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Post-WWII histories about Japanese 'war brides', pearl shell divers, Chinese sailors and 'Colombo Plan' students frame these cohorts as early 'challengers' of the White Australia Policy. Because these histories are typically siloed from each other, bringing them together offers a fresh way to view how Japanese and Chinese residents shared a social space that linked Australia's societal change and domestic concerns to international developments. Juxtaposition of these cohorts also compels considerations of less familiar cohorts of Chinese and Japanese residents in post-WWII Australia and of how historians might best use their craft to draw 'extraordinary meaning' through studies of these supposedly 'ordinary lives'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the history of the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 of Australia, law to restrict immigration by having a single policy at the national level rather than separate colonial policies. Topics discussed include composition of the early federal government, restrictions on the grounds of race by using a dictation test and introduction and implementation of White Australia policies.

Between 1880 and 1941, many Japanese migrants arrived in north Queensland and became active participants in their communities. Despite arriving during an era where a White Australia was broadly envisioned, these migrants formed lasting connections within the unique geographical and cultural climate of north Queensland. Government records and newspapers archives reveal these individuals' positive contributions to the region through business, civic engagement, and social events. This article focuses on Japanese migrant families' economic, civic, and social contributions to north Queensland communities to highlight the longevity and depth of their connections within the history of northern Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the Australia's relationship with Asia tracing from the Gold Rush and the White Australia policy to four wars fighting in Asia since World War II. Topics include thousands of refugees displacing by the Vietnam War and finding a new home in Australia; and historical artefacts displaying in the Shrine of Remembrance's Cold War Gallery space highlighting Australia's relationship with Asia.

Recent accounts of efforts to racially circumscribe mobility in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Australia have described how the figure of the Indian immigrant came to be perceived by white settlers as a threat to their visions of a settled order. However, the case of Cassim Mahomet escapes this analysis. Cassim was the son of a family of Indian circus performers brought to Australia in the 1890s, who, after serving in army concert parties during World War I, returned to Australia to build a lengthy and popular career as a vaudeville performer, magician, actor and recording artist. Cassim's success in show business was founded on his creative exploitation of two apparently contradictory stereotypes, the Australian digger and the mysterious Oriental magician. The first of these characters, 'the Indian Digger', emphasised Cassim's connections to the emerging tradition of the digger and the Anzac legend; 'the Son of India' was a composite, orientalised figure familiar to Australian audiences as a stock character in vaudeville and the circus. This article highlights Cassim's ability to perform multiple identities successfully. It reconsiders the equation of Indian mobility to and within Australia with white settlers' negative perceptions and, by approaching Cassim's microbiography from the perspective of performance, investigates the interplay of race, mobility and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tells the story of James Minahan, the Melbourne-born son of a Chinese father and a white Australian mother who was arrested as a prohibited immigrant under the Immigration Restriction Act in 1908. Minahan had been taken to China by his father as a five-year-old boy in 1882 and failed the Dictation Test on his return to Australia 26 years later. After Minahan defeated the charge in the lower courts, the Commonwealth appealed to the High Court - an appeal they lost on the grounds that, despite his years overseas, Minahan had remained a member of the Australian community. Although the case is well known in historical and legal scholarship on Australian immigration and citizenship, existing work has focused primarily on the High Court judgements. This article provides a new perspective by following the progression of the case as a whole, from Minahan’s return to Australia in January 1908 to the High Court ruling in October that year, and placing it in the context of the transnational lives of Minahan, his father and their fellow Chinese Australians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article concentrates on the British Union of Fascists and its attempts to build a ‘New Empire Union’ in the 1930s to transform the British Empire into a fascist, self-sufficient empire. The BUF, under Oswald Mosley, believed that a fascist revolution, in Britain and in the colonies, was the only way to maintain the British Empire. The BUF hoped that Australia would become a trading partner to create a self-sufficient empire, with the goal of removing Britain from the world of ‘international finance’. While Australia was a liberal democracy, the BUF pointed to the ‘White Australia Policy’ and the treatment of the Indigenous population as examples of the hierarchical racial politics that could form the basis for a sympathetic fascist settler colony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After Australia federated in 1901, the new Commonwealth government implemented policies that were aimed at establishing a system of labour protections for white male workers unparalleled around the world. This included introducing a number of bills that became known as the White Australia Policy (WAP), which sought to exclude non-white immigration to regulate any attempt to undercut the ‘white man’s wage’. After the Harvester judgement in 1907, which mandated a ‘living wage’ for a man and his family, the national identity of Australia as a ‘worker’s paradise’ and the widespread acceptance of the necessity of a ‘White Australia’ became intertwined. This article focuses on two women’s groups in Victoria immediately after World War I, who, because of their wartime experience, rethought their position on the policy of exclusion. The Sisterhood of International Peace (SIP) and the Women’s Peace Army were ‘non-party’ women’s groups formed in protest against the war, later to merge and become the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF). Pro-war groups considered them ‘unpatriotic’ because they promoted internationalism. Yet that internationalism, and the experience of travel made the women think differently about White Australia. Their experiences made them alert to overt racism, which they found distasteful. Yet the entangled policies of labour and exclusion made them unable to denounce the WAP entirely. This article examines the efforts of the SIP and the Peace Army to navigate the tension between the labour progressivism they admired and the racism that was so interlaced with its advancement in the WAP. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article opens two new inquiries into Australia-India relations. First, substantial existing analysis of the White Australia policy after the Second World War begins from Australian perspectives and sources: this article starts from the Indian side. It focuses on Indian women — on what they were reading in public media and what they said in speeches — because Indian women’s personal and political contacts with Australia increased during the Cold War. Secondly, we explore the contemporary potential of cross-cultural collaboration — between researchers from Australian and Indian backgrounds — to identify the dissonances in our interpretations and ask why those differences have arisen. This article has been peer reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses immigration to Australia after World War II, focusing on the efforts of the Australian government to entice immigrants through international publicity. Other topics include connections between Australia's immigration publicity and tourism publicity, the impact of the White Australia Policy on immigration, and the challenges the Australian Department of Information faced in creating publicity that attracted some groups while alienating others.

