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PROFESSIONAL BOXING IS A POPULAR PAN-GLOBAL SPORT THAT ATTRACTS CONSIDERABLE INTEREST AND REVENUE. IT IS A HIGH-INTENSITY SPORT THAT REQUIRES A RANGE OF WELL-ADAPTED PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AS LIKELY PREREQUISITES FOR SUCCESSFUL PERFORMANCE. SERIOUS CONSIDERATION HAS BEEN GIVEN TO MEDICAL ASPECTS AND POTENTIAL HEALTH RISKS FROM PARTAKING IN TRAINING AND COMPETITION. HOWEVER, THERE ARE NO COMPREHENSIVE SOURCES OF APPLIED SPORT SCIENCE RESEARCH IN THE PREPARATION OF PROFESSIONAL BOXERS FOR COMPETITION. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PRESENT RESEARCH FROM PHYSIOLOGY AND STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING TO FORM A KNOWLEDGE BASE FOR THOSE INVOLVED IN PREPARING PROFESSIONAL BOXERS FOR COMPETITION.

AbstractThe effects of industrialization on British life were the subject of a broad and intelligible set of debates during the early nineteenth century, often described as the “machinery question.” This question, concerning what today is called “technology,” was framed to include its effects on the whole of human life—an approach rarely seen by the late nineteenth century, a period marked instead by disciplinary specialization. An exception to this trend can be found in the work of the social critic and heterodox economist J. A. Hobson (1858–1940), better known for his critique of imperialism. From the 1890s, Hobson reopened the machinery question by offering an ethicalanalysis of mechanization which was both holistic and sustained. In addition to proposing this new lens for viewing Hobson, this article explores the challenges—as well as the opportunities—facing those returning to the machinery question more generally.

The energy barriers to hydroxyl rotation and alkyl rotation in p-cresol, p-isopropylphenol, p-tert-butylphenol, isopropylbenzene and tert-butylbenzene have been calculated using the MP2/6-31g(d,p) model chemistry. The number of stable conformers predicted for isopropylbenzene, tert-butylbenzene, p-isopropylphenol and p-tert-butylphenol is consistent with experimental observations. The doubling of stable alkyl conformation, and hence spectral features, in the p-alkyl phenols is due to syn and anti orientations of the hydroxyl and alkyl substituents and can be related to an asymmetry in the electron density in the HOMO of phenol. Hyperconjugation is found to have an important influence on the torsional potential of the alkyl substituent.

The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in several disease resistance responses. During the Age-Related Resistance (ARR) response that occurs in mature Arabidopsisresponding to Pseudomonas syringaepv tomato(Pst), SA accumulates in the intercellular space where it may act as an antimicrobial agent. Recently we measured intracellular and intercellular SA levels in young, ARR-incompetent plants responding to virulent and avirulent strains of Pstto determine if intercellular SA accumulation is a component of additional defense responses to Pst. In young plants virulent Pstsuppressed both intra- and intercellular SA accumulation in a coronatine-dependent manner. In contrast, high levels of intra- and intercellular SA accumulated in response to avirulent Pst. Our results support the idea that SA accumulation in the intercellular space is an important component of multiple defense responses. Future research will include understanding how mature plants counteract the effects of coronatine during the ARR response.