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Surveillance technologies have been playing an increasingly important role in crime prevention and detection, particularly with costeffective improvements in resolution and mobility. There remains mixed evidence on the effectiveness of this technology for deterrence and detection and whether use results in displacement. In this study, 899 adult police detainees were interviewed about their views and experiences of CCTV through an addendum to the Drug Use Monitoring in Australia (DUMA) program. Police detainees tended to regard CCTV as effective in reducing crime, particularly violent crime, but a significant number felt it would not prevent any crime. Nonetheless, for some the presence of CCTV deterred them from committing crime, although detainees were more likely to carry out their intended behaviours regardless of CCTV. Detainees identified a range of simple strategies for avoiding surveillance cameras, such as covering their face or turning away from the cameras. The findings have implications for the continued use of CCTV as a crime prevention and reduction tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have seen the introduction of police body-worn cameras (BWCs) in many countries. Despite the costs involved in purchasing equipment and storing the large amounts of data generated, there is a dearth of evidence to support their mainstream use as part of law enforcement activities. There remains little understanding about the impact and effectiveness of BWCs, and less still on how the police, members of the public and, importantly, arrestees perceive and experience the cameras. In this study, 899 adult police detainees were interviewed about their perceptions and experiences of police BWCs through the Drug Use Monitoring in Australia (DUMA) program. Findings suggest that police detainees in Australia are largely supportive of the use of police BWCs, but this was predicated on a number of operational and procedural requirements. The findings have implications for the use of BWCs as an everyday part of policing apparatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of prisoner-onprisoner homicides has dropped considerably since 1998 and remained consistently low over the last decade. Although not common, prisoner-onprisoner homicides generally receive considerable public attention. This paper builds on previous AIC research, analysing the circumstances and nature of homicides that occurred in correctional facilities across Australia between 1980 and 2011. The findings show prisoner-on-prisoner homicides typically involve non-Indigenous male prisoners between the ages of 20 and 34, with violent offenders more likely to be victims than those sentenced for other offences. The paper discusses effective strategies for managing violent offenders in prison. It also provides an overview of the preventive policies and procedures introduced by corrective services agencies that may have contributed to the decline in the number and rate of homicides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methamphetamine use among Australian police detainees is rising; the impact of this rise on crime trends, and particularly on trends in acquisitive crime, is yet to be established. Identifying trends in and motivations for offending among methamphetamine users may assist law enforcement and policymakers to better target resources. This paper examines the engagement in acquisitive crime, and perceived motivations for methamphetaminedriven crime, of a sample of Australian police detainees recruited in 2013 through the Drug Use Monitoring in Australia program. Methamphetamine users reported deriving a significantly higher proportion of their income from crime than non-users. Logistic regression analysis reveals the use of methamphetamine, heroin and/or cannabis predicts engagement in acquisitive crime when other drug use and polydrug use is controlled for. In addition, methamphetamine users reported their use played a contributing role in their offending, most commonly through intoxication or the need for money to purchase drugs. The findings indicate recent methamphetamine use increases the risk of engagement in acquisitive offences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The AIC has operated the National Deaths in Custody Program since 1991, following a recommendation by the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody. This study updates and extends an earlier AIC study, which examined the important issue of self-inflicted deaths in prison custody using deaths in custody data for the period 1999-2013. Regrettably, suicide remains a common cause of death in prison; however, it is no longer the most common cause of death. While self-inflicted deaths constituted half of all prison deaths between 1980 and 1998, they have declined to the point that between 2004 and 2013--the most recent decade for which data are available--they represented around a quarter of prison deaths. This decrease reflects the considerable progress made by corrective services administrators in developing policies and practices, and implementing cell designs, that address suicide risk factors. Nonetheless, these data and coronial findings suggest there is still room for improvement, particularly in responding to prisoners with psychiatric needs and in the management of unsentenced prisoners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the risk factors for internalizing (anxiety, depression) and posttraumatic stress (PTSD) disorders, somatization, and anxiety sensitivity (AS) in youth with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES).Methods: 55 probands with PNES and 35 siblings, aged 8-18 years, underwent a psychiatric interview, cognitive and language testing, and completed somatization and AS questionnaires. Parents provided the subjects' medical, psychiatric, family, and adversity history information.Results: The risk factors for the probands' internalizing disorders (girls, older age of PNES onset), somatization (older age, epilepsy), and anxiety sensitivity (girls, adversities) differed from their siblings. The risk factors in the siblings, however, were similar to the general pediatric population. Proband depression was unrelated to the study's risk variables while PTSD was significantly associated with female gender and lower Full Scale IQ.Conclusions: Knowledge about the specificity of the risk factors for comorbid psychopathology in youth with PNES might facilitate their early identification and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Purpose: Youth with chronic illness often struggle transitioning to adulthood and adult medical care. This article examines the outcomes of a group mentoring program called The Adolescent Leadership Council (TALC) that brings together high school participants and college mentors, all with chronic illness. TALC uses a positive youth development (PYD) approach, emphasizing strong relationships between youth and adults in an environment where youth can learn important life skills and take a leadership role. Methods: A pre-/postprogram participant survey was conducted for high school participants using a loneliness scale and a transition readiness survey. An alumni survey was conducted with all high school and college mentor graduates to assess educational-, vocational-, and health care-related outcomes. Results: Program records review and the alumni survey indicated that TALC was consistent with the PYD program model. Twenty high school students participated in the pre-/postprogram outcomes evaluation, which demonstrated a decrease in loneliness from 46 to 38.5 (p < .001) and an increase in health care self-advocacy from 3.8 to 4.2 (p < .001). Thirty-four alumni participated in the alumni survey. All high school and college mentor alumni had graduated from high school and college, respectively, and all were either currently in school or working. The majority of alumni were seeing adult providers for medical care. Conclusions: The TALC program applies the principles of PYD to support positive educational, vocational, and health care outcomes for youth with chronic illness. Program development using the PYD perspective is an important new approach for supporting adult development of youth with chronic illness. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses the international politico-military context of Canada's policy drivers in deploying Canadian troops, as part of the International Security and Assistance Force (ISAF), to Kandahar, Afghanistan in 2005. It argues that Kandahar, in large measure entailed binding commitments of Canada to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and that the choice of Kandahar has something to do with Canada's troop's deployment experience in the Balkans and the result of extensive talks with NATO allies related to plans aligned with Canadian priorities. Thus, it reveals that Canadian deployment to Kandahar was far more organic than is generally believed and demonstrates how interplay of these drivers made a mission there a strong possibility well before it happened.

Background: This study evaluated the outcomes of patients with failed total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) who were treated with conversion to reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). Materials and methods: We performed a retrospective case series of 24 consecutive patients with failed TSA who were treated with conversion to RSA. Twenty-two patients (16 women, 6 men) had a minimum 2-year clinical and radiographic follow-up. The average age at the time of revision was 68 years (range, 51-84 years). Indications for conversion to RSA included failure of TSA from glenohumeral instability in 19, mechanical failure of the humeral or glenoid component in 10, and infection in 2. Results: The median total American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score improved from 38.5 preoperatively to 67.5 (P < .001). Visual analog scale pain scores decreased from 5 to 1.5 (P < .001), and function improved from 2 to 6.5 (P < .001). The median Simple Shoulder Test improved from 1 to 5 (P = .006). Forward flexion improved from 50° to 130° (P < .001), abduction from 45° to 100° (P < .001), and external rotation from 12.5° to 49.5° (P = .056). Internal rotation improved from a spinal level of S2 to L3 (P = .064). Fourteen patients rated their outcome as excellent, 3 as good, 3 as satisfactory, and 2 as unsatisfactory. The overall complication rate was 22.7% (5 of 22). Conclusion: RSA can be an effective treatment for failed TSA by decreasing pain and improving shoulder function. However, RSA in the revision setting is associated with a higher complication rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the outcomes of patients with proximal humeral malunions treated with reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). Materials and methods: Sixteen patients were treated with RSA for sequelae of a proximal humeral fracture with a malunion. Clinical outcomes (American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons [ASES] score, Simple Shoulder Test, visual analog scale [VAS] score for pain and function, range of motion, and patient satisfaction) and radiographs were evaluated at a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to analyze preoperative and postoperative data. Results: All patients required alteration of humeral preparation with increased retroversion of greater than 30°. The total ASES score improved from 28 to 63 (P = .001), ASES pain score from 15 to 35 (P = .003), ASES functional score from 15 to 27 (P = .015), VAS pain score from 7 to 3 (P = .003), VAS function score from 0 to 5 (P = .001), and Simple Shoulder Test score from 1 to 4 (P = .0015). Forward flexion improved from 53° to 105° (P = .002), abduction from 48° to 105° (P = .002), external rotation from 5° to 30° (P = .015), and internal rotation from S1 to L3 (P = .005). There were no major complications reported. Postoperative radiographic evaluation showed 2 patients with evidence of notching and 1 patient with proximal humeral bone resorption. Conclusion: RSA is indicated for treating the most severe types of proximal humeral fracture sequelae. The results of RSA for proximal humeral malunions with altered surgical technique yield satisfactory outcomes in this difficult patient population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypothesis/background: Reverse shoulder arthroplasty is being used with greater frequency for patients with severe rotator cuff deficiency. There are several commercially available reverse shoulder devices, each with different glenosphere options. The purpose of this study was to determine: (1) forces at the baseplate-bone interface in glenospheres with centers of rotation located concentrically and eccentrically to the center of the baseplate; and (2) if baseplate-bone forces can be optimized by altering tilt of the baseplate. Methods: A validated computer model was used to compare concentric glenospheres with neutral offset to eccentrically offset glenospheres (6 mm inferior or 6 mm lateral) in 3 baseplate tilts: 15° inferior, neutral, or 15° superior. A baseplate, simulated bone, screws, and humeral component were modeled, and forces underneath the baseplate were calculated as the arm was abducted through 90° of glenohumeral motion. Results: For lateral and concentric glenospheres, inferior tilt provides the most even distribution of forces (mean difference in force between superior and inferior portions of baseplate: 11.3 N and 24.7 N, respectively) and superior tilt provides the most uneven distribution of forces (109.3 N and 78.7 N, respectively). For inferior eccentric glenospheres, inferior tilt provides the most uneven distribution of forces (58.7 N) and neutral tilt provides the most even distribution of forces (27.7 N). Conclusion: This is the first study to investigate force distribution under the baseplate in inferior eccentric glenospheres. Although inferior tilting of the baseplate is recommended for concentric and laterally offset glenospheres, this same recommendation may be detrimental to inferiorly offset glenospheres and warrants further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the non-disclosure of violence in the Australian Indigenous communities. According to the article, indigenous people, particularly women, experience more violence victimization than the non-indigenous people and this can be much higher in some remote communities in Australia. It is said that studies have indicated 90 percent of the violence experienced by non indigenous women is not disclosed. It also examines the reasons why violent crime is not disclosed by Indigenous victims and how greater rates of disclosure can be encouraged.

