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There are 2 main medical preparations available for lower urinary tract symptoms resulting from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Choosing between an α-blocker and a 5α-reductase inhibitor requires trade-offs between their attributes or characteristics. We investigated the relative importance of and trade-offs between the attributes of the 5α-reductase inhibitor dutasteride and α-blockers in community dwelling men using a validated technique.

The fungal population of the rumen of fistulated steers grazing fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb.) was studied in 1972 and 1973. Aspergillus terreusThom was found in 1972 in the rumen shortly after the steers were placed on fescue pastures. Populations of this fungus increased in 6 weeks from 0 to over 1000 propagules per gram of rumen fluid. One month after the steers were placed on this pasture, fescue toxicosis occurred. Aspergillus terreuswas not found in the rumen of fistulated steers grazing fescue in 1973, and no fescue toxicosis developed in these steers. Fusarium tricinctum(Cda.) Sacc. and other fungi were found in both years but not in high populations as was A. terreus. In 1972 A. terreuswas isolated from fescue in four different counties in Mississippi where fescue toxicosis was found. In 1973 no A. terreuswas isolated from these same fields and no fescue toxicosis occurred. Higher numbers of propagules of A. terreuswere found in 1972 in fescue growing on low nitrogen. Two out of three fistulated steers artifically dosed with A. terreusand grazing fescue in 1973 developed swollen and tender feet, symptoms of fescue toxicosis. Aspergillus terreusremained viable through the entire digestive tract of these three steers in 1973.

The problems which confront urban management in South Africa are likely to change significantly in the near future, as we are faced with cities here which compare far more closely to Third World cities elsewhere. This article focuses on one aspect of urban management, that of land use control and the management of home businesses, to demonstrate the nature of the problems emerging in our cities and the demands which these will place on the urban administrative systems. Drawing on a survey of home businesses in six residential areas in Cape Town, the article argues that present systems of land use control have broken down in both wealthier and poorer areas. However, the widespread (and unexpected) support for home businesses in these areas suggests that a more flexible approach to land use control, and a higher degree of use mix, will gain public acceptance. Some basic principles are put forward to inform a different approach to land use control.

The herbicide picloram (4‐amino‐3,5,6‐ trichloro‐2‐pyridine carboxylic acid) was applied to control spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosaLam.) in the northern Rockies to determine persistence in soils and vegetation, losses by photodegradation, rainfall induced migration, and potential contamination of surface and groundwater. Two sites were selected to represent best case and worst case conditions (within label restrictions) for on‐site retention of picloram. A valley bottom terrace was treated with 0.28 kg/ha of picloram in the spring of 1985, and sampled over the following 445 d. In the spring of 1986, 1.12 kg/ha of picloram was applied to both sides of a minimal construction logging road extending 4 km along a stream (102 to 815 m3) that drains agranitic upper mountain watershed. Of the 17.1 km2watershed, 0.15% (2.5 ha) was sprayed. Vegetation, soils, surface water, and groundwater near the road were sampled during the 90 d following application. At the valley bottom site, 36, 13, and 10.5% of the picloram applied persisted after 90, 365, and 445 d, respectively. At the mountain watershed site, 78% persisted after 90 d, and picloram was not detected in the surface or groundwaters during the 90 d following application. Depending on the timing of delivery, as little as 1% or less of the application could have been detected after delivery to the stream. Loss by photodegradation during the first 7 d after treatment was important at both sites.

Present day hydrologic and nutrient budgets have been measured and presettlement budgets estimated for a small urban watershed in Madison, Wisconsin. The importance of different seasons and sources to the total loading were compared for past and present conditions. The seasonal budget revealed that while spring contributes the greatest loadings in both scenarios, summer exhibits the greatest change in loadings from past to present. As for sources this seepage lake receives most of its water and N from groundwater; however, most P comes from surface runoff. The greatest impact on the watershed since settlement appears to be the large increase in runoff matched by a decrease in evapotranspiration and subsurface flow. This shift in hydrology is largely responsible for the substantial increase in P loading and the decrease in the N : P ratio of total loading. The significance of the lake's modified morphometry to areal and volumetric loading is also explored.

Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylonL. Pers.) is the major warmseason perennial forage crop used for beef production in the Southeast. Seedhead production is irregular and consequently cannot be used as an index of age or quality. Chronological age is, therefore, important in making management decisions. Since bermudagrass production and quality may vary with season and year, ‘Coastal’, ‘Alicia’, ‘Callie’, and common bermudagrass harvested at 2‐, 4‐, 6‐, and 8‐week intervals were evaluated over 2 years in northeast Mississippi on a Leeper fine sandy loam (fine, montmorillonitic, nonacid, thermic Vertic Haplaquept) soil. During the 1975 growing season rainfall was generally adequate and total dry matter yields of Coastal, Alicia, and common bermudagrass harvested at the four intervals were similar. Forage yields of Callie, however, averaged 20% higher than the other grasses because of higher production during July and August. In 1976, rainfall was especially low during August (2.0 cm) and total yield of the hybrid bermudagrasses were similar averaging 72% higher than that of common. Lower total season yields of common were reflected in less regrowth during July and August. Averaged over the grasses, total forage yields harvested at 4‐, 6‐, and 8‐ week intervals were 2.6 metric tons/ha lower in 1976 than in 1975 and were related in general to higher early‐season (June to July) forage yields in 1975 and limited regrowth in August and September 1976. Crude protein (CP) was higher for Callie and common both years of the study. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) varied little among grasses or harvest intervals. The increase in CP (3.4 units) and decrease in NDF (3.8 units) observed in 1976 appeared related to rainfall patterns, variation in regrowth potential among the grasses, and possible changes in the proportion of leafstem fractions. Averaged over years, Callie was higher in CP (11.9 vs. 10.3%) and digestible dry matter (55.3 vs. 53.0%), and lower in lignin (5.2 vs. 5.7%) than the other grasses. Results suggest that selection of hybrid bermudagrasses over common should be based mainly on their potential to produce significantly more dry matter when moisture is limiting.

Weed control options in pastures containing legumes are limited due to herbicide selectivity. A field study was conducted for 2 years in northeast Mississippi on a Leeper fine sandy loam (fine, montmorillonitic, nonacid, thermic Vertic Haplaquept) soil to evaluate tolerance of subterranean (Trifolium subterraneumL.), white (T. repensL.), crimson (T. incarnatumL.), red (T. pratenseL.), and arrowleaf (T. vesiculosumSavi) clovers and vetch (Vicia sativaL.) to dicamba (3,6‐dichloro‐o‐anisic acid), 2,4‐D [(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid], and a 3:l (W:W) mixture of 2,4‐D + dicamba. Stands of all clover species were generally reduced where dicamba at 0.56 kg ha−1and where 2,4‐D + dicamba at 0.42 + 0.14 or 0.84 + 0.28 kg ha−1were applied. Forty‐five days after herbicide application legume yields, with the exception of crimson clover, were reduced at least 24% when treated with dicamba. Yields of all clover species were severely reduced where 2,4‐D + dicamba was applied ranging from 50% for subterranean to 84% for red clover. Subterranean clover yield was not affected and white clover yield was only slightly reduced (28%) where 2,4‐D at 1.12 kg ha−1was applied; yields of other clover species were markedly reduced. Vetch was killed with all herbicides applied. To determine residual activity, bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.] sod was treated with dicamba and 2,4‐D + dicamba 120, 90, 60, 30, and 15 days prior to overseeding crimson and white clover on 1 October. The study was conducted for 2 years on a Leeper fine sandy loam soil. Application time of dicamba at 0.28 kg ha‐1and 2,4‐D + dicamba at 0.42 + 0.14 kg ha−1did not affect crimson or white clover yields measured in mid‐May. However, crimson and white clover yields were reduced an average of 39 and 55% where dicamba was applied at 0.56 and 1.12 kg ha−1, respectively, and 37% when 2,4‐D + dicamba was applied at 1.68 + 0.56 kg ha−115 days prior to overseeding compared to 30 days. Selective broadleaf control can be obtained by using 2,4‐D at 1.12 kg ha−1in pastures containing subterranean and white clover. Dicamba at 0.56 kg ha−1or 2,4‐D + dicamba at 1.68 + 0.56 kg ha−1should be applied to warm‐season grass pasture at least 30 days prior to overseeding in order to avoid residual activity on overseeded legumes.

There are substantial areas of dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.)-common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L). Pers.) summer-type pastures in the Southeastern Central Plain, but little information is available on their response to P and K fertilization. The purpose of this study was to measure the response of dallisgrass-common bermudagrass pastures to P and K fertilization with and with- out N. Phosphorus and K were applied to two soils in May each year for three years. Yield data were collected by clipping a swath through the length of the plots when the minimum forage height was approximately 30 cm. Responses to P and K applications were obtained when the soil test levels were low to very low, but not when they were medium as determined by the Mississippi Soil Test (MST). Forage P concentration of the control in the medium P and K soil was within the adequate range of 2.8 to 3.4 g/kg, but forage K concentration was below the critical range of 16 to 18 g/kg. Forage P and K concentrations of the controls in the low P and K soil were below critical levels. At both locations forage P and K concentrations were increased by P and K fertilization. Available soil P increased with rate of P application but soil extractable K was unaffected by K application. No yield response to P and K are likely at medium soil test levels (MST) even at high rates of N. There was no response to P and K application without N.

Smutgrass (Sporobolus poiretiiRoem and Schult.), a prevalent and increasingly serious weed problem in pasture areas of the southeastern United States, cannot be selectively controlled in swards containing desirable forage species with the available recommended procedures. Dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatumPoir.)‐bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.) pasture swards, the most prevalent type of pastures in our region, were selected for uniform infestation of smutgrass and treated with atrazine [2‐chloro‐4‐(ethylamino)‐6‐isopropylamino)‐s‐triazine] at 4.48 and 8.96 kg/ha; bromacil (5‐bromo‐3‐sec‐butyl‐6‐methyluracil) at 2.24 and 4.48 kg/ha; and MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) at 2.24, 4.48, and 8.96 kg/ha in the fall of 1970 and 1971. From 83 to 97% smutgrass control was obtained with a single application of atrazine or bromacil with no more than 38% injury to bermudagrass and 28% injury to dallisgrass. Maximum smutgrass control obtained with MSMA application was 63% which also resulted in 89% dallisgrass control. Forage quality determinations in the spring following smutgrass control indicated that total forage was more acceptable when smutgrass was controlled.

White clover was compared against five rates of nitrogen fertilizer (NH4NO3) as sources of N for tall fescue over a 3 year period. The white clover-tall fescue combination produced as much forage as tall fescue alone fertilized with 132–198 kg N ha-1in the first 2 years. However, in the third year the white clover-tall fescue combination only produced as much forage as tall fescue alone fertilized with 0–66 kg N ha-1as a result of a large decline in the stand of white clover. Tall fescue alone showed a significant response to fertilization up to the maximum rate of 264 kg N ha-1. Tall fescue fertilized with 264 kg N ha-1produced significantly more forage than the white clover-tall fescue combination in all 3 years.

Each year approximately 150,000 to 200,000 ha of tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb.) are havested for seed in the United States. The majority of this hectarage is utilized for fall and winter grazing as well as seed production in the spring. The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of N level and date of last forage harvest in the spring on the forage and seed yield and seed quality of tall fescue. A sward of ‘Kenwell’ tall fescue was grown under three levels of N and five defoliation regimes at Mississippi State, Miss. on a Leeper silty clay loam (fine, montmorillonitic, nonacid, thermic Vertic Haplaquept). Nitrogen rates of 0, 67, and 134 kg/ha applied as NH4NO3were applied in February of 1967 and 1968. Plots were harvested zero, one, two, three, or four times at 15 day intervals prior to seed harvest. The five defoliation treatments, by date of last forage harvest prior to seed harvest were no harvest, 15 and 30 March and 15 and 30 April. Following seed harvest the aftermath was harvested for forage. Variables measured were dry matter yield, seed yield, panicles/ m2, spikelets/panicle, and florets/spikelet. Seed quality characteristics measured included germination, seedling weight, and shoot and radicle length. Dry matter and seed yields were decreased significantly in plots defoliated later than 30 March. Reductions in seed yield appeared to be the result of decreased tiller density and the number of spikelets per panicle. Early spring defoliation (15 March) resulted in some damage to fertile tillers in the 1st year as evidenced by a reduced number of spikelets/panicle, although there was no effect on seed yield or tiller density. Seed quality was reduced for all plots defoliated after 30 March. Dry matter and seed yields increased with increasing rates of N. Maximum forage and seed yields were attained at 134 kg/ha of N while maximum seed quality was attained with 67 kg/ha of N. Results of this study indicate that tall fescue seed fields which are to be grazed or cut for hay should not be defoliated in the spring after tillers commence to elongate and become erect if maximum production is to be realized. Higher rates of N were required to maximize dry matter and seed yields than to maximize seed quality.

An outbreak of fescue toxicosis occurred in cattle in the southern part of Mississippi in 1969–70. A survey of veterinarians and county agents revealed that fescue toxicosis occurred in 15 Mississippi counties, with general distribution across the state. Field investigations were conducted to gain additional information on the role of fungi in the etiology of fescue toxicosis and to determine if an antifungal agent would be beneficial in controlling the disease. Thiabendazole [2‐(4‐Thiazolyl)‐benzimidazole], a drug with known anthelmintic and antifungal properties, was found to be of benefit in preventing symptoms of fescue toxicosis when administered periodically to cattle before and during grazing on known toxic fescue pastures. Thiabendazole was effective when administered orally immediately before the animals were put on toxic fescue and at 7‐day intervals at a dosage of 5.0 g/45.5 kg body weight, but it was not effective at a dosage of 1.0 g/45.5 kg body weight administered in the same way. The symptoms of fescue toxicosis occurred more often after or during rainy, overcast weather.

Energy storage devices like batteries and supercapacitors, have become indispensable in portable devices and electric vehicles. But, the carbon anodes used in these devices, exhibit a significant loss in their initial capacity (graphite: 6.6% and hard carbon: 29.8%) due to the consumption of Li ions from electrolyte during solid electrolyte interface layer formation and other non-reversible reactions, and if unaddressed, can potentially diminish this advantage. Pre-lithiation treatment of carbon anodes can mitigate this loss, apart from improving the cell working potential, hence enhancing cell energy density and cyclability. We investigate in this report a direct-contact lithiation process in graphite and hard carbon anodes using four distinct lithium source structures. The results show that the type of Li-source structure employed for anode pre-lithiation can have a major impact on the electrode physical properties, pre-lithiation times and the pre-lithiation anode potentials achieved, potentially effecting the SEI properties, cycle life, and the electrode processing costs.