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A personal narrative is presented which explores the author's experience of bird watching and photographing Bohemian waxwings at the Snake River Canyon in Idaho.

The article suggests six tips for wildlife watchers to make their time afield more productive.

Levels of Hsp90 and Hsp27 in CLL patients correlate with stage of disease or apoptosis, while Hsp72 in serum is affected by corticosteroid treatment. Mechanisms behind carcinogenesis and resistance of tumor cells to treatment regimes remain elusive. The major stress proteins Hsp72, Hsp90, and Hsp27 are credible candidates to provide this resistance, as their overexpression in many cancer types is well documented. In addition to being present inside tumor cells, where they confer resistance to apoptosis, Hsp72, in particular, is presented externally, embedded in the cell membrane of cancer cells. This study aimed to investigate the localization of Hsp72, Hsp90, and Hsp27 in leukocytes from patients with CLL and age‐matched control subjects. CLL patients were found to express significantly higher levels of iHsp90 (CLL=2463 MFI; control=748 MFI) and iHsp27 (CLL=2190 MFI; control=1031 MFI) in lymphocytes than that expressed by lymphocytes from control subjects. Furthermore, expression of iHsp90 was shown to be related to stage of disease, and expression of iHsp27 correlated with levels of active caspase‐3. Patients were found to express very high levels or very low levels of sHsp72 and iHsp72 in CD5+/CD19+cells, although surface and intracellular datasets did not correlate. Levels of extracellular Hsp72 circulating in the serum were found to correlate with internal levels of Hsp72 and were also found to be significantly lower in patients receiving corticosteroid treatment than in patients not receiving corticosteroid treatment. Finally, analysis of the number of circulating Tregs revealed significantly elevated numbers in CLL patients compared with control subjects.

Molecules that behave as danger signals are produced when the body is perceived to be under attack, and they alert the immune system to the problem. The immune system can then mount an appropriate response. Two molecules that have received attention as potential danger signals are heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), which are intracellular proteins but are released when cells are under stress, in particular, when necrosis occurs. This review considers the similarities between these two molecules and then contrasts their mechanism of action and problems that can arise when they are overpresented in the extracellular environment. It is proposed that Hsp72 and HMGB1 are members of a suite of danger molecules that provide a fingerprint of the threat, or stressor, to tissue or organism integrity.

Focuses on the creation of a reusable custom server control for computers. Addition of a Javascript code to a DataGrid item command button; Addition of a Web Control :ibrary project to the solution; Use of the contro on an ASP.NET web; View of the edit template column with the selected control.

Two trials were conducted to study the effect of zeranol implants on growth and sexual development of bull calves. Trial 1 compared the effects of implanting with 72 mg of zeranol at 48 d of age (branding), at 215 d of age, or at both times with nonimplanted control bulls. Implanting at branding resulted in decreased scrotal circumference, testicle weight and proportion of bulls that could produce an ejaculate at 14 mo of age (P<.01). Implanting at 215 d of age had no effect on any of these traits. Growth rate was not increased by implanting at either time but was decreased (P<.02) in animals implanted at both times when compared with control bulls. In trial 2, both bulls and steers were implanted with zeranol and compared with nonimplanted control bulls and steers. Thirty-six-milligram implants were given at 21, 103, 260 and 343 d of age. Scrotal circumference, testicle weight and serum testosterone concentrations decreased (P<.01) and the occurrence of penis abnormalities increased (P<.01) in implanted bulls compared with control bulls. By the time of slaughter, however, testosterone concentrations were equal in control and implanted bulls; and the difference in scrotal circumference was diminishing. This is interpreted as evidence that as the bulls get older, they can overcome the effect of the implants. Carcass weights were heavier in implanted steers than in control steers but were lighter in implanted bulls than in control bulls (P<.02). Carcasses of implanted bulls had higher quality scores and more marbling than control bulls, but carcasses of implanted steers had lower quality scores and less marbling than control steers (both interactions, P<.01). Implanting bulls with zeranol at an early age resulted in restricted sexual development but not in total sterility. Repeated zeranol implants throughout the growing and finishing phase enhanced carcass quality in bulls slaughtered at 14 to 16 mo of age.

Williams, John H. and Julie A. Kauer.Properties of carbachol-induced oscillatory activity in rat hippocampus. J. Neurophysiol.78: 2631–2640, 1997. The recent resurgence of interest in carbachol oscillations as an in vitro model of theta rhythm in the hippocampus prompted us to evaluate the circuit mechanisms involved. In extracellular recordings, a regularly spaced bursting pattern of field potentials was observed in both CA3 and CA1 subfields in the presence of carbachol. Removal of the CA3 region abolished oscillatory activity observed in CA1, suggesting that the oscillatory generator is located in CA3. An α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist, 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX), blocked carbachol oscillations, indicating that AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic currents are necessary for the population oscillation. Moreover, the spread of oscillatory activity into CA1 required intact N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. These data are more consistent with epileptiform bursting than with theta rhythm described in vivo. In the presence of carbachol, individual CA3 pyramidal cells exhibited a slow, rhythmic intrinsic oscillation that was not blocked by DNQX and that was enhanced by membrane hyperpolarization. We hypothesize that this slower oscillation is the fundamental oscillator that participates in triggering the population oscillation by exciting multiple synaptically connected CA3 neurons. γ-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptors are not necessary for carbachol to elicit synchronous CA3 field events but are essential to the bursting pattern observed. Neither GABABnor metabotropic glutamate receptors appear to be necessary for carbachol oscillations. However, both nicotinic and M1 and M3 muscarinic cholinergic receptors contribute to the generation of this activity. These results establish the local circuit elements and neurotransmitter receptors that contribute to carbachol-induced oscillations and indicate that carbachol-induced oscillations are fundamentally distinct from theta rhythm in vivo.

Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are known to be induced in response to short-term stress. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of Hsp70 as a biomarker of stress produced by increased temperature, osmotic pressure, and exposure to cadmium and sodium chloride in marine macroalgae and fresh water plant species. An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IC-ELISA) was developed with a working range of 0.025–10 μgml−1using a monoclonal antibody raised against purified Hsp70 of Phaseolus aureus(mung bean). Fucus serratus(toothed wrack), Chondrus crispus(Stackhouse or Carrageen moss), Ulva lactuca(sea lettuce) and Lemna minor(common duckweed) sample extracts were stressed for up to 24 h and then tested in the IC-ELISA. The presence of Hsp70 and cross-reactivity of the monoclonal antibody was confirmed by Western blot. The heat shock response was confirmed in each species using a 2-h 42°C treatment. Following heat shock, Hsp70 concentrations increased to a peak at 2 h (F. serratus) or 4 h (L. minor), after which concentrations decreased. Osmotic and cadmium stresses also resulted in elevated Hsp70 concentrations in samples of F. serratusand L. minorwhen compared with unstressed controls. In both, osmotic and metal stress, the production of Hsp70 increased to a maximum and subsequently decreased as the stressor levels increased. Results suggest that Hsp70 IC-ELISA could potentially be applied to the detection of stress in these aquatic species, although it would probably be most effective when used in conjunction with other measurements to provide a stressor-specific biomarker profile or fingerprint.

A possible connection between nickel and the pathogenesis of psoriasis is indicated in at least 2 diverse studies.1,2 Bromide absorption has been proposed as a beneficial factor in psoriasis treatment at the Dead Sea, and bromide salts were found to have an antiproliferative effect on cell growth in cultures.3 A pilot study was designed to evaluate the effect of oral nickel and bromide therapy on psoriasis vulgaris. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. This was a 2-period (12 weeks in each period), placebo-controlled, crossover study with a 48-hour washout between periods (the biological half-life of serum nickel ranges from 11-28 hours).4 Patients were evaluated at baseline and every 4 weeks thereafter. Eligible patients with at least 5% body surface area of plaque-type psoriasis were recruited from the clinic (Steven A. Smith, MD, Dermatology PC, Tulsa, Okla) patient database. Patients were instructed to discontinue all psoriasis treatments at least 2 weeks

The article presents photographs of the American Society for Testing Materials's first president Carleton G. Lutts and first vice president John J. Cavanagh, Jr.

Several letters to the editor are presented in response to the article "It all started 40 years ago" in the June 2009 issue, a discussion on the Junior World Orienteering Championships (JWOC) selection and a discussion on the impact of the 1955 Lobethal event in the establishment of Orienteering as a national sport.