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Enzymes catalyze almost all material conversion processes within living organisms, yet their natural evolution remains unobserved. Short peptides, derived from proteins and featuring active sites, have emerged as promising building blocks for constructing bioactive supramolecular materials that mimic native proteins through self-assembly. Herein, we employ histidine-containing isomeric tetrapeptides KHFF, HKFF, KFHF, HFKF, FKHF, and FHKF to craft supramolecular self-assemblies, aiming to explore the sequence–activity landscapes of enzyme evolution. Our investigations reveal the profound impact of peptide sequence variations on both assembly behavior and catalytic activity as hydrolytic simulation enzymes. During self-assembly, a delicate balance of multiple intermolecular interactions, particularly hydrogen bonding and aromatic–aromatic interactions, influences nanostructure formation, yielding various morphologies (e.g., nanofibers, nanospheres, and nanodiscs). Furthermore, the analysis of the structure–activity relationship demonstrates a strong correlation between the distribution of the His active site on the nanostructures and the formation of the catalytic microenvironment. This investigation of the sequence–structure–activity paradigm reflects how natural enzymes enhance catalytic activity by adjusting the primary structure during evolution, promoting fundamental research related to enzyme evolutionary processes.

Vanadium oxides are excellent cathode materials with large storage capacities for aqueous zinc-ion batteries, but their further development has been hampered by their low electronic conductivity and slow Zn2+diffusion. Here, an electrochemically induced phase transformation strategy is proposed to mitigate and overcome these barriers. In situX-ray diffraction analysis confirms the complete transformation of tunnel-like structural V6O13into layered V5O12·6H2O during the initial electrochemical charging process. Theoretical calculations reveal that the phase transformation is crucial to reducing the Zn2+migration energy barrier and facilitating fast charge storage kinetics. The calculated band structures indicate that the bandgap of V5O12·6H2O (0.0006 eV) is lower than that of V6O13(0.5010 eV), which enhanced the excitation of charge carriers to the conduction band, favoring electron transfer in redox reactions. As a result, the transformed V5O12·6H2O delivers a high capacity of 609 mA h g–1at 0.1 A g–1, superior rate performance (300 mA h g–1at 20 A g–1), fast-charging capability (<7 min charging for 465 mA h g–1), and excellent cycling stability with a reversible capacity of 346 mA h g–1at 5 A g–1after 5000 cycles.

The Ce-MOF/g-C3N5composite was first constructed using a simple reflux method in an oil bath. Herein, we report that the electrochemical sensor fabricated based on this composite exhibits high performance in the detection of nitrofurazone. Interestingly, this sensor exhibits an extra-wide linear range of detection composed of two line segments (7–100 μM and 100–2913 μM), as well as a low detection limit (LOD) of 6.15 μM (S/N = 3) under optimal experimental conditions. Additionally, the sensor demonstrates exceptional selectivity, reproducibility and stability. More importantly, the proposed electrochemical sensor can effectively monitor nitrofurazone in real samples such as urea and tap water, and obtain ideal recoveries. The sensor has such excellent performance because of the synergistic effect of the two components in the Ce-MOF/g-C3N5composite. Compared with Ce-MOF, the introduction of g-C3N5effectively not only enhances the conductivity of Ce-MOF/g-C3N5but also exposes more active sites, which is conducive to increasing the electrocatalytic activity to reduce nitrofurazone. This research contributes new scientific research ideas for fabricating ideal electrochemical sensors based on g-C3N5and MOFs.

