. min(-1). mg(-1)) and in situ (K(in), microl. min(-1). g(-1)) analyses of DPDPE transport (K(cell) = 0.56 +/- 0. 15; K(in) = 0.28 +/- 0.03) revealed significant (P <.01) increases in DPDPE uptake by the BBB with 10 microM insulin (K(cell) = 1.61 +/- 0.25; K(in) = 0.48 +/- 0.04). In vitro cellular uptake was significantly increased (P <.05) at 1 microM insulin, whereas no significant uptake was observed with CTAP (a somatostatin opioid peptide analog) or sucrose (a paracellular diffusionary marker). No significant change in uptake was seen with DPDPE, CTAP, or sucrose in the presence of holo-transferrin (0-100 microM), indicating that the effect of insulin on DPDPE was not a generalized effect of receptor endocytosis. Insulin did not affect P-glycoprotein efflux, a mechanism that has shown affinity for DPDPE. A similar uptake of DPDPE into the brain (64% increase) was seen with the in situ brain perfusion model. Analgesic assessment revealed a significant decline in DPDPE (i.v.)-induced analgesia with increasing concentrations of insulin (i.v., i.c.v., s.c.) in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, insulin significantly increases DPDPE uptake across the BBB by a specific mechanism. The analgesic effect seen with DPDPE and insulin coadministration was shown to decrease, indicating that insulin reduces the analgesic effect within the central nervous system rather than at the BBB.

Objective. To explore resource-oriented, gender-sensitive approaches in general practice by identifying what men perceive to be their personal health resources.
Methods. A key question was developed to invite men to tell their GPs about personal health resources during ordinary visits. The answers of 39 consecutive male patients (aged 19-84 years) visiting two female GPs were audio taped and analysed, qualitatively inspired by Giorgi's phenomenological approach, supported by theories on salutogenesis, patient-centredness and gender perspectives. The main outcome measures were personal qualities and strategies considered by men to be their health resources.
Results. Men considered that the following were personal health resources: optimism, good self-esteem, job satisfaction, ability to cope with stress at work, leisure activities and relaxation with friends producing energy, and fitness and lifestyle activities.
Conclusion. A key question can give a doctor access to men's thoughts about their strong points. Self-assessed personal health resources can be identified and mobilized by the GP and support a salutogenic approach, which contrasts with the tendency of contemporary medical practice to focus on risk. Asking people about their own ideas may reveal that coping patterns are more complex than reflected in prevailing research.

To explore resource-oriented, gender-sensitive approaches in general practice by identifying what men perceive to be their personal health resources.

Chlorinated hydrocarbons are ingested by humans in food and accumulate in adipose tissue. At the University Kinderklinik, Mannheim, previously unknown substances have been found in children (e.g., the pesticide toxaphene and chlorinated naphthalenes). These substances have been widely used for industrial purposes in the past. Samples from West and East Germany; Saratov, Russia; and Almaty, Kazakhstan were examined to determine whether these substances are ubiquitous. After Soxhlet extraction, the extracts were cleaned up using a liquid chromatographic technique. Measurement was performed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry using negative chemical ionization in the single‐ion–monitoring mode. In specimens from all cities, toxaphene congeners Parlar 26 and Parlar 50 and six chlorinated naphthalenes were traced. Highest median load of toxaphene was 1.97 μg/kg for Parlar 26 and 2.36 μg/kg for Parlar 50 in Stralsund, East Germany. For chlorinated naphthalenes, the median was highest in Mannheim, West Germany, with 12.0 μg/kg. These findings show that monitoring these toxic substances remains necessary. Even though the use and as a consequence the amount of chlorinated hydrocarbons were reduced, these substances have by no means disappeared from the environment.

Chlorinated hydrocarbons are ingested by humans in food and accumulate in adipose tissue. At the University Kinderklinik, Mannheim, previously unknown substances have been found in children (e.g., the pesticide toxaphene and chlorinated naphthalenes). These substances have been widely used for industrial purposes in the past. Samples from West and East Germany; Saratov, Russia; and Almaty, Kazakhstan were examined to determine whether these substances are ubiquitous.

Rate coefficients for the reaction CH3 + O2 = CH3O + O were measured behind reflected shock waves in a series of lean CH4−O2−Ar mixtures using hydroxyl and methyl radical diagnostics. The rate coefficients are well represented by an Arrhenius expression given as k = (1.6%@mt;sys@%0%@sx@%-0.47%@be@%+0.67%@sxx@%%@mx@% ) × 10¹³ exp(−15813 ± 587 K/T) cm³ mol^-1 s^-1. This expression, which is valid in the temperature range 1575−1822 K, supports the downward trend in the rate coefficients that has been reported in recent determinations. All measurements to date, including the present study, have been to some extent affected by secondary reactions. The complications due to secondary reactions, choice of thermochemical data, and shock−boundary layer interactions that affect the determination of the rate coefficients are examined.

The availability of P for ruminal digestion in vivo from a mono-dicalcium phosphate containing 21% P (mono-dical), a mono-dicalcium phosphate containing 18.5% P (dical), and defluorinated rock phosphate was compared with sodium phosphate (Na2HPO4·7H2O). Mono-dical, dical and defluorinated rock phosphate were found to be 88, 62 and 40% as available as sodium phosphate in the rumen. Compared with sodium phosphate, P from mono-dical, dical and defluorinated rock phosphate was 46.4, 28.8 and 2.5% as soluble in an in vitro ruminal buffer. In vitro P solubility in abomasal fluid increased with incubation time up to 1 h. Relative solubilities of the P sources at 1 h were 100, 71.6, 41.3 and 29.7% for sodium phosphate, mono-dical, dical and defluorinated rock phosphate, respectively. These sources can be solubilized in the abomasum and become available postruminally despite low solubility in the rumen. To determine the effect of P on ruminal and total tract digestion, diets low (.12%) and adequate (.23%) in P were fed to ruminally cannulated steers (700 kg) in a crossover design. Although higher ruminal P concentrations were detected with the high P diet than with the low P diet (398 vs 208 mg/liter), dry matter disappearance rate from nylon bags of ground corn, cotton duck or cottonseed hulls was unchanged. Estimated retention of P was higher (P<.01) with the high P diet (8.3 g/d) than with the low P diet (1.0 g/d), but total tract digestibility was not enhanced significantly by added P. It appears that increasing ruminal P concentration from 208 to 398 mg/liter did not increase microbial cellulose digestion, but the low level was inadequate for maintaining the adult ruminant animal's P stores.