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Topaz, Al2SiO4(OH)xF(2–x), may play a significant role in transporting water and fluorine into the Earth’s interior at subduction zones. Seismological detection of topaz gives us insights into the transport mechanisms of water and fluorine but requires a thorough understanding of its elastic properties. The influence of OH content on elastic constants of topaz has not been fully understood, though experimental and theoretical studies have been done on topaz with various OH contents. We thus determined elastic constants of topaz for five natural single-crystal specimens with different OH contents (x= 0.28~0.72) via the sphere resonance method at an ambient condition. Our determined C11, C22, C44, C66, C12, C23, and C31increase with OH content while C33and C55decrease. For the change in OH molar content from 0.0 to 1.0, relatively large changes (>3.0%) are seen in C33[8.0(6)%], C55[4.9(6)%], and C22[3.1(7)%]. The OH content dependence of elastic constants is qualitatively similar to that of theoretically determined values except for C11. The theoretical value of C11decreases as the OH molar content increases from 0.0 to 1.0, whereas the experimental value of C11slightly increases. Our elastic constants are significantly higher (>3%) than theoretically determined values, especially in diagonal components (Cii). The theoretical lower values must be related to the used lattice parameters, which are systematically larger than the measured lattice parameters. The theoretical approach should be modified to reproduce measured lattice parameters and lead to the agreement of theoretical and experimental elastic constants. Our results provide a clue to a better understanding of the elasticity of topaz and a basis for the seismological detection of subducted oceanic sediments.

The authors developed a slope disaster monitoring system using distributed sensors. The sensor node has wireless communication and tilt detection capabilities. Each sensor node communicates with others and sends the corrected data to a base station that can send an alert message to administrators in case of emergency. Wireless communication abilities and the accuracy of an acceleration sensor that will be used as a tilt detection sensor of the developed sensor nodes were checked through a small field test in the Osaka University campus. The developed slope disaster monitoring system was installed on a slope along the Chugoku Expressway, and a performance evaluation experiment has been performed over 8 months. Throughout the field experiment study, the authors found that the developed sensor network system is effective to detect a slope disaster. They also found that, depending on geometric arrangements of the nodes, for establishing a steady network connection at the starting up stage of the system, relatively long time was required. Efficient sensor arrangements may require further studies.

We found a new nickel sulfide that is isostructural with Fe3S. The synthesized nickel sulfide is a non-stoichiometric compound with a Ni deficiency and its composition is Ni2.90±0.5S. In situ synchrotron X-ray observations indicate that Ni3-xS forms above 5.1 GPa and melts incongruently into Ni+liquid up to 10 GPa. The bulk modulus of Ni3-xS at 300 K was determined to be 140 ± 2 GPa with a fixed K' = 4 by static compression with a liquid pressure medium. The eutectic point of the Ni-NiS system lies between Ni3S and Ni3S2up to 10 GPa and its composition changes from Ni66.6S33.4at 0.1 MPa to Ni70.7S29.3at 10 GPa. The eutectic melting temperature of the Ni-NiS system decreases to 5.1 GPa and 720 K as the pressure increases where Ni and α-Ni3S2are the eutectic solids. On the other hand, the eutectic melting temperature increases with a positive slope above 5.1 GPa where Ni3S+α-Ni3S2is stable under subsolidus conditions. Intermediate compounds appear at a lower pressure in the Ni-NiS system than that for the Fe-FeS system. Ni3S2is stable at atmospheric pressure and Ni3S forms at 5.1 GPa, whereas Fe3S2and Fe3S form at 14 and 20 GPa, respectively. The addition of Ni complicates the melting relationship in the Fe-FeS system at high pressure because of the wider stability field of Ni3S. The low-melting temperature of the Fe-Ni-S system plays an important role in the percolative core-formation of planetesimals during planetary accretion.

