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There has been limited conceptualization in tourism of the knowledge consequences of firm failure despite overall high failure rates. There is no simple dichotomy between the lost knowledge of failed firms and knowledge survival in successful firms. This paper therefore elaborates a three-stage conceptual model of the post-failure trajectories of knowledge. The model focusses on the distinctive combination of tacit and codified knowledge in context of impure public goods, their distribution within and beyond the firm, and their micro and macro determinants. Three main post-failure trajectories are identified: cold storage/black hole of knowledge , knowledge recovery , and knowledge recombination. A research agenda is outlined for this neglected aspect of tourism knowledge research which has significant implications for innovation. • There is a major research gap on post-failure tourism knowledge trajectories. • A conceptual analysis produces a model of post-failure knowledge trajectories. • Three main long-term knowledge pathways are identified. • We challenge the simplistic dichotomy of success versus failure. • An agenda is outlined to advance understanding of knowledge mobility after failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a novel longitudinal analysis of the stability of risk preferences in the travel domain, and how these are impacted by major life events during a crisis. Analysis of a four-wave survey during COVID-19 demonstrates strong inter-temporal stability of most risk preferences. It also reveals greater stability of generic risk traits and risk and uncertainty tolerance in travel compared to situational risk preferences. An innovative difference-in-differences with multiple time periods analysis is undertaken to examine the oscillating risk preferences of individuals hit hard financially by the pandemic. It reveals they become more tolerant of situational risk and uncertainty over time. Learning that the negative consequences of the pandemic are negotiable plays a key role in changing risk preferences. • The first longitudinal study on the stability of risk preferences in tourism • The first difference in differences analysis with multiple periods in tourism • Strong intertemporal stability of most general and travel related risk preferences • The financially hard-hit are more tolerant of risk and uncertainty during COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on cross-border regional innovation systems suggests that facilitating cross-border interaction and knowledge flows promotes the innovativeness of border regions. Tourism can heighten the interaction and knowledge flows between populations, businesses, and other organisations on opposing sides of the border. However, by reviewing empirical studies on the topic, the paper contends that progress towards cross-border regional innovation system integration has remained modest while the role of tourism in facilitating it has remained under investigated. The paper demonstrates how the systems failure approach offers an effective framework to address these research and policy gaps: a deeper understanding of the nature of failure can provide an important steppingstone to advancing the role of tourism in cross-border development. • Cross-border tourism development faces distinctive and major challenges. • Cross-border tourism flows facilitate knowledge transfer and innovation. • Cross-border regional innovation systems have limited success. • Systems failure approach helps to uncover barriers to cross-border integration. • Systems failure provides a platform for refreshed cross-border policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Originality is an essential element of academic research and the peer review system plays a key gatekeeping role in its acceptance. However, there is no consensus as to the precise definition of the concept, its measurement nor the importance attached to it. Primary data from 26 interviews with editors or editorial board members of top ranking tourism journals inform a discussion of the nuanced understanding of the concept and of how different levels of originality (radical vs. incremental), among other peer review assessment criteria, influence tourism publication. Finally, the main challenges relating to recognising originality in the peer review process are identified leading to recommendations for improvements to how originality is assessed. • Originality is an essential condition for publication. • The level of importance given to originality depends on the tier of the journal. • Originality assessment is highly intuitive. • A potential bias towards originality exists when it contradicts prior beliefs. • In general the peer review system does not hold back highly original work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In increasingly uncertain and competitive markets, small tourism firms are often pressured to innovate across a diverse range of innovation types. Innovation diversity creates synergies in that capabilities developed for one type can enhance the outcomes of other types of innovation. This paper defines and examines innovation diversity, and its relationship with small and medium enterprise (SME) performance. It then considers the role of uncertainty and dependence on tourism markets in this relationship. The paper is original in that it first finds that innovation diversity mitigates the negative effect of uncertainty on performance, and second that this relationship is especially strong in more tourism-dependent SMEs. Whereas most research on tourism innovation relies on cross-sectional data, this paper is methodologically novel in using longitudinal data collected from 358 SMEs over a period of 18 months. Highlights • We conceptualize innovation diversity as the breadth of innovation types a firm introduces. • We analyze longitudinal survey data to show that innovation diversity positively influences SME performance. • We consider the role of dependence on tourism markets in innovation. • Innovation diversity mediates the negative direct effect of uncertainty on performance. • More sales to tourists increases the performance benefit from innovation diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge transfer and innovation cooperation between the EU and its neighbours has remained weakly developed. To promote this cooperation, the EU has set up initiatives for the European neighbourhood. The issue has, however, received very limited scholarly attention in the field of tourism. This research gap is addressed here via interview data collected from participants in tourism related EU-funded projects in the Finnish-Russian cross-border region. These underline the importance of EU-funding in facilitating knowledge transfer and innovation between Finland and Russia. While language issues, and differences in business culture and administrative/legislative systems between the two countries, constitute barriers for practical cross-border cooperation, it is cross-border differences in culture and technological capabilities that drive cross-border knowledge transfer and innovation in the cross-border region. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for promoting future cross-border cooperation in innovation and tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Direct and indirect effects of types of innovation and other factors on both staff related innovations and performance. Unlabelled Image Highlights • Innovations and other factors have both direct and indirect effects on performance. • Staff innovations mediate fully the effects of internal and two external factors. • Staff innovations mediate partially the effects of two other external factors. • Staff innovations mediate the effects of other types of innovation. • Staff and product innovations have the strongest total effects on performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a dearth of studies analysing the relationship between demand variations, productivity and flexible working in the face of variable demand challenges confronting the tourism industry. This investigation seeks to inform important firm and industry specific labour management strategies for improving productivity. Using data for 43 medium sized hotels owned by two chains in the UK, this paper analyses productivity in relation to external (demand variations) and internal (labour management) conditions over an 8 year period from 2005 to 2013. The paper’s findings show that demand variation is the principal determinant of productivity. Numerical, functional and zero-contract hour flexible labour management also contributes to labour productivity. Significant differences in findings between establishments and departments indicate the importance of disaggregated analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought sweeping changes to global tourism alongside large-scale travel restrictions, posing complex challenges to entrepreneurs and firms seeking to find their footing in a turbulent climate. This study presents a theoretical framework linking uncertainty, capital, and innovation to analyse how bed-and-breakfast small and medium-sized enterprises have innovatively responded to unprecedented obstacles during COVID-19 recovery. Three-stage longitudinal interviews were conducted with more than 30 entrepreneurs between April and November 2020 to unpack their ongoing responses to the pandemic. The recovery process was found to be non-linear due to the shifting nature of sources of uncertainty and changes in entrepreneurs' capital. These alterations shaped interviewees' responses, especially in terms of product and marketing innovations, which ultimately generated new uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study advances the contextual understanding of knowledge management practices adopted by tourism consultants in the setting of tourism development projects. It goes beyond the traditional understanding of the bounded nature of firms to analyse knowledge management issues through a project-based multi-layered perspective, namely project ecology. An innovative participant-observation methodology is utilised to study 15 episodic projects at three tourism development companies over a 12-month period. This provides an insider perspective to enhance understanding of the knowledge management practices and collaborations of tourism consultants. The study reveals two underlying logics that shape knowledge management practices: the logics of creativity and accumulation. The findings exhibit how knowledge management is moulded by the practices within, and interactions among, the four tiers of a multi-level project-specific contextual framework. • Analysis of project knowledge management focussed on the holistic social contexts of episodic projects instead of the bounded firm or the destination networks. • Innovative participant observation fieldwork took place in 15 tourism development projects over 12 months. • This is the first study that utilises the project ecology perspective in tourism research. • Two contrasting but interacted logics of knowledge management practices adopted by tourism consultants in tourism development projects are identified: the logic of creativity and the logic of accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper opens the “black box” of tourism innovation policy implementation through an analysis of the Spanish Programme of Innovative Business Groups that foster innovation through hybrid top-down bottom-up collaboration embedded in clusters. The focus is on three main issues: process of policy implementation, types of innovation that emerged, and the outcomes and barriers. The findings show the contradictions of this hybrid model of implementation with mixed outcomes of successful collaborations and abandoned trajectories. The Programme has stimulated the ‘propensity’ to innovate resulting in different types of innovation but has revealed the existence of mutually-reinforcing barriers. Some suggestions for future improvements of tourism innovation policies are offered including the importance of polycentricity in effective policy formulation and implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism research on visiting friends and relatives remains normative and family-centric. The literature has yet to question the normative underpinnings of relationships and remains oriented around physical proximity. This paper therefore aims to understand the shifting qualities and intimacies of migrant personal relationships developed across diverse means for maintaining relationships. It draws from a multi-sited ethnography that includes interviews from migrants and friends and family living at a distance. Framed through theory on personal relationships and affect, we introduce the concept 'aspirational intimacy'. This shows how important relationships become oriented around aspirations of normalcy and belonging that construct shared capacities to feel connected, while imagining alternative possibilities for relationships and life-course trajectories. • De-centres the family and physical proximity in tourism research on migrant visits • Develops the concept of aspirational intimacy to conceptualize transnational relationships • Draws from a multi-sited ethnography that includes interviews with migrants and friends and family • Utilizes the relationship mapping technique from the sociology of personal life [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Research on how individual tourists respond to risk has largely focussed on risk perceptions. This paper draws on behavioural