Australian prisoners of war (POWs) captured by the Japanese in the Second World War are central figures in Australian memory of that war. A resurgence of cultural interest in their experiences began in the 1970s. This occurred within the context of three developments: the ending of the White Australia Policy, defeat in Vietnam, and the creation of the psychiatric category of post-traumatic stress disorder. In the 1970s, POWs often became a metaphor for Australia's relations with the Asian region, thereby underscoring the racial dimensions of their experience, whereas by the 1980s and into the 1990s they were prominent as the traumatized survivors of an earlier war. The article argues for the need to historicize the influence of trauma as a way of understanding the war experiences of POWs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks at the application of the White Australia policy to landownership in established and adaptive communities of Chinese, South Sea Islander, and other non-white people in Queensland. Particular focus is given to the impossibility of defining whiteness manifested by the White Australia regime. It discusses Leases to Aliens Act and Sugar Cultivation Act, along with the historical discourses it drew and reinforced which helped in defining internal borders of White Australia.

The article examines the popularity of the West Indies tour throughout the 1950s and 1960s in relation to Australian racial attitudes, and the impact of the tour on their racial attitudes. The West Indies cricket team in the 1960-1961 tour was popular, having tied First Test, the first in Test history, drawing unmatched crowds, and receiving positive press coverage, as well as being invited to a civic reception and holding a parade. The White Australia Policy, passed in 1901, was in force.

The article discusses indigenous Australian-Indonesian intermarriages, focusing on their role in challenging the White Australia immigration policy following World War II. The author describes the legal implications of Indonesian marriages to Torres Strait Islanders in terms of citizenship, and special attention is paid to the relocation of Aboriginal-Indonesian families from Thursday Island, Queensland to the Cherbourg Aboriginal Settlement during World War II. Attempts to achieve naturalisation by Indonesian men on Thursday Island are described, and various changes to laws related to naturalisation and intermarriage in Australia are highlighted.

Unlike other countries, the Australian Constitution is not a wide-ranging statement of citizens' rights. However, it has served its people for over a century as the foundation of Australia's democracy and the Commonwealth government. This article offers some reflections on the Constitution with particular reference to events and themes that preceded and followed its accomplishment; the significance of the Eureka Stockade in establishing a system of government through a Constitution that entrusts ultimate sovereignty in the people; s 116 of the Constitution - the express guarantee conferring freedom of religion; and the consequences arising from the implementation of the White Australia policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the history of Chinese settlement in Australia during the period 1818-1918 and the reactions of Europeans on the growing contribution of Chinese settlers in the nation. It mentions that a carpenter, called Mak O Pong, was thought to be the first Chinese to arrive in Sydney, New South Wales in 1818. It describes how Chinese settlers were employed by Europeans as miners and by farmers as labourers and shearers, and by 1859, the number of Chinese in Victoria reached 45,000. It discusses how the increasing number of Chinese created antagonism, and the Chinese were subjected to violent attacks and held responsible for any new disease. It also discusses the denial of several civil rights to Chinese through White Australia Acts issued by the Commonwealth government.

The article presents a historical perspective on White Australia's negative attitudes towards cultures and languages education from 1870 to the 1970s and how this has shaped languages education. The author believes that government language learning initiatives depend on the linguistic culture that students adhere to. He thinks that the future of languages education in Australia depends on the willingness of language teachers to contribute to making a more positive linguistic culture in the country.

The article discusses the use of history by White Australia policy critics and of earlier colonial restrictions. Such use of history was founded on the aim to support biological arguments that were described by historical testimony as a set of repeating historical themes like superiority, inferiority, conflict, and degeneration. The use also shows the tradition of resistance to racialism in the 19th century that was based on the description of the ancient British given by Julius Caesar in his "Commentaries on the Gallic Wars."