The relationships between elastic wave velocities and petrofabrics were studied in two antigorite-bearing serpentinite mylonites. Rock samples with antigorite content of 37 and 80 vol% were collected from the Happo ultramafic complex, Central Japan. Compressional and shear-wave velocities were measured by the pulse transmission technique at room temperature and confining pressures of up to 180 MPa. Petrofabrics were examined by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with electron backscattered diffraction (SEM-EBSD). Olivine a- and c-axes are weakly oriented perpendicular to the foliation and parallel to the lineation, respectively. Antigorite b- and c-axes are distinctly oriented parallel to the lineation and perpendicular to the foliation, respectively. Both samples show strong anisotropy of velocity. The compressional wave velocity is fastest in the direction parallel to the lineation, and slowest in the direction perpendicular to the foliation. The shear wave oscillating parallel to the foliation has higher velocity than that oscillating perpendicular to the foliation. As the antigorite content increases, the mean velocity decreases but both azimuthal and polarization anisotropies are enhanced. Measured velocities were compared with velocities calculated from petrofabric data by using Voigt, Reuss and Voight-Reuss-Hill (VRH) averaging schemes. All averaging schemes show velocity anisotropy qualitatively similar to measurements. There are large velocity differences between Voigt and Reuss averages (0.7–1.0 km/s), reflecting the strong elastic anisotropy of antigorite. Measured velocities are found between Reuss and VRH averages. We suggest that the relatively low velocity is due to the platy shape of antigorite grains, the well-developed shape fabric and their strong elastic anisotropy. The configuration of grains should be an important factor for calculating seismic velocities in an aggregate composed of strongly anisotropic materials, such as sheet silicates.

Electrical impedance measurements were performed on deforming fine-grained (c. 300 µm) synthetic halite rocks containing small quantities of water in order to study the distribution of intercrystalline brine. The experimental conditions were 125 °C and 50 MPa confining pressure. The resistivity at the predeformational, heated and hydrostatically pressurized state suggests that brine is interconnected in halite. The resistivity progressively increases with deformation, reflecting the change in distribution. In this paper we applied a simple tube model to the resistivity change, and found that the change must be caused by deformation of a thin fluid path with an initial aspect ratio of less than 2x10–4. Brine must, therefore, exist on grain boundaries as a thin fluid film. Previous studies on dihedral angles, however, showed that brine cannot be interconnected under our experimental conditions. The variation in grain-boundary energy cannot explain the coexistence of grain-boundary brine with a positive dihedral angle. The observed resistivity change requires grain-boundary brine to be very thin (<100 nm). Such a thin fluid film might have properties distinct from the bulk fluid, and coexist with brine pores at grain corners and grain faces.

Compressional and shear wave velocities of serpentinized peridotites were measured at room temperature and high confining pressures of up to 200 MPa. Rock samples were collected from the Hida outer belt, Central Japan, and classified into High-T (containing antigorite) and Low-T (containing lizardite and/or chrysotile) types. Antigorite is stable up to 600~700°C, while lizardite and chrysotile are stable below 300°C. High-T type samples have distinctly higher velocities than their Low-T type counterparts with the same density. The High-T type with strong foliation shows significant velocity anisotropy, and the azimuthal anisotropy of the compressional wave velocity reaches 30%. These properties can be explained by the crystallographic structure of antigorite. Poisson’s ratio increases with serpentinization in both types. The High-T type shows a lower Poisson’s ratio than the Low-T type with the same density. The High-T type requires a higher degree of serpentinization than the Low-T type to give a certain value of Poisson’s ratio. Observations of high Poisson’s ratio have been interpreted using Low-T type properties. However, High-T type serpentinized peridotite is expected in warm subduction zones. The use of Low-T type properties will lead to a significant underestimation of serpentinization. For good interpretations, it is essential to use the properties of the appropriate type of serpentinized peridotite.

We conducted streaming potential measurements on the packing of glass beads, and investigated the deviation of streaming potential from the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski (H-S) equation. The H-S equation was originally derived on the assumption of laminar flows. Studies using a capillary have shown that the H-S equation is valid for turbulent flows in so far as the viscous sublayer is thicker than the electrical double layer and the entrance effect is negligible. Although the streaming potential in porous media has been reported to deviate from the H-S equation for turbulent flows, its mechanism is still poorly understood. We measured the fluid flux and the streaming potential as a function of the pore fluid pressure difference. The fluid flux begins to deviate from Darcy’s law at Reynolds number >3, and the streaming potential begins to deviate from the linear relation at larger Reynolds numbers. When the flow is fast, the fluid inertia separates the boundary layer from the solid surface and induces the counter flows. The fluid in the counter-flow region is separated from the circulating fluid, and ions there cannot contribute to the convection current. We think that this results in a lower streaming potential than expected from the H-S equation.