Diabetic foot ulcers often become infected, leading to treatment complications and increased risk of loss of limb. Therapeutics to manage infection and simultaneously promote healing are needed. Here we report on the development of a Janus liposozyme that treats infections and promotes wound closure and re-epithelialization. The Janus liposozyme consists of liposome-like selenoenzymes for reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging to restore tissue redox and immune homeostasis. The liposozymes are used to encapsulate photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy of infections. We demonstrate application in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected diabetic wounds showing high ROS levels for antibacterial function from the photosensitizer and nanozyme ROS scavenging from the liposozyme to restore redox and immune homeostasis. We demonstrate that the liposozyme can directly regulate macrophage polarization and induce a pro-regenerative response. By employing single-cell RNA sequencing, T cell-deficient Rag1−/−mice and skin-infiltrated immune cell analysis, we further reveal that IL-17-producing γδ T cells are critical for mediating M1/M2 macrophage transition. Manipulating the local immune homeostasis using the liposozyme is shown to be effective for skin wound repair and tissue regeneration in mice and mini pigs.

•Graphene/XAg4Y (X, Y = S, Se, and Te) possess different graphene/X interface, resulting in various Schottky barrier heights and contact types.•Schottky barrier heights and contact types can be modulated by the vertical strain and external electric field.•The mechanism of the tunable Schottky barrier via the vertical strain and external electric field are investigated.•Vertical strain or external electric field underlies that the relative Dirac-cone position of graphene in heterostructures can be tuned.

Paired electrolysis in anion-exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzers toward the cathodic nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) and anodic benzylamine oxidation reaction (BOR) could generate high value-added N-containing compounds simultaneously. The key challenge is to develop bifunctional electrocatalysts with a wide potential window, which can achieve highly efficient conversion of anode and cathode reactants. Herein, Ni3Se4with Se vacancies was prepared and employed as the cathode and anode of AEM electrolyzers for NO3RR and BOR. 15N isotope-labeling online differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) proved that ammonium was reduced from nitrates and revealed the reaction pathway of NO3RR. The density functional theory calculation clarified that Se vacancies regulate d-band centers, and then further modulate the adsorption energy of adsorbed hydrogen, NO3−and intermediates on the Ni3Se4-60s surface in NO3RR, so as to optimize the hydrogenation of NO3−into ammonia. Moreover, during the BOR, the Se vacancy can promote the adsorption of OH−, which is easier to form the active species of NiOOH. The technical and economic evaluation exhibited that the cost of paired electrolysis is 1.21 times lower and the profit is 1.42 times higher than that of the unpaired electrolysis, which shows the economic attraction of paired electrolysis. This work delivers the guidance for the design of efficient catalysts for paired electrolysis in AEM electrolyzer toward the sustainable synthesis of value-added chemicals.

This paper presents a multi-objective robust optimization method for a drive system consisting of a permanent magnet transverse flux machine with soft magnetic composite cores and a field-oriented controller. Unlike existing research work, the torque ripple is considered an optimization objective. Several machine uncertainties caused by manufacturing tolerances are investigated in the robust optimization model under the framework of the design for six-sigma. Since this is a system-level optimization problem, two approximation models are employed to decrease the computational cost. First, a Kriging model is used to approximate the steady-state electromagnetic performances of the motor, such as the output power and efficiency. Second, a Taylor series approximation is employed to estimate the dynamic performances of the control system, such as the speed overshoot and settling time. Furthermore, a sampling selection method is proposed to reduce the computational cost of the Monte Carlo analysis in robust optimization. To show the effectiveness of the proposed method, both deterministic and robust Pareto solutions are presented and discussed. It can be seen that the system-level multi-objective design optimization based on robust approach can produce optimal Pareto solutions with a high manufacturing quality for the whole drive system. This is valuable for the batch production of electrical drive systems.

The prevalence and severity of menopausal symptoms are high in breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant endocrine therapy. Higher health-promoting behaviors and social support are associated with fewer menopausal symptoms.

The reversibility and cyclability of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) are largely determined by the stabilization of the Zn anode. Therefore, a stable anode/electrolyte interface capable of inhibiting dendrites and side reactions is crucial for high-performing ZIBs. In this study, we investigated the adsorption of 1,4-dioxane (DX) to promote the exposure of Zn (002) facets and prevent dendrite growth. DX appears to reside at the interface and suppress the detrimental side reactions. ZIBs with the addition of DX demonstrated a long-term cycling stability of 1000 h in harsh conditions of 10 mA cm–2with an ultrahigh cumulative plated capacity of 5 Ah cm–2and shows a good reversibility with an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.7%. The Zn//NH4V4O10full battery with DX achieves a high specific capacity (202 mAh g–1at 5 A g–1) and capacity retention (90.6% after 5000 cycles), much better than that of ZIBs with the pristine ZnSO4electrolyte. By selectively adjusting the Zn2+deposition rate on the crystal facets with adsorbed molecules, this work provides a promising modulation strategy at the molecular level for high-performing Zn anodes and can potentially be applied to other metal anodes suffering from instability and irreversibility.

Envelope tracking is an effective way to improve the efficiency of radio frequency power amplifiers (PAs). This article presents a wideband hybrid envelope tracking supply modulator (ETSM) for 5G new radio PAs. To reach a wide envelope tracking bandwidth of 200 MHz while maintaining high power efficiency, this work utilized a linear amplifier with accurate frequency compensation and enhanced driving capability. The proposed low-pass sense and control circuit ensures that the switching power amplifier only tracks the low-frequency components of the envelope to reduce the switching power loss. The proposed dual-path duty modulator regulates the voltage across the ac-coupling capacitor. This supply modulator circuit is designed and fabricated using 0.18 μm BCD technology. When tracking 200 MHz bandwidth envelope signals, the prototype ETSM achieves 78.5% efficiency at the output power of 2.7 W when taking a realistic 4 Ω//600 pF load as the PA model.

To better satisfy the application of rapid detection methods in the detection of As(v) in complex food substrates, we developed an “off–on” fluorescence assay to detect As(v) based on the competition between the electron transfer effect of nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N–CDs)/Fe3+and the complexation reaction of As(v)/Fe3+, using N–CDs/Fe3+as a fluorescence probe. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was used to eliminate matrix interference during sample pretreatment. The detection limit was 7.6 ng g−1, with a linear range of 10–100 ng g−1. The method was further used to determine As(v) in different seafood products including snapper, shrimp, clams, and kelp. At the same time, the recovery of the method was validated by high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP/MS), indicating that the developed method had good recoveries from 86% to 117% and met the needs for accurate determination of As(v). This approach has shown excellent application potential in the field of As(v) detection in various seafood products.

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal chalcogenides have garnered significant research interest owing to their novel properties and potential applications. In this paper, we report a novel class of group-11 chalcogenide MX (M = Cu, Ag, Au; X = S, Se, Te) monolayers based on first-principles calculations, which demonstrate significant application potential as polarized metals and visible-light-driven photo-catalysts. ι-CuS, ι-AgS ι-AgTe, η-CuSe, and η-CuTe were found to be metals, while β-AgSe, α-AuS, α-AuSe, and α-AuTe were observed to be semiconductors with a bandgap of 1.46, 2.14, 1.77, and 1.37 eV respectively. Interestingly, the work functions of the bottom and top sides of ι-CuS, ι-AgS, and ι-AgTe differed owing to the out-of-plane inversion asymmetry of the ι phase. Moreover, these metallic MX monolayers were used to form graphene-based metal-metal heterostructures; accordingly, the work function of graphene could be modulated from 4.35 eV to the range of 3.87–5.04 eV. For semiconducting MX monolayers, a-phase and β-phase monolayers just satisfied the band edge requirement for the H+/H2and H2O/O2reaction at pH 0/7, respectively. Further investigations on the α-AuSe/α-AuTe heterostructure demonstrated its great application potential as a Z-scheme photocatalyst in visible-light-driven overall water splitting with appropriate band alignment, enhanced optical absorbance and high solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency (20.47%). Benefitting from these excellent properties, 2D group-11 chalcogenide MX monolayers can be potentially used as polarized metals and visible-light-driven water splitting photocatalysts.