economics to analyse the influence of risk tolerance and risk-related competences on how tourists organize their tourism travel, and the importance that they ascribe to specific types of tourism hazards. Whereas most tourism research on risk has been based on small, or highly age-specific surveys, or particular market segments, this paper utilises an innovative, large-scale survey drawn from the range of the UK population. There were significant differences between package tourists and individual ‘drifter’ tourists in terms of their socio-demographic characteristics, general and tourism-specific risk tolerance, and competence – both real and illusory – to manage risk. Age, and tolerance of both general and tourism-specific risks, were associated with the importance of hazards as deterrents to tourist behaviour, but the evidence for competences was mixed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The paper applies concepts of population dynamics to the evolution of communication technologies. The dynamics of voice communication technologies in the Czech and Slovak Republics in 1948–2009 are examined via the Lotka–Volterra equations. Fixed lines and mobile phones are considered predatory technologies hunting for their ‘prey’ — voice service subscribers. Each technology squeezes out carrying capacity from its competitor. Mobile phones, however, exert a far greater impact on numbers of fixed telephone lines than vice versa. The conclusions consider some limitations of population dynamics approaches in economic modelling and discuss the different growth strategies associated with particular types of technologies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Internationalization and innovation are significant themes in tourism research whose inter-relationship has been largely neglected. Starting from the international economics literature, which focuses mainly on the multinational enterprise, and on knowledge issues, the relationship can be conceptualised in three ways: internationalization is a form of innovation, successful internationalization requires innovation, and internationalization requires firms to have superior knowledge. Turning from this generic literature to the specificities of tourism, two aspects of the simultaneity of production and consumption critically shape internationalization: the requirement for co-presence, and consumer mobility. However, a firm-focussed approach fails to address the changing international environment of the enterprise, especially the increasing importance of global connectivity in relation to entrepreneurs, labour and tourists. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study examines knowledge transfers amongst attractions in Cornwall, England, paying attention to the significance of spatial clustering and product similarity. It is based on in-depth interviews with tourist attraction managers and key informants in two contrasting spatial clusters. The findings demonstrate that spatial proximity, product similarity and market similarity generally facilitate knowledge transfers and innovation spillovers, at the local and the regional scales. They also show that the influences of product similarity and spatial proximity are closely related, although this is scale specific. The paper makes a contribution to the literature by studying knowledge transfer and innovations in the relatively neglected attractions sector, exploring the sources, mechanisms, and outcomes of knowledge transfer, and providing insights into the complexities of product similarity and spatial proximity/clustering. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study analyses how Covid-19 shapes individuals' international tourism intentions in context of bounded rationality. It provides a novel analysis of risk which is disaggregated into tolerance/aversion of and competence to manage risks across three different aspects: general, domain (tourism) and situational (Covid-19). The impacts of risk are also differentiated from uncertainty and ambiguity. The empirical study is based on large samples (total = 8962) collected from the world's top five tourism source markets: China, USA, Germany, UK and France. Various risk factors show significant predictive powers of individual's intentions to defer international tourism plans amid Covid-19. Uncertainty and ambiguity intolerance is shown to lead to intentions to take holidays relatively sooner rather than delaying the holiday plans. • Covid-19 shapes individuals' international tourism intentions. • Risk is disaggregated into tolerance/aversion and competence to manage risks. • General risk, domain-specific risks and Covid situational risks are differentiated. • Risk and uncertainty/ambiguity intolerance have opposite impacts on travel deferral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses migration trajectories and cohabitation patterns of Vietnamese population in Slovakia. It starts with brief introduction on origin of Vietnamese in Slovakia and distinguishes two different waves of migrants. After analysis of the 2001 Census data it turns to authors' own survey on Vietnamese traders in Slovakia. The concluding part of the paper explores likely future of Vietnamese in Slovakia after its accession to the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is now widely accepted, and commented on, that both within Europe and beyond, not only are millions on the move, but there have been fundamental changes in the very nature of migration and mobility. The large-scale uprooting of people leading to forced migration, the rapid increase of legal and illegal migration of skilled and unskilled people to the growth poles of the global economy, the rapid increase in temporary mobility of both manual labour and service providers, and the growing significance of consumption-led migration are all intimately linked to the processes of globalisation and restructuring in global and European political, economic, social and cultural relations since the late 1980s/early 1990s. It is not only the geography of flows which has been and is being transformed, but also the channels and structures--what Urry (2000) terms the ?scapes'--which mediate and are reshaped by these flows. The ?scapes? are being recast in part by technological changes in transport and communication, opening up new ways of travel and working, but they are also part of and subject to the systems which regulate migration and mobility. In part these are defined by national and supranational systems of regulation, including both the barriers to flows and the rights of permanent residence and citizenship. But they are also conditioned by the creation and renewal of informal migrant networks across space, and the ?grey? area of regulation constituted by the role of organised crime in the trafficking in people.