Interlayer hydroxyl groups of layered silicate kanemite have been modified with trimethylsilyl groups by the reaction between the hydroxyl groups and trimethylchlorosilane. Expansion of the interlayer space by intercalation of dimethyldialkylammonium ions into the silicate layers enables the silylating reagent to access the hydroxyl groups. An increase in specific surface areas was observed with increasing concentration of trimethylsilyl groups. This result suggests that the interlayer space of kanemite can be used as an effective molecular adsorption space by weakening the interaction between the interlayer hydrogen bonds of hydroxyl groups. The modification of kanemite with trimethylsilyl groups restricted the adsorption of water below a monolayer capacity and was favorable for benzene adsorption.

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We have performed two series of analog experiments using gelatin to study the propagation of liquid-filled cracks in stressed medium. The first series was designed to study the competition between the external stress and the liquid excess pressure in controlling the propagation direction. We systematically controlled the external stress and the liquid excess pressure by changing the surface load and the liquid volume. An ascending crack progressively deflected to be perpendicular to the maximum tensile direction of the external stress. The degree of deflection depends on the ratio of the shear stress on a crack plane to the average liquid excess pressure. More deflection was observed for a crack with a larger ratio. No significant deflection was observed for the ratio less than 0.2. The volcanic activity in a compressional stress field might be understood in the context of this competition. The first series also demonstrated the importance of the gradient of the crack normal stress as a driving force for propagation. The vertical gradient of the gravitational stress generated by a mountain load can control the emplacement depth of magmas, and it might lead to the evolution of eruption style during the lifetime of a volcano. The second series was designed to study the three-dimensional interaction of two parallel buoyancy-driven cracks. The deflection of the second crack takes place, when the ratio of the shear stress generated by the first one to the average excess pressure of the second crack is larger than 0.2. If the second crack reaches the first one, the interaction can lead to the coalescence of two cracks. It has directivity: the region of coalescence extends more in the direction perpendicular to the first crack than in the direction parallel to it. It reflects the stress field around the first crack. This directivity might cause a characteristic spatial variation of magma chemistry through magma mixing.

This study presents a forward model to quantify the P‐wave velocity (VP), S‐wave velocity (VS), and electrical conductivity (σ) of the solid‐liquid mixtures for a given set of pressure, temperature, lithology, liquid phase (aqueous fluid or melt), liquid fraction, and geometrical parameters in relation to the aspect ratio and connectivity of the liquid phase. This is based on previous experimental and theoretical studies on seismic velocity and electrical conductivity of solid rocks and liquid phases. A total of 78 lithologies, an aqueous fluid with NaCl (∼0–10 wt.%), and mafic to felsic melt appropriate for the crust and the uppermost mantle conditions were described in terms of VP, VS, and σ, as per previous experimental measurements and molecular dynamics simulation. This forward model is provided as a Windows executable program, and generates synthetic VP, VS, and σ, referring to the seismic velocities and electrical conductivity observed in the northeast Japan arc. After generation of the synthetic VP, VS, and σ, the original lithology and liquid parameters (phase, fraction, aspect ratio, and connectivity) were searched by implementing the grid search algorithm to map the misfit over the broad parameter space. The mapping shows the presence of a global misfit minimum around the optimized solution and the possibility of resolving the lithology and the liquid phase parameters based on the observed VP, VS, and σby using the forward model presented in this study. Liquid phases such as aqueous fluid and magma present within the solid Earth play crucial roles in various geodynamic processes including earthquake and volcanic eruption, as well as in the evolution of our planet. This study aims to improve the subsurface imaging of the potentially variable types of liquid phase and solid rock, based on the near‐surface observations concerning seismic velocity and electrical conductivity of the Earth's interior. We constructed a quantitative model to predict the physical properties of liquids and rocks. Then we used the model to perform “inversion,” which estimates the physical properties of liquid and rock based on the observed seismic velocity and electrical conductivity. The inversion test using synthetic data shows the utility of our model. A forward model is presented to quantify seismic velocity and electrical conductivity of solid‐liquid mixtures in crust‐uppermost mantleThe input parameters include pressure, temperature, lithology, liquid phase composition and fraction, and solid‐liquid geometryFor a given set of seismic velocity and electrical conductivity, the optimal parameter values can be found by inversion A forward model is presented to quantify seismic velocity and electrical conductivity of solid‐liquid mixtures in crust‐uppermost mantle The input parameters include pressure, temperature, lithology, liquid phase composition and fraction, and solid‐liquid geometry For a given set of seismic velocity and electrical conductivity, the optimal parameter values can be found by inversion

The wettability and surface structure of precipitated silica surface loaded trimethylsilyl groups were investigated. By measuring water and nitrogen adsorptions, it was found that the non- treated sample had micropores. The pores with a diameter less than 0.8 nm were not modified, while the pores with a diameter from 0.8 to 0.9 nm were modified by trimethylsilyl groups and closed by them. From these results, it was assumed that the former pores would become sites for water vapor as surface silanol groups after modification and the latter pores would be independent of water adsorption. The character of the silica bare surface disappeared above a surface conversion rate of 33%. These results are deduced from neopentane adsorption experiments. Furthermore, the water adsorption capacity near saturated pressure, as an index of micro-wettability, did not reach the theoretical monolayer capacity above the same conversion rate (33%). It was also indicated that the preferential dispersion property as an index of macro-wettability drastically changed at a conversion rate of about 33%. From these results, it was demonstrated that the wettability is closely related to the surface structure interfering with the adsorption of water.

The surface of synthetic calcium hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2(CaHAP) particles was modified with hexanoic CH3(CH2)4COOH (HA) and decanoic CH3(CH2)8COOH (DA) acids in hexane and the resulting materials were characterized by various means. XRD pattern, specific surface area, and morphology of the CaHAP particles were essentially not altered by the modification. FTIR and TPD results indicated that HA and DA molecules are hydrogen-bonded to the surface P–OH groups of CaHAP in three adsorption types. The surface of modified particles became hydrophobic. When the modified samples were outgassed at 500°C, HA and DA were removed and the surface P–OH groups were revived. The modified material adsorbed much less H2O and CO2than the unmodified one.

SUMMARYWe electrodeposited Ni-B ahoy films using a rotary electrode under various plating conditions and investigated the mechanism of the codeposition of B into the plated films by analyzing the relationship between the electrodeposition conditions and the composition of the plated films, as well as by analyzing electrochemical measurements. We reached the following conclusions:1) In Ni-B alloy plating by electrodeposition, use of a rotary electrode expands the useful current density regions compared to a static bath.2) Unionized TMAB is present in the plating solution, and the deposition rate of B is related to the thickness of the diffusion layer at the cathode surface, regardless of the electrode potential. Accordingly, the amount of codedeposited B can he calculated from v0.7and l/I, i.e., peripheral speed and current density.

Kinetic analysis of vincristine (VCR) efflux in multidrug-resistant and parental P388 leukemia cells was performed to investigate the difference in activity between the two cell lines. Efflux velocities of VCR were directly determined from the slope of the initial release of drug induced by resuspending the preloaded cells in VCR-free medium, representing unidirectional efflux from intracellular free or loosely bound drug pools. Further, the equilibrium binding of VCR to whole-cell homogenates was analyzed by ultrafiltration to estimate intracellular unbound drug concentrations. A two-site binding model was found to fit the data best for both cell lines, and depletion of ATP by the addition of apyrase decreased binding. The binding parameters were similar between the two cell lines. A Hofstee plot of efflux demonstrated the existence of both linear and saturable transport of VCR in both cell lines. The greater maximum velocity observed with VCR efflux in the resistant cells suggests that an increased number of transporters causes greater activity of this process in the resistant cells.