The overrepresentation of Indigenous Australians in prison has long been one of the major challenges facing the criminal justice system. To date, there has been no national study of the extent to which Indigenous people reoffend and are returned to prison. Using data from all Australian jurisdictions, and covering 8,938 males incarcerated for violent offences and released from prison over a two-year period, this paper clearly shows that Indigenous offenders are readmitted to prison sooner and more frequently than non-Indigenous offenders. Analysis shows that Indigenous prisoners are nearly twice as likely to have been readmitted to prison within two years and more than twice as likely to return to prison for assault. Half of the Indigenous prisoners remained in prison until the expiry of their sentence, which makes post-release support particularly challenging. A key theme that emerged from stakeholder consultations was the need to improve support during transition back into the community through the involvement of family and community, and increased capacity to undertake throughcare, especially in remote settings. While there is a range of Indigenous-specific initiatives and programs in prisons and in the community, including those that target violent offending and substance abuse, an ongoing need is to increase participation in mainstream services and to include Indigenous cultural specificity without negatively impacting on program integrity, and to evaluate the outcomes of reform over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent advances in technology have reopened an old debate on which sectors will be most affected by automation. This debate is ill served by the current lack of detailed data on the exact capabilities of new machines and how they are influencing work. Although recent debates about the future of jobs have focused on whether they are at risk of automation, our research focuses on a more fine-grained and transparent method to model task automation and specifically focus on the domain of primary health care. Objective: This protocol describes a new wave of intelligent automation, focusing on the specific pressures faced by primary care within the National Health Service (NHS) in England. These pressures include staff shortages, increased service demand, and reduced budgets. A critical part of the problem we propose to address is a formal framework for measuring automation, which is lacking in the literature. The health care domain offers a further challenge in measuring automation because of a general lack of detailed, health care–specific occupation and task observational data to provide good insights on this misunderstood topic. Methods: This project utilizes a multimethod research design comprising two phases: a qualitative observational phase and a quantitative data analysis phase; each phase addresses one of the two project aims. Our first aim is to address the lack of task data by collecting high-quality, detailed task-specific data from UK primary health care practices. This phase employs ethnography, observation, interviews, document collection, and focus groups. The second aim is to propose a formal machine learning approach for probabilistic inference of task- and occupation-level automation to gain valuable insights. Sensitivity analysis is then used to present the occupational attributes that increase/decrease automatability most, which is vital for establishing effective training and staffing policy. Results: Our detailed fieldwork includes observing and documenting 16 unique occupations and performing over 130 tasks across six primary care centers. Preliminary results on the current state of automation and the potential for further automation in primary care are discussed. Our initial findings are that tasks are often shared amongst staff and can include convoluted workflows that often vary between practices. The single most used technology in primary health care is the desktop computer. In addition, we have conducted a large-scale survey of over 156 machine learning and robotics experts to assess what tasks are susceptible to automation, given the state-of-the-art technology available today. Further results and detailed analysis will be published toward the end of the project in early 2019. Conclusions: We believe our analysis will identify many tasks currently performed manually within primary care that can be automated using currently available technology. Given the proper implementation of such automating technologies, we expect considerable staff resources to be saved, alleviating some pressures on the NHS primary care staff. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/11232 We help JMIR researchers to raise funds to pursue their research and development aimed at tackling important health and technology challenges. If you would like to show your support for this author, please donate using the button below. The funds raised will directly benefit the corresponding author of this article (minus 8% admin fees). Your donations will help this author to continue publishing open access papers in JMIR journals. Donations of over $100 may also be acknowledged in future publications. Suggested contribution levels: $20/$50/$100 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]