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Across six studies (N=3,591), we explore the interpersonal consequences of COVID-19 risk communication when rejecting social invitations. In study 1, consumers underestimate the benefits and overestimate the social costs of explicitly rejecting social invitations for risk-related reasons. In studies 2a and 2b, consumers are more likely to communicate risk when they are focused on welfare (vs. social) concerns. In studies 3a and 3b, we replicate and extend these results in the context of actual social invitations. In study 4, we observe similar effects in a consumer context, showing the positive benefit of risk communications by brands. Together, these results highlights the unexpected benefits of COVID-19 risk communication.

Policy-makers are increasingly turning to behavioural science for insights about how to improve citizens’ decisions and outcomes1. Typically, different scientists test different intervention ideas in different samples using different outcomes over different time intervals2. The lack of comparability of such individual investigations limits their potential to inform policy. Here, to address this limitation and accelerate the pace of discovery, we introduce the megastudy—a massive field experiment in which the effects of many different interventions are compared in the same population on the same objectively measured outcome for the same duration. In a megastudy targeting physical exercise among 61,293 members of an American fitness chain, 30 scientists from 15 different US universities worked in small independent teams to design a total of 54 different four-week digital programmes (or interventions) encouraging exercise. We show that 45% of these interventions significantly increased weekly gym visits by 9% to 27%; the top-performing intervention offered microrewards for returning to the gym after a missed workout. Only 8% of interventions induced behaviour change that was significant and measurable after the four-week intervention. Conditioning on the 45% of interventions that increased exercise during the intervention, we detected carry-over effects that were proportionally similar to those measured in previous research3–6. Forecasts by impartial judges failed to predict which interventions would be most effective, underscoring the value of testing many ideas at once and, therefore, the potential for megastudies to improve the evidentiary value of behavioural science.

One way to limit the emissions from fossil fuel combustion that underlie global climate change and air pollution is to nudge people away from commuting alone in their vehicles—that is, to gently encourage people (without limiting their freedom of choice) to replace single-occupancy-vehicle commutes with environmentally friendlier options. Abundant research has focused on the influence of external factors—for example, urban design, the availability of roadways and bicycle lanes, and the costs of using one's chosen means of transportation—on commuters’ transportation decisions. Much less is known about the psychological factors that influence which commuting modes people use. The field of behavioral science is therefore overdue to focus on transportation. In this article, we—a multidisciplinary team consisting of academics, applied researchers, and a transportation-management consultant—present a framework for designing and testing interventions informed by behavioral theory. We hope that this framework will help policymakers in government and the private sector identify nudges that can encourage commuters to adopt eco-friendlier modes of transportation. We also describe several studies we have designed on the basis of this framework and present the results collected so far.

There is widespread consensus that income and subjective well-being are linked, but when and why they are connected is subject to ongoing debate. We draw on prior research that distinguishes between the frequencyand intensityof happiness to suggest that higher income is more consistently linked to how frequentlyindividuals experience happiness than how intenselyhappy each episode is. This occurs in part because lower-income individuals spend more time engaged in passive leisure activities, reducing the frequencybut not the intensity of positive affect. Notably, we demonstrate that only happiness frequency underlies the relationship between income and life satisfaction. Data from an experience sampling study (N= 394 participants, 34,958 daily responses), a preregistered cross-sectional study (N= 1,553), and a day reconstruction study (N= 13,437) provide empirical evidence for these ideas. Together, this research provides conceptual and empirical clarity into how income is related to happiness.

Consumers feel increasingly pressed for time and money. Gifts have the potential to reduce scarcity in recipients’ lives, yet little is known about how recipients perceive gifts given with the intention of saving them time or money. Across five studies (N=1,816), we demonstrate that the recipients of gifts intending to save money experience more negative emotions and infer a lower status position than recipients of gifts intending to save time. Recipients experiencing greater financial scarcity (who may benefit most from gifts intending to save them money), experience negative emotions to a greater extent and perceive an even lower status position than recipients who experience relatively little financial scarcity. These findings are the first to directly evaluate the implications of receiving gifts seeking to address time and money scarcity and suggest that recipients may respond negatively to gifts given with the intention of saving money.