Nitrogen and water adsorption properties on the porous silica glass surfaces modified by different concentration of trimethylsilyl (TMS) groups were studied. The specific surface areas and parameterCvalues in the BET equation estimated from nitrogen adsorption decreased with increase in the surface concentration of the TMS groups and became constant values above 1.0 TMS group per nm2. The water adsorption property suggested that a highly silylated sample still represented hydrophilic character in initial adsorption process. Water molecules interact with the residual hydroxyl groups existing under the umbrellas of the TMS groups and form clusters. Above the concentration of 1.0 TMS group per nm2the capillary condensation of water vapor did not occur. The TMS groups interrupt to build a two-dimensional network of each cluster. The formation of multilayer adsorption of water molecules depends on the magnitude of hydrophilic patch areas which are surrounded by TMS groups.

The surface of synthetic calcium hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2(CaHAP) particles was treated by repeated modification with hexamethyldisilazane [(CH3)3Si]2NH (HMDS) in hexane and thermal treatment and the surface of the modified CaHAP was characterized by various means. No remarkable change in XRD patterns or in particle shape by the modification was observed. The width of the CaHAP particles gradually increased with repeating the modification. FTIR results indicated that HMDS reacted with surface P–OH groups of CaHAP to yield surface Si–(CH3)3groups. The surface of the modified CaHAP was hydrophobic. The surface Si–(CH3)3groups turned to three kinds of surface Si-OH groups by treating the modified materials at 500°C in air. These formed surface Si–OH groups and the remaining surface P–OH groups reacted with HMDS by repeating the modification, resulted in the increase of the surface Si atoms. The modified material having surface Si–(CH3)3or Si–OH groups adsorbed much less CO2than the unmodified one.

The isothermal transformation behaviour of the metallic glass Fe40Ni40P14B6 between 320 and 400° C is described. Crystallization occurs by a eutectic mechanism to form Fe-Ni austenite and a body-centred tetragonal phase which is isomorphous with Fe3P and Ni3P. The eutectic crystals have a barrel shape such that the c-axis of the tetragonal phase is parallel to the barrel axis. The orientation relationship between the two phases is <1 1 0>T ? <1 1 0>? and <0 0 1>T ? <1 1 2>?. The austenite phase contains (1 1 1) twins.

The molecular dynamics (MD) method and IR spectroscopy have been applied to investigate the conformations of several normal alkoxy groups grafted on a silica surface. The structures of octhyl (C8), dodecyl (C12) and octadecyl (C18) alkoxy groups at about a maximum loading value were focused on. The conclusions of the study were as follows. (i) The difference in the maximum loading values between C8 and C 18 alkoxy groups was estimated to be 20% at most, which was smaller than that expected from the bulkiness of the groups. (ii) The results of the MD simulation are nearly in accordance with those obtained by IR measurements. The fraction of that structure in the total segments of the groups introduced is constant or decreases slightly depending on their lengths. (iii) The length effect of the groups on the conformation was assumed by MD simulation. These estimations are not obtained by the experimental method. It is suggested that MD simulation is very useful for surface design and prediction of surface properties. (iv) The results of MD simulation and IR measurement demonstrate that at a higher degree of modification of a few segments near the modified sites is rigid and the terminal part of the alkoxy group is flexible.

Microscopic and macroscopic wettabilities of fine silica powder surfaces loaded with trimethyl-silyl groups (TMS) were studied. The modification was carried out by the chemical reaction of hex-amethyldisilazane (HMDS) molecules with surface silanols and the TMS coverage was determined by elemental analysis of carbon. The microscopic wettability was investigated by water vapor adsorption and IR spectroscopic methods. The macroscopic wettability was examined by various preferential dispersion tests. The results are summarized as follows. (1) HMDS molecules preferentially reacted with free type surface silanols. (2) The macroscopic wettability drastically changed at a TMS coverage of about 40%. (3) The effect of steric hindrance appeared clearly at a TMS coverage above 40%. Hence, a part of the residual surface silanols is shielded by TMS and water molecules will not access these sites. (4) In the case of TMS coverage below about 40%, cooperative adsorption takes place at the first stage of adsorption. Then by the occurrence of multilayer adsorption, a continuous two-dimensional water layer is formed at the latter stage of adsorption. On the other hand, in the case of coverage above about 40%, the adsorbed amount was about 65% of the theoretical monolayer capacity in spite of a high relative pressure at about P/P0 = 1. Therefore, such a continuous two-dimensional water layer is not formed on account of the steric hindrance of the TMS and multilayer adsorption will not occur in this case. The surface property is estimated to be hydrophobic. (5) The results of preferential dispersion tests as the macroscopic wettability are in agreement with the results of water vapor affinity as the microscopic wettability.

The multiple performances of manufacturing systems are given by applying theoretical/heuristic knowledge to hierarchical control loop in various ways. It is shown that the energy consumption of motor control, the operation speed of path control, the cost-performance/productivity of machining control, and the margin to the due dates of intelligent machines are significantly improved by using the knowledge of electromagnetism, dynamics, machining and scheduling, respectively, with sensor signals in the system.

The identity of the monoamine which produces a very weak formaldehyde-induced fluorescence in some pancreatic islet cells was studied by fluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry either on the same tissue section or on serial tissue sections of tissue from male chickens. Pancreatic islet cells showing this very weak formaldehyde-induced fluorescence react immunohistochemically with antisera directed against insulin, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase and therefore appear to be islet B cells producing insulin and noradrenaline.

X-ray microanalysis after aldehyde-chromatedichromate treatment served to confirm the presence of monoaminergic terminals in the nucleus tegmentalis dorsalis (NTD) of the chicken. The monoaminergic terminals were represented as neuronal elements with electron-dense vesicles (EDVs) of several different shapes as seen in Eponembedded semi-thin sections. Conventional electron microscopic observations of the adjacent ultra-thin sections showed the EDVs to be comprised of spherical medium-sized (about 80 nm in diameter), large dense-cored (about 120 nm) and elongated granular vesicles (100–220 nm) in the same nerve varicosities. It is probable that the NTD, being a center of catecholaminergic efferent projections, may also receive direct monoaminergic inputs from an unknown area of the brain and/or from recurrent collaterals of the same catecholamine-containing neurons in the NTD.

This study was undertaken to map the location of cell groups in the chicken brain stem that project to the thoracic spinal cord by retrogradely transported Evans Blue (EB). The majority of EB-labeled neurons are located in an area between the nucleus vagus motorius (NVMD) and hypoglossus ventralis dorsomedialis, the nucleus raphis, the nucleus vestibularis ventrolateralis, the nucleus tegmentalis dorsalis (NTD) and the reticular formation. However, this procedure demonstrates that no cell bodies within the nucleus tractus solitarii project to the spinal cord, unlike those of mammals. It is possible that this difference may be involved in the existence of the diaphragma.

The nucleus tegmentalis dorsalis (NTD) which may be homologous with the mammalian locus coeruleus was investigated in the chicken by means of light, fluorescence and electron microscopy.

In an attempt to determine the neural control of pancreatic D cells, the pancreatic islets of the domestic fowl were examined electron microscopically from 1 to 28 days after abdominal vagotomy. Exocytotic release of many secretory granules from D cells occurred one day after vagotomy. Rough endoplasmic reticulum developed and formed an arrangement of concentric whorls in the cytoplasm of D cells after axotomy. The altered D cells were also characterized by the occurrence of many peculiar dense bodies in the apical cytoplasm at all time periods studied. These bodies varied in shape and size, containing several round vesicles. The D cells were extensively depleted of granules after the longer time periods following vagotomy. The present results provide new morphological evidence for the vagus-nerve control of D cells, which may regulate the activity of islet cells.

Novel endothelin antagonists, nahocols A, A1, B, C, D1and D2, and isonahocols D1and D2, were isolated from the brown alga, Sargassum autumnale. Their structures were determined through detailed analysis of NMR spectra and chemical reactions. Nahocols have an aryl prenyl ether structure, which are speculated to be biogenetic precursors of the ubiquitous prenyl hydroquinones or prenyl benzoquinones in the plant and animal kingdoms.

The innervation of the pancreas of the domestic fowl was studied electron microscopically. The extrapancreatic nerve is composed mostly of unmyelinated nerve fibers with a smaller component of myelinated nerve fibers. The latter are not found in the parenchyma. The pancreas contains ganglion cells in the interlobular connective tissue. The unmyelinated nerve fibers branch off along blood vessels. Their synaptic terminals contact with the exocrine and endocrine tissues. The synaptic terminals can be divided into four types based on a combination of three kinds of synaptic vesicles. Type I synaptic terminals contain only small clear vesicles about 600 Å in diameter. Type II terminals are characterized by small clear and large dense core vesicles 1,000 Å in diameter. Type III terminals contain small clear vesicles and small dense core vesicles 500 Å in diameter. Type IV terminals are characterized by small and large dense core vesicles. The exocrine tissue receives a richer nervous supply than the endocrine tissue. Type II and IV terminals are distributed in the acinus, and they contact A and D cells of the islets. B cells and pancreatic ducts are supplied mainly by Type II terminals, the blood vessels by Type IV terminals.

An adaptive control optimization system using a model to represent actual physical phenomena in milling is discussed. The model is used for the identification of physical parameters, the calculation of the temperature at the tool edges, and the estimation of the tool wear rate. The shear angle of the shear plane, the flank wear land length of the tool edge, the true contact area at the flank wear land, the radial depth and the axial depth of cut are identified as the physical parameters, the shear stress, and the hardness of the work material from bending moments and torque in the spindle generated by the cutting force. The temperature at the flank wear land is calculated from identified parameters. The tool wear is represented theoretically as the summation of the thermal, mechanical and shock wears. Each wear is calculated from identified parameters and the temperature at the tool edges. Adaptive control experiments to keep the tool-wear rate at a constant value verify that the total system works well. An adaptive control optimization system using the tool-wear rate equation is compared with an adaptive control constraint system using Taylor’s tool life equation in a computer simulation. The simulation shows that adaptive control optimization gives higher cost efficiency than adaptive control constraint when the process parameters vary.

SummaryElectrodeposition of Ni-B group alloys was conducted using a rotary electrode. The changes in the amount of codeposited B and in the hydrogen content that arise from changes in plating conditions, and the resulting structural chnages in the films were examined The following results were obtained:1. The films prepared using a cylindrical rotating electrode contain a larger amount of codeposited B compared to those prepared in a static bath.2. When the Ni-B amorphous alloy with a B content exceeding 25 at % is prepared using a rotary electrode, the film structure after heat treatment corresponds to the structures of the intermetallic compounds Ni3B and Ni2B in the thermal equilibrium diagram.3. Although the hydrogen content of Ni-B alloy films are influenced by the current density, they correlate most strongly with the amount of codeposited B.

In an attempt to identify pancreatic islet cells emitting formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF), the pancreatic islets of the domestic fowl were studied by combined fluorescence, ultrastructural, silver-impregnation and immunohistochemical methods in the same section or in consecutive semi-thin and ultra-thin sections. The results indicate that islet cells emitting intense FIF exhibit a strongly argyrophil reaction with the Grimelius' silver method and also immunohistochemical reaction with anti-glucagon serum, but not with anti-5-HT serum. Therefore, the fowl islet A cell, a peptide hormone-producing cell, stores simultaneously catecholamine as biogenic amine. The islet B and D cells did not display any FIF, any argyrophil reaction with the Grimelius' silver method, or any immunoreactivity with anti-glucagon or anti-5-HT sera. The fluorescent but non-argyrophil cells dispersed in the exocrine acinus may well be PP cells.

In an attempt to identify duodenal endocrine cells emitting formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF), chicken duodena were studied by combined fluorescence, ultrastructural, silver impregnation and immunohistochemical methods in the same or consecutive sections. Our results show that: (1) Almost all the cells emitting yellow fluorescence by both the Falck-Hillarp and the Furness methods exhibit an immunohistochemical reaction with serotonin (5-HT) antiserum. (2) Almost all cells radiating yellow fluorescence by the Furness method stain with toluidine blue in Epon-embedded sections but, by high-voltage electron microscopy, can be subdivided into two types of cell containing either small round or polymorphous types of granules. (3) In the sections from which resin had been removed, all the cells emitting yellow FIF show argentaffinity by the Singh method, but not all cells display argyrophilia with the Grimelius method. (4) Cells exhibiting both argyrophil and argentaffin reactions in deresined serial sections are also separated into two types of cell, containing either small spherical or polymorphous types of granules by conventional electron microscopy in thin sections. Therefore, chicken enterochromaffin cells emit yellow FIF, store 5-HT, show both argentaffinity and argyrophilia, but are ultrastructurally classified into two types of granule-containing cells which may be related to polypeptides coexisting with 5-HT.

The identity of monoamine-emitted, formaldehyde-induced fluorescence in some pancreatic islet cells was studied in pancreatic tissue of male chickens by fluorescence and immunohistochemistry either on the same tissue section or on serial tissue sections. Pancreatic islet cells emitting intense formaldehyde-induced fluorescence also react immunohistochemically with antisera directed against glucagon, serotonin and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. These results show that chicken pancreatic islet A cells contain glucagon, serotonin, and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of serotonin. The islet B cells identified with anti-insulin immunoreactivity, which displayed a very weak formaldehyde-induced fluorescence, did not react with anti-serotonin serum.

A three-roll bending process with an automatic control system for producing a bar with a U-shaped cross section is studied. The relationship between the bending moment and the curvature of the workpiece is calculated by an elementary method. The calculated relationship is used to build up a process model combining the geometry of the three-roll bending process. This process model is applied to a real time control system for the process. Experiments are performed with the aid of a control system for obtaining products with a constant curvature as well as with continuously varying curvature. The desired curvatures are obtained with good accuracy.

CaO catalysts promoted with various elements were examined systematically for the oxidative coupling of methane. 10 mol% Li+-CaO and 10 mol% Ba2+-CaO gave high C2yield (23 to 26% at 1023 to 1073 K for 10% Li+-CaO) under CH4and O2partial pressure of 2.8 and 1.4 kPa respectively. A three components catalyst, 10 mol% Li+-5 mol% Ba2+-CaO, was also found to be an effective catalyst, given that the reaction temperature to give the maximum C2yield was lower than those for the two components catalysts under the same reaction condition. Quenching the flow down stream the reactor improved C2yield.

Elastic wave velocity and electrical conductivity in a brine-saturated granitic rock were measured under confining pressures of up to 150 MPa and microstructure of pores was examined with SEM on ion-milled surfaces to understand the pores that govern electrical conduction at high pressures. The closure of cracks under pressure causes the increase in velocity and decrease in conductivity. Conductivity decreases steeply below 10 MPa and then gradually at higher pressures. Though cracks are mostly closed at the confining pressure of 150 MPa, brine must be still interconnected to show observed conductivity. SEM observation shows that some cracks have remarkable variation in aperture. The aperture varies from ~ 100 nm to ~ 3 μm along a crack. FIB–SEM observation suggests that wide aperture parts are interconnected in a crack. Both wide and narrow aperture parts work parallel as conduction paths at low pressures. At high pressures, narrow aperture parts are closed but wide aperture parts are still open to maintain conduction paths. The closure of narrow aperture parts leads to a steep decrease in conductivity, since narrow aperture parts dominate cracks. There should be cracks in various sizes in the crust: from grain boundaries to large faults. A crack must have a variation in aperture, and wide aperture parts must govern the conduction paths at depths. A simple tube model was employed to estimate the fluid volume fraction. The fluid volume fraction of 10−4–10−3is estimated for the conductivity of 10−2S/m. Conduction paths composed of wide aperture parts are consistent with observed moderate fluctuations (< 10%) in seismic velocity in the crust.

Resonant Lαx‐ray emission spectra (RXES) and resonant LMM Auger emission spectra (RAES) of Yttrium compounds were measured across YLIIIabsorption threshold. When the incident photon energy is bellow the absorption threshold, only Raman scattering component is commonly observed in both spectra. Above the absorption threshold, Raman and normal Lα(or normal LMM Auger) emission peaks are observed in insulator samples. These spectral features are almost same in both RXES and RAES processes, except for the relative intensity ratio between these Raman peaks and normal Lα(or normal LMM Auger) emission peaks. Comparing these two spectra, useful information about the deexcitation of core hole can be obtained.

Superconducting FeSe films were successfully fabricated using electrochemical synthesis methods. The composition ratio of Fe and Se was controlled by electric potential and pH value. We found that the FeSe film deposited at an electric potential of $-1.75$ V vs Ag/AgCl at a pH value of 2.3 exhibits a superconducting transition at 3.5 K. The electrochemical synthesis technique that we have developed will offer many advantages for applications.