The present work constructed a three-dimensional mathematical model of the selective laser melting (SLM) process based on the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method. The Navier–Stokes equation was used to control the continuous molten metal flow; the model of continuous surface tension, the wetting effect, and Marangoni shear force were used to simulate the shape and evolution of the molten pool; the Beer–Lambert-type heat source model was used to reflect the thermal interaction between the laser and the powder bed. A rigid body motion model was employed to simulate the motion of particles in particle-reinforced materials. The accuracy of the model used was verified by the example of the square-to-circle surface tension model and the classic example of the block falling into the water. The stochastic powder bed model was used to explore the temperature field and flow field in the SLM process. The molten pool morphology and temperature under different laser powers were discussed and compared with the simulation results of temperature field through different numerical methods, which verified the accuracy of SPH method for SLM process simulation. The SLM process of metal matrix composites with TiC particles was preliminarily explored, which laid a foundation for the next step to simulate the movement of particle-reinforced materials in the molten pool formed by the SLM process.

In this work, a unique flocculation–adsorption self-coupled system with a tunable coupling ratio is constructed based on an ultra-salt-sensitive polymer (USSP). USSP exhibits unique ultra-salt-sensitive properties, and distinct phase transition can be observed at a very low salt concentration of 30 g/L, which provides a straightforward strategy for coupling flocculation and adsorption processes. The self-coupling ratio between flocculation and adsorption can be finely controlled by adjusting the external stimuli. USSP shows a high adsorption capacity for the anionic dye (991.7 mg/g) in a short contact time (5 min) through the unique self-coupled flocculation–adsorption mechanism. More importantly, stimulus-triggered self-cleaning behavior of USSP can be achieved by a flocculation–adsorption self-coupled system, thereby minimizing the residual flocculant in treated water. Wastewater and salt can be easily reclaimed and reused for three cycles without any post-processing, which minimizes the total salt and water consumption in the textile dyeing industry.

Aqueous Zn-based batteries are promising energy storage technology due to their low cost and high safety. However, the solvation structure of electrolyte leads to dendrite growth, parasitic reactions, and poor low-temperature properties, limiting their practical application. Here, we report 1,2-propanediol (PG) electrolyte with a modulated solvation structure, which can suppress Zn dendrite growth and parasitic reactions. PG can break the interaction between H2O molecules and the interaction between H2O and Zn2+due to the higher electron density of O and higher Gutmann donor number of PG than those of H2O, which increase the H-O covalent bond strength, decrease the water activity and freezing point, and change the solvation structure of Zn2+. As a result, the battery exhibits high cycling stability (Zn//Zn battery cycle over 1000 h), high reversibility (Coulombic efficiency of 98.9%), high capacity properties (specific capacity of 225 mA h g−1at 5 A g−1, and capacity retention of 92.6% for 5000 cycles), and excellent anti-freezing properties (specific capacity of 190 mA h g−1at −20°C over 500 cycles). This work provides a promising strategy for the development of highperformance aqueous zinc-ion batteries.

Transition metal oxides (TMO) bring a novel direction for the development of energy store materials due to their excellent stability. They not only have high capacity and good cycle performance, but also are cheap and easily available. Zinc oxide (ZnO) as an important part of TMO have gradually attracted attention in the research of electrochemistry. ZnO, as a metal semiconductor with the advantages of wide band gap, possesses high ion migration rate, good chemical stability, simple preparation and low cost, and is widely used in various fields. However, poor conductivity, low permittivity and quick capacity decays quickly impede the commercial application of these electrodes. In recent years, in order to improve the structural stability, ion diffusion and conductivity of zinc oxides-based anodes, various strategies have been raised, such as structural design, surface modification and composition control. In this paper, the recent advances of zinc oxides-based materials for batteries and hybrid supercapacitors (SCs) were introduced. We comprehensively reviewed the prepared process, reaction mechanism and electrochemical performance and discussed the shortcoming of zinc oxides-based nanomaterials. In particular, several insights toward the future research development, practical applications and commercialization of energy storage devices are also proposed for improving the performance of zinc oxides-based materials.

Compared to bulk materials, 1D carbon materials exhibit peculiar photovoltaic properties, especially carbon fibers and tubes. This paper describes a novel 1D carbon tube doped with nitrogen and oxygen, which is suitable for supercapacitors. We obtained high purity PoPD fibers by H2O2green chemical oxidation method, which effectively avoided the influence of heavy metal ions on the properties of carbon fibers, and is facile, reliable, mass-produced and low-cost. Subsequently, the solid PoPD fibers experiencing high-temperature carbonization, a large number of defects appeared on the surface of the carbon fibers, while multistage channel heteroatom doped carbon tubes were obtained (the specific surface area of the material can be up to 250.6 m2/g). Moreover, the content of graphite-type N was significantly enhanced in the carbonization process, which was conducive to improve the electrical conductivity of the PoPD tubes with favorable capacitance (158 F/g, 700 °C, 1 A/g) and good stability (92.3 % over 10,000 cycles). Trasatti method was employed to evaluate the capacitive contribution of the surface-controlled charge component and the diffusion-controlled charge component of the electrode material. Accompany with the raising of the carbonization temperature, the characteristic behavior of PoPD tubes changed from Faraday pseudo-capacitors to electrical double-layer capacitors. We examined the capacitive performance of S-700//S-700 CR2025 button-type symmetrical supercapacitor device, and it showed the energy density of 25.83 Wh/kg at a power density of 200 W/kg, which is higher than commercial activated carbon materials. The purpose of this study is to provide a facile strategy to achieve the regulation between structure and electrical properties, which is critical and challenging in supercapacitors.

Doppler shift compensation (DSC) is a unique feature observed in certain species of echolocating bats and is hypothesized to be an adaptation to detecting fluttering insects. However, current research on DSC has primarily focused on bats that are not engaged in foraging activities. In this study, we investigated the DSC performance of Pratt's roundleaf bat, Hipposideros pratti, which was trained to pursue insects in various motion states within a laboratory setting. Our study yielded three main results. First, H. pratti demonstrated highly precise DSC during insect pursuit, aligning with previous findings of other flutter-detecting foragers during orientation or landing tasks. Second, we found that the motion state of the insect prey had little effect on the DSC performance of H. pratti. Third, we observed variations in the DSC performance of H. pratti throughout the course of insect pursuit. The bats exhibited the highest DSC performance during the phase of maximum flight speed but decreased performance during the phase of insect capture. These findings of high precision overall and the time-dependent performance of DSC during insect pursuit support the hypothesis that DSC is an adaptation to detecting fluttering insects.

An efficient electrolyte‐triggered trifluoromethylation and halogenation at C5 position of 8‐aminoquinoline derivatives was developed, affording the C−H functionalization products in moderate to excellent yields. Furthermore, the mild and green reactions had lower energy consumption and shorter times. Most importantly, both transition‐metal catalysts and oxidants were avoided. A simple electrolyte‐triggered methodfor the synthesis of C5 trifluoromethylation and halogenation of quinolines derivatives has been developed, affording desired products in moderate to excellent yields. Simultaneously good yields could also be achieved on gram‐scale. Moreover, both transition metal catalysts and oxidants employed in previous methods were avoided. Studies for the reaction mechanism revealed that a radical pathway was involved in this transformation.

This work reports for the first time an in situ synthesis of a NiAl-layered double hydroxide (NiAl-LDH) with a tunable interlayer spacing using a confined impinging jet microreactor (CIJ). It is found that CIJ allows simultaneous guest (water molecules and carbonate) intercalation and in situ growth of NiAl-LDH by imposing a proper micromixing scale in a space-confined mixing chamber. The final interlayer spacing of NiAl-LDH can be easily regulated from 0.9 to 3.6 nm by tuning the Reynolds number flow range from 4.8 × 103to 6.7 × 102. The supercapacitor has been chosen as a model reaction to investigate the electrochemical activity of NiAl-LDHs. Results demonstrate that a higher interlayer space increases the electrochemical activity and enhances supercapacitor performances due to improvement in space accessibility of NiAl-LDHs during the faradaic redox reaction. NiAl-LDH with an interlayer space up to 3.6 nm presents fairly good performance as a supercapacitor electrode material in terms of specific capacitance (1285.2 F·g–1at 1 A·g–1) and stability (capacitance retention rates over 80% after 5000 cycles). This work develops a rapid and continuous flow methodology for a one-pot, in situ formation of NiAl-LDH with the controlled interlayer spacing via microreactor technology.

Nanomechanical mapping of interfacial broadening between an epoxy network and a linear poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) showed the generation of a new network resulting from transesterification reactions. The rate of interfacial broadening was found to decrease with annealing time and deviated significantly from that expected for a classical first-order transesterification reaction. The epoxy vitrimer/PMMA composites prepared by melt blending show a single-phase and homogeneous structure, quite different from thermoset and thermoplastic composites prepared by reaction-induced phase separation. The as-prepared composites have a dimensionally stable structure that does not decompose at elevated temperatures. Moreover, the stress relaxation of the composites slows with the vitrimer content and the stress does not relax even at extended times.

Although carbon nanomaterials have been widely used as effective nanofillers for fabrication of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) with outstanding performances, the reproducibility of the fabricated MMMs is still hindered by the non-homogenous dispersion of these carbon nanofillers in membrane substrate. Herein, we report an effective way to improve the compatibility of carbon-based nanomaterials with membrane matrixes. By chemically conjugating the oxidized CNTs (o-CNTs) and GO using hexanediamine as cross-linker, a novel carbon nanohybrid material (G-CNTs) was synthesized, which inherited both the advanced properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene oxide (GO). The G-CNTs incorporated polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) MMMs (GCNTs/PVDF) were fabricated via a non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) method. The filtration and antifouling performances of G-CNTs/PVDF were evaluated using distillate water and a 1 g/L bovine serum albumin (BSA) aqueous solution under 0.10 MPa. Compared to the MMMs prepared with o-CNTs, GO, the physical mixture of o-CNTs and GO and pure PVDF membrane, the G-CNTs/PVDF membrane exhibited the highest water flux up to 220 L/m2/h and a flux recovery ratio as high as 90%, as well as the best BSA rejection rate. The excellent performances should be attributed to the increased membrane pore size, porosity and hydrophilicity of the resulted membrane. The successful synthesis of the novel nanohybrid G-CNTs provides a new type of nanofillers for MMMs fabrication.

The present work introduces a new method for the recycling of waste flocculation sludge to prepare electrode materials for supercapacitor. Hazardous azo dye was removal from textile dying wastewater by a new chitosan-based flocculant, and the generated dye sludge flocs was used as a nitrogen-containing precursor for the fabrication of N-doped carbon materials. The influence of azo dye on specific surface areas, nitrogen content, pore evolution of the resulting products and their electrochemical performance were investigated in detail. The results demonstrated a dual role of azo dye worked as both a nitrogen resource and pore-forming agent. The resulting N-doped carbon nanosheets derived from azo dye flocs demonstrated high electrochemical capacitance and good stability for supercapacitor electrode, which is attributed to the unique nitrogen doping, higher specific surface area and efficient charge transfer ability.

There is a great clinical need for regenerating urinary tissue. Native urethras and ureters have bidirectional aligned smooth muscle cells (SMCs) layers, which plays a pivotal role in micturition and transporting urine and inhibiting reflux. Thus far, urinary scaffolds have not been designed to induce the native‐mimicking aligned arrangement of SMCs. In this study, a tubular decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) with an intact internal layer and bidirectional aligned microchannels in the tubular wall, which is realized by the subcutaneous implantation of a template, followed by the removal of the template, and decellularization, is engineered. The dense and intact internal layer effectively increases the leakage pressure of the tubular dECM scaffolds. Rat‐derived dECM scaffolds with three different sizes of microchannels are fabricated by tailoring the fiber diameter of the templates. The rat‐derived dECM scaffolds exhibiting microchannels of ≈65 µm show suitable mechanical properties, good ability to induce the bidirectional alignment and growth of human bladder SMCs, and elevated higher functional protein expression in vitro. These data indicate that rat‐derived tubular dECM scaffolds manifesting double‐layer aligned microchannels may be promising candidates to induce the native‐mimicking regeneration of SMCs in urethra and ureter reconstruction. In this study, tubular decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) scaffolds with an intact internal layer and bidirectional aligned microchannels in the tubular wall, are engineered by in vivo tissue engineering of novel templates, followed by templates sacrificing and decellularization. The dECM scaffolds induce bidirectional alignment and growth of smooth muscle cells in vitro, showing a potential for urethra and ureter reconstruction.

In recent years, pollution caused by the discharge of industrial wastewater into Bohai Bay has posed a potential threat to the health of surrounding residents. Sludge was collected from the outlet of a factory that discharges effluent into Bohai Bay, and alcohol extracts of sludge (SE) were prepared. We confirmed by UPLC-MS/MS analysis that the SE contained PAHs, including fluorene, pyrene, and phenanthrene. Zebrafish embryos as animal models were exposed to 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1 and 5 ​mg/mL SE from 2 to 4 ​h post-fertilization (hpf) until 120 hpf. The results showed that SE caused a concentration-dependent increase in mortality and a decrease in hatchability. We found that SE significantly reduced eye pigmentation and decreased the movement of embryos and larvae. In addition, SE decreased triiodothyronine (T3) content and down-regulated the mRNA expression of some thyroid hormone-related genes including TPOand Thrβ, and caused the up-regulation of Dio2and Dio3at 120 hpf. Exposure to three individual PAHs found in SE, namely fluorene, pyrene, and phenanthrene, caused morphological and transcriptional changes that were similar to those caused by SE exposure. These findings indicate that PAHs in SE can reduce the pigmentation of zebrafish, which may be related to the genetic changes associated with thyroid hormones, and that zebrafish eye pigmentation can be used as an indicator of PAHs exposure.

Garnet-type cubic phase Li7La3Zr2O12(LLZO) solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) have attracted much attention due to their high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical window, and excellent stability towards lithium. However, LLZO SSEs still face some urgent problems, such as insufficient ionic conductivity, poor stability in the air, and large impedance at the anode/cathode interface. Therefore, to solve the above three problems, this paper describes the following six aspects: optimization of crystal structure, methods to improve air stability, a summary of advantages and disadvantages of different stages of preparation methods, analysis of the effects of doping with different point elements, selection of suitable additives to assist sintering, challenges and solutions to be overcome at the anode/cathode interface. Meanwhile, the future research direction of LLZO SSEs prospects. This paper provides a new idea for the preparation of high-quality LLZO SSEs and the production of high-energy density all-solid-state lithium batteries.

Elongated mullite was synthesized via an in situ solid-phase reaction using α-Al2O3and SiO2as the raw materials and TiO2as an additive, and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). On the basis of thermodynamic analysis of the reaction process, the effects of TiO2content and reaction temperature on the phase composition, phase contents, and microstructure of the synthesized samples were investigated. The results showed that elongated mullite with a length of about 8.0 μm was formed for the sample with 7 mass-% TiO2at 1873 K. The dosage of TiO2exceeded its solid solubility limit in mullite which resulted in the anisotropic growth of mullite grains.