How do the very wealthy spend their time, and how does time use relate to well-being? In two studies in the Netherlands, the affluent (N= 863; N= 690) and the general population (N= 1,232; N= 306) spent time in surprisingly similar ways such as by spending the same amount of time working. Yet the nature of their time use differed in critical ways that are related to life satisfaction. In Study 1, millionaires spent more time engaged in active leisure (e.g., exercising and volunteering) rather than passive leisure (e.g., watching television and relaxing). In Study 2, millionaires spent more time engaged in tasks at work over which they had more control. The affluent sample belongs to the top of the income and wealth distribution, representing a significantly wealthier sample than in previous studies. These results further our understanding of when and how wealth may translate into greater well-being. All materials for this article are available at https://osf.io/vndmt/

•Individuals can value their time over money or value their time like money.•Valuing time more than money is linked to self-transcendent behaviors.•Valuing time like money is linked to self-focused behaviors.•How people value time can shape daily and major life decisions and happiness.

What I'm referring to isn't a scarcity of money, but rather a scarcity of time. What I use in these calculations isn't money per se, but rather "the income equivalent of happiness", or what I like to call "happiness dollars". In fact, I found that simply shifting our mindset from prioritizing money to prioritizing time produces the happiness gain equivalent of making $2,200 dollars more per year. To overcome our overwhelming feelings of time poverty, we need to start shifting our attention away from work and making money and towards having more and better time by planning our time as carefully as we plan our money and holding ourselves accountable. [Extracted from the article]

Recent ERP research using a gaze-contingent paradigm suggests the face-sensitive N170 component is modulated by the presence of a face outline, the number of parafoveal facial features, and the type of feature in parafovea (Parkington and Itier, 2019). The present study re-analyzed these data using robust mass univariate statistics available through the LIMO toolbox, allowing the examination of the ERP signal across all electrodes and time points. We replicated the finding that the presence of a face outline significantly reduced ERP latencies and amplitudes, suggesting it is an important cue to the prototypical face template. However, we found that this effect began around 114 ms, and was maximal during the P1-N170 and N170-P2 intervals. The number of features present in parafovea also impacted the entire waveform, with systematic reductions in amplitude and latency as the number of features increased. This effect was maximal around 120 ms during the P1-N170 interval and around 170 ms between the N170 and P2. The ERP response was also modulated by feature type; contrary to previous findings this effect was maximal around 200 ms and the P2 peak. Although we provide partial replication of the previous results on the N170, the effects were more temporally distributed in the present analysis. These effects were generally maximal before and after the N170 and were the weakest at the N170 peak itself. This re-analysis demonstrates that classical ERP analysis can obscure important aspects of face processing beyond the N170 peak, and that tools like mass univariate statistics are needed to shed light on the whole time-course of face processing.

ABSTRACTDoes volunteering causally improve well-being? To empirically test this question, we examined one instantiation of volunteering that is common at post-secondary institutions across North America: community service learning (CSL). CSL is a form of experiential learning that combines volunteer work with intentional learning goals and active reflection. We partnered with an academic program that randomly assigns interested students to participate in a CSL program or to a wait-list. As part of this CSL program, students are required to engage in 10–12 h of formal volunteering each week in addition to completing related coursework. To assess the well-being benefits of formal volunteering through CSL participation, we examined the subjective well-being (SWB) of students from both groups over a six-month period. Using Bayesian statistics, and comparing a null model to a model specifying a small to moderate benefit of CSL participation, we found conclusive evidence in support of the null model. These findings diverge from previous correlational research in this area by providing no evidence for the causal benefits of volunteering on SWB. These findings highlight the critical importance of using experimental methodology to establish the causal benefits of volunteer work, such as the experiences provided by CSL programs, on SWB.

How do the trade-offs that we make about two of our most valuable resources—time and money—shape happiness? While past research has documented the immediate consequences of thinking about time and money, research has not yet examined whether people’s general orientations to prioritize time over money are associated with greater happiness. In the current research, we develop the Resource Orientation Measure (ROM) to assess people’s stable preferences to prioritize time over money. Next, using data from students, adults recruited from the community, and a representative sample of employed Americans, we show that the ROM is associated with greater well-being. These findings could not be explained by materialism, material striving, current feelings of time or material affluence, or demographic characteristics such as income or marital status. Across six studies (N= 4,690), we provide the first empirical evidence that prioritizing time over money is a stable preference related to greater subjective well-being.

The article focuses on the issue of privacy complaint related to the implementation of video surveillance at the Halton Catholic District School Board in Burlington, Ontario.

The article focuses on the issue involving the British Columbia Teachers' Federation and Sooke Teachers' Association (STA) who grieved on school district's participation in a program which provided students with both secondary and post-secondary school credits but was delivered by post-secondary educators rather than STA members. It notes the claim of the association that the program violated the provisions of the collective agreement relating to contracting out.

The article discusses a court case in which the British Columbia Court of Appeal affirmed the freedom of political expression in the classroom. The case involves the British Columbia Teachers' Federation (BCTF) and the British Columbia Public School Employers Association. The BCTF has opposed a school district directive that prohibited teachers from posting notices outside the classroom and from wearing buttons criticizing government education policies prior to a provincial election.

This is the second of two papers summarizing the glaciological observations made on the southern and central parts of the Greenland Ice Sheet during two field campaigns conducted during the 1980s by scientists at The Ohio State University's Byrd Polar Research Center. Three large clusters of survey stations, as well as a strain grid leading to the Dye-3 borehole, were deployed and surveyed in 1980, and resurveyed the next summer (1981). In 1987 and 1989, similar surveys were conducted in the Summit region as part of the GISP2 site selection. The primary objectives of these field campaigns were to measure absolute surface velocities and to obtain 20-30 year average accumulation rates from shallow firn cores. At a number of the survey sites, shallow cores were retrieved to determine accumulation rates and firn temperatures were measured in some of the boreholes. Each core was sampled for density and gross beta-radioactivity. The latter reveals specific stratigraphic horizons associated with nuclear fallout from atmospheric testing of thermonuclear devices in the 1950s and early 1960s. Measurements of oxygen isotopic ratios allowed identification of the seasonal cycles preserved in the firn that provide annual markers distinguishing individual accumulation years. While most of the final results, such as surface velocities and accumulation rates, have been published previously in various reports and papers, the raw data and basic details of the observations are not easily accessible. The purpose of this review is to present these data, including data hitherto unpublished in a single place, and to evaluate and review their quality for those who have used or plan to use these observations. The report augments these observations by comparison with more recent measurements. Together with the data on surface velocity and ice-sheet geometry presented in the first part, these glaciological data sets represent one of the first large-scale surveys conducted on the Greenland Ice Sheet and, as such, provide an invaluable benchmark for change detection.

This report is the first of two papers summarizing the glaciologal observations made on the southern and central parts of the Greenland Ice Sheet during two field campaigns conducted during the 1980s by scientists at The Ohio State University's Byrd Polar Research Center. Three large clusters of survey stations, as well as a strain grid leading to the Dye-3 borehole, were deployed and surveyed in 1980, and resurveyed the next summer (1981). In 1987 and 1989, similar surveys were conducted in the Summit region as part of the GISP2 site selection. The primary objectives of these field campaigns were to measure absolute surface velocities and to obtain 20-30 year average accumulation rates from shallow firn cores. Velocities were determined using the U.S. Navy Navigational Satellite System, otherwise known as the TRANSIT system. To obtain accurate positions for survey stations on the ice sheet, the short-arc method was used, in which satellite tracking stations at two stationary coastal stations were operated simultaneously with tracking stations on the ice sheet. Positions of the ice-sheet tracking stations are calculated relative to the coastal stations and the fixed coordinates of these reference stations are determined from point positioning using the precise orbit parameters. Repeating this procedure at a later date allows ice sheet motion to be determined.

The article reports that the Ontario Secondary School Teachers' Federation grieved the Keewatin- Patricia District School Board's refusal to permit a member focused on attending a debriefing with union representation after an unsuccessful job application. It mentions that the grievor applied for the position of added responsibility.

The issue of over-fishing has spawned controversy in the Laurentian Great Lakes since the early 1800s. Aboriginal, domestic, commercial food, aquacultural and recreational fisheries have experienced a number of different types of over-fishing that have contributed to the fishing-up sequence in the lakes. Some effects of fish habitat destruction by many environmental abuses interacted synergistically with inappropriate fishing practices. The fish communities near larger settled areas 'hit the wall' ecologically beginning in the late 1800s. The fisheries of the whole basin 'hit the wall' politically in the period 1955-1968. Since 1968, a managerial transformation to an ecosystem approach has occurred, from a modern progressive approach to a new self-organizing redevelopment approach in which biotic and abiotic interests are more balanced than previously. Controversy continues as emergent grass-roots regimes seek alternatives to remnant and senescent institutional arrangements or seek partnership arrangements with new governance institutions.

Hooded rats and golden hamsters were shocked by one of two prods in a chamber with a sawdust-covered floor. Rats buried the prod through which they had been shocked, but hamsters displayed no burying behavior. Hamsters may not have buried the prod because they could not perform the required motor pattern. However, hamsters can carry and pile food pellets. Therefore, in a second experiment, rats and hamsters were shocked in a chamber with wooden blocks on the floor. Rats piled blocks around the prod through which they had been shocked, but hamsters did not. The third experiment established that, like rats, hamsters can associate a prod with shock in one trial, since they showed differential avoidance of a prod through which they had been shocked. Since hamsters are nonsocial and rats are social, these results are consistent with suggestions that burying sources of aversive stimulation evolved as an altruistic behavior.Hooded rats and golden hamsters were shocked by one of two prods in a chamber with a sawdust-covered floor. Rats buried the prod through which they had been shocked, but hamsters displayed no burying behavior. Hamsters may not have buried the prod because they could not perform the required motor pattern. However, hamsters can carry and pile food pellets. Therefore, in a second experiment, rats and hamsters were shocked in a chamber with wooden blocks on the floor. Rats piled blocks around the prod through which they had been shocked, but hamsters did not. The third experiment established that, like rats, hamsters can associate a prod with shock in one trial, since they showed differential avoidance of a prod through which they had been shocked. Since hamsters are nonsocial and rats are social, these results are consistent with suggestions that burying sources of aversive stimulation evolved as an altruistic behavior.

The Mount Brome complex of the Monteregian province of southern Quebec, Canada, consits of several major intrusions ranging compositionally from gabbro to syenite. The relative ages of these intrusives have been investigated with high-resolution 40Ar/39Ar analyses, including a specially designed irradiation configuration to cancel the effects of fluence gradients. Small yet distinct apparent age differences are observed. While a number of analytical and geological factors could be proposed to explain the small variations, evaluation of these suggests the age differences reflect those in emplacement times. The gabbro and nepheline diorite were emplaced within a short span 123.1 Ma ago. Generally more evolved lithologies (biotite monzodiorite, pulaskite, nordmarkite) appear to have been emplaced within a restricted interval 1.4±0.3 Ma later. Whole-rock Rb-Sr systematics do not give acceptable isochrons because of significant scatter interpreted to reflect initial 87Sr/86Sr heterogeneities resulting from crustal contamination. Considering the variations in initial ratio, the Rb-Sr data are consistent with the 40Ar/39Ar age.

The Ontario Fisheries Research Laboratory was founded in 1920 at the University of Toronto. Fisheries research by the laboratory became more strategic when F. E. J. Fry emerged as a leader in the 1940s. His field work, conducted iteratively with complementary laboratory work, invited questions about the fundamental niche, variation in year-class strength, and biogeography. His emphasis was on physiological ecology at the organism and population levels. His excellent working relationships with government administrators, fishermen, and other researchers led to the expansion of strategic fishery science. He initiated, for example, five data series that were continued by institutions after the series had served Fry's original needs. Thus questions about whitefish exploitation were succeeded by those about eutrophication, climatic change supplanted thermal effluents as a focus, and studies of muskellunge growth led to evaluations of stocking success and models of population dynamics. As an accomplished “prospector,” Fry apparently knew that clear data would not only help to resolve current problems, they would also provoke unforeseeable scientific questions.

Diamide sensitizes bacterial and mammalian cells to radiation by at least two mechanisms. Sensitization of V79-GL1 Chinese Hamster cells is due mainly to a reduction of the survival-curve shoulder, is observed both in oxygen and in hypoxia, and is additive to the sensitization of hypoxic cells by some nitroimidazoles. In contrast, sensitization of the radioresistant organism, Micrococcus sodonensis, which has a pronounced shoulder, is entirely dosemodifying.In a rapid-mix study using Serratia marcescens, two mechanisms of sensitization have been identified. After 4 to 40 msec preirradiation contact with Diamide, the enhancement ratio is constant at 1·6; after 10 min contact, it is 2·5. With V79-GL1 cells, no sensitization occurs in the short time-range; likewise none is seen when Diamide is added to bacteria or mammalian cells 4 msec after irradiation.It is concluded that Diamide sensitizes by at least two mechanisms, one of which resembles that of the electron-affinic type.

A new method for studying polar ice sheets confirms the generally accepted concepts of ice sheet flow and finds that a region near the ice crest of the West Antarctic ice sheet has been stable for ∼ 30,000 yr.

The reaction of a typical electron-affinic sensitizer, paranitroacetophenone (PNAP) with the model compounds thymine, thymidine, thymidylic acid, deoxyribose and single and double-stranded DNA has been investigated by pulse radiolysis.Radicals formed by one-electron reduction of the bases and of DNA react rapidly and efficiently with PNAP by electron transfer. A small yield of transfer (< 10 per cent) is also observed arising from oxidation of the radicals formed by the small proportion of OH which react at the sugar moieties in DNA.In contrast, electron transfer oxidation by PNAP of radicals formed by the addition of OH to the base moieties, e.g. thymine, is not an efficient process. Further, addition of the sensitizer to the thymine OH-adduct proceeds at a rate that is too low to measure by pulse radiolysis. We conclude that, since the major sites of OH reaction with DNA are the heterocyclic bases (> 80 per cent), oxidation of the resultant radicals is unlikely to be a major step in the mechanism of sensitization by this typical hypoxic-cell sensitizer.

Some of the problems with earlier theories for erosion and transport by ice sheets are discussed, and it is noted that those theories can not simply account for the often reported finding that most till is derived from bedrock only a few tens of kilometers upglacier. Considerations of the mass balance of debris in transport lead to the conclusion that ice sheets are capable of transporting most debris only a short distance. The theory that the breakup of bedrock is mostly a preglacial process is developed. The advancing ice sheet collects the debris and then deposits it after a short travel. As the ice sheet first advances over the regolith, debris is frozen onto the base and is carried until basal melting due to geothermal and frictional heat causes lodgment till deposition. Most debris is deposited during the advance of the ice sheet and is carried only a short distance. A generally small amount of debris is carried at higher levels and is deposited during ice standstill and retreat as melt-out and ablation tills.

Exposure to zero and subzero ambient temperatures results in a significant fall in joint temperature, where the knee joint of the cat was used as test object. The fall in rectal, muscle, and “average” skin temperatures for similar exposures is considerably less. Low joint temperature is associated with increased joint stiffness.

Previous laboratory tests have shown that joint temperatures, on exposure to low ambient temperatures, fall to a greater extent than muscle, rectal, or average skin temperatures. The fall in temperature is accompanied by an increased resistance of joints to movement, and the maximum speed with which the joint can be moved decreases. The predominant type of movement at the human knee joint and interphalangeal joints is a gliding one. The characteristics of synovial fluid explain the increased forces required to move a joint and the loss in speed of movement on exposure to cold. In vivostudies support such predictions.

This experiment was planned to study the problem of acclimatization in humans and to determine the effect of ascorbic acid in men exposed to cold while being fed a normal or survival ration. Ascorbic acid has greatly improved the resistance of men exposed to cold and fed a survival ration. No beneficial effect was observed when the subjects were fed a normal ration. This difference in response may be due to the fact that the experimental conditions differed somewhat between these two experiments. In any event, the subjects on a restricted food intake were certainly under greater conditions of stress. Evidence of acclimatization was obtained with survival rations but not with normal rations. Some conclusions have been made on the use, by men exposed to cold, of survival rations composed exclusively of carbohydrates. Finally, it is estimated that 2800 calories is the daily requirement for men relatively inactive, wearing only shorts, low shoes, and socks, and exposed to an ambient temperature of 60°F.

This experiment was planned to study the problem of acclimatization in humans and to determine the effect of ascorbic acid in men exposed to cold while being fed a normal or survival ration. Ascorbic acid has greatly improved the resistance of men exposed to cold and fed a survival ration. No beneficial effect was observed when the subjects were fed a normal ration. This difference in response may be due to the fact that the experimental conditions differed somewhat between these two experiments. In any event, the subjects on a restricted food intake were certainly under greater conditions of stress. Evidence of acclimatization was obtained with survival rations but not with normal rations. Some conclusions have been made on the use, by men exposed to cold, of survival rations composed exclusively of carbohydrates. Finally, it is estimated that 2800 calories is the daily requirement for men relatively inactive, wearing only shorts, low shoes, and socks, and exposed to an ambient temperature of 60°F.

The article discusses how to build resilience in Great Britain in the wake of the 2016 Brexit Referendum (Brexit) vote which authorizes Great Britain to exit the European Union. According to the article, EU development funding and grants failed to compensate many British communities form lost economic independence. The potential impact that Brexit will have on jobs and capital funding in Great Britain is examined, along with low-income communities and an asset-based community development plan.