Focuses on the international retirement of citizens of Great Britain in Algarve, Portugal. Changes in the international framework for population mobility in Algarve; Nature of the link between cycles of migration and of development in recipient areas.

Focuses on the prospects of international retirement migration (IRM) in Europe. Provisions of IRM; Effects of IRM on regional economic geography; Significance of IRM for population geography.

This research investigates the direct and (indirect) spatial spillover effects of agglomeration economies on the productivity of the tourism industry. With increasing concerns about the persistence of low (labour) productivity in tourism across many developed economies, there is an urgent need to address this productivity challenge. Using major under-exploited UK microeconomic panel data, spatial econometric modelling is employed to estimate the effects of agglomeration economies on productivity. Findings reveal the significant effects of agglomeration economies on productivity within a specific region, but also significant spatial spillover effects across neighbouring regions, suggesting the possibility of productivity convergences. Competitive and complementary effects of agglomeration economies on productivity are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dominant accounts of tourism entrepreneurship position successful entrepreneurial performance as masculine and economically informed; undervaluing gendered difference in approaches to entrepreneurship. When varying approaches are held in focus, women are positioned as 'less than', and in need of training and support. In reviewing the gender, tourism and entrepreneurship literature this paper draws attention to the marginal, yet decisive contributions of feminist postcolonial, political economy and poststructuralist approaches. Such approaches assist in questioning the implicit economic and masculine bias in the literature. Dominant definitions and evaluations of entrepreneurship need to be questioned, so as to challenge Global North conceptualizations of empowerment and success. Scholars ought to diversify the locations of research on entrepreneurship and gender, and engage more with policy critiques. • Feminist theories remains marginal within tourism and entrepreneurship debates. • Research selectively prioritizes industries, regions and places. • Entrepreneurship definitions need to be challenged. • Need for greater engagement with mixed methods approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart destinations have become an esteemed concept among researchers and policy makers. Discussion of the concept is optimistic in tone and commonly linked to information rather than knowledge and more to design than innovation. This partly explains the relatively limited critical discussion of the (potential) benefits of smart destinations. The article raises selected issues from the innovation, as opposed to the design, literature to offer insightful perspectives on analyzing smart destinations. The discussion emphasises that: 1) smart destinations are driven by uncertainty; 2) knowledge provides deeper insights than information into smart destinations as innovation; 3) entrepreneurs play an important role in facilitating smart destinations; and 4) smart destinations constitute innovation systems. • Smart destinations are driven by uncertainty. • Knowledge provides deeper insights than information into smart destinations. • Entrepreneurs play an important role in facilitating smart destinations. • Smart destinations constitute innovation systems. • Innovation adds a more holistic perspective than design to understand smart destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Recent changes in land use for tourism and recreation have been driven by socio-demographic shifts, increases in disposable time and incomes, technological changes, transport developments, and emerging systems of policy and governance. Combined with changes in consumption preferences, these have led to general but differentiated increases in tourism and recreation. Outbound tourism has grown more rapidly than inbound, which has led to some displacement of land use demands. In the case of recreation, there are shifts between at home and outdoor recreation, and changes in the content and location of each. The resulting land use trends can be understood in regional, intra-regional (urban versus rural versus coastal) and temporal terms. Future trends are considered in terms of how this broad set of drivers and the relationships between them are being and are likely to be transformed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]