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Background: The intergenerational physical activity program aims to promote the health, social engagement, and well-being of older adults. It is essential to comprehend the barriers and facilitators that affect their involvement to develop successful intervention strategies. This systematic review critically examines available research to identify the factors that impact the participation of older adults in intergenerational physical activity programs. Methods: This study retrieved 13 electronic databases (from January 2000 to March 2023) and used a social-ecological model to classify and analyze the identified facilitators and barriers. Results: A total of 12 articles were included, which identified 73 facilitators and 37 barriers. These factors were condensed into 7 primary themes and 14 sub-themes in total. Conclusions: The factors influencing the participation of older adults in intergenerational physical activities are multifaceted. These factors guide project developers, policymakers, and practitioners in developing and implementing intergenerational physical activity programs to help address global aging issues and promote intergenerational connections. Trial registry: PROSPERO ID: CRD42023420758.

Female-to-male sex reversals (pseudomales) are common in lower vertebrates and have been found in natural populations, which is a concern under rapid changes in environmental conditions. Pseudomales can exhibit altered spermatogenesis. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying pseudomale spermatogenesis remain unclear. Here, we characterized spermatogenesis in Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis), a species with genetic and environmental sex determination, based on a high-resolution single-cell RNA-seq atlas of cells derived from the testes of genotypic males and pseudomales. We identified five germ cell types and six somatic cell types and obtained a single-cell atlas of dynamic changes in gene expression during spermatogenesis in Chinese tongue sole, including alterations in pseudomales. We detected decreased levels of Ca2+signaling pathway-related genes in spermatogonia, insufficient meiotic initiation in spermatocytes, and a malfunction of somatic niche cells in pseudomales. However, a cluster of CaSRgenes and MAPK signaling factors were upregulated in undifferentiated spermatogonia of pseudomales. Additionally, we revealed that Z chromosome-specific genes, such as piwil2, dhx37, and ehmt1, were important for spermatogenesis. These results improve our understanding of reproduction after female-to-male sex-reversal and provide new insights into the adaptability of reproductive strategies in lower vertebrates.

Competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) are vital regulators of gene networks in mammals. The involvement of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) as ceRNA in genotypic sex determination (GSD) and environmental sex determination (ESD) in fish is unknown. The Chinese tongue sole, which has both GSD and ESD mechanisms, was used to map the dynamic expression pattern of ncRNAs and mRNA in gonads during sex determination and differentiation. Transcript expression patterns shift during the sex differentiation phase, and ceRNA modulation occurs through crosstalk of differentially expressed long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and sex-related genes in fish. Of note was the significant up-regulation of a circRNA from the sex-determining gene dmrt1(circular RNA dmrt1) and a lncRNA, called AMSDT(which stands for associated with male sex differentiation of tongue sole) in Chinese tongue sole testis. These two ncRNAs both share the same miRNA response elements with gsdf, which has an up-regulated expression when they bind to miRNA cse-miR-196 and concurrent down-regulated female sex-related genes to facilitate testis differentiation. This is the first demonstration in fish that ceRNA crosstalk mediated by ncRNAs modulates sexual development and unveils a novel regulatory mechanism for sex determination and differentiation.

The alkali atom concentration plays an important role in the performance of a diode pumped alkali vapor laser (DPAL). At the rubidium DPAL operational region, the alkali concentration is as high as 10^13−10^14cm^−3, which is “optically thick,” or opaque, for the 780 nm or 795 nm doublet D lines when the traditional scanning absorption spectrum method is used for concentration measurement. To solve this problem, we propose the use of a probe laser of 420 nm, which corresponds to the 5^2S_1/2 to 6^2P_3/2 transition and has a lower absorption cross section compared to the D-line doublet. Due to the moderate absorption strength at a fixed 420 nm probe wavelength, we realized fast, online measurement of the Rb concentration in a real-world DPAL. By combining it with the quasi-two-level model, we further provided the population distribution in the lower three energy levels. This fast, online diagnostic method could be well applied in DPAL concentration measurement, and could show the dynamics of a laser’s performance.

Background:Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is often used in China to treat patients with mammary nodules (MMND), and treating them by CHM can not only achieve good efficacy, but also reduce adverse reactions in clinic. However, the efficacy of CHM in the treatment of MMND has not been systematically assessed right now.Methods:From the establishment of 11 electronic databases to February 1, 2022, a comprehensive literature search was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CHM in the treatment of MMND. Relevant trials were screened in NoteExpress, and the risks of bias were assessed with Cochrane Collaboration’s tool.Results:This study included 22 randomized controlled trials involving 3839 participants. Meta-analysis revealed that CHM had a significant clinical effect in treating MMND. Compared with chemical drugs, CHM had certain advantages in alleviating the size, range, hardness and pain of the lump, decreasing the TCM syndrome score and reducing the packed cell volume and whole blood viscosity. And it could obviously reduce the occurrence of adverse reactions. In combination with chemical drugs, CHM could significantly improve the level of sex hormone secretion and ultrasound indicators. Ru-pi-xiao was the most commonly used formula for the treatment of MMND, and Bupleuri Radixwas the most frequently used single Chinese herb.Conclusion:CHM had certain advantages in treating MMND without obvious adverse reactions. However, due to the poor methodological quality of the included trials, well-designed, long-term follow-up randomized controlled trials will be required in future to provide strong clinical evidence for the CHM treatment of MMND. (PROSPERO No. CRD42020170939.)

Water oxidation is one of the most important reactions in natural and artificial energy conversion schemes. In nature, solar energy is converted to chemical energy via water oxidation at the oxygen-evolving center of photosystem II to generate dioxygen, protons, and electrons. In artificial energy schemes, water oxidation is one of the half reactions of water splitting, which is an appealing strategy for energy conversion via photocatalytic, electrocatalytic, or photoelectrocatalytic processes. Because it is thermodynamically unfavorable and kinetically slow, water oxidation is the bottleneck for achieving large-scale water splitting. Thus, developing highly efficient water oxidation catalysts has attracted the interests of researchers in the past decades. The formation of O–O bonds is typically the rate-determining step of the water oxidation catalytic cycle. Therefore, better understanding this key step is critical for the rational design of more efficient catalysts. This review focuses on elucidating the evolution of metal-oxygen species during transition metal-catalyzed water oxidation, and more importantly, on discussing the feasible O–O bond formation mechanisms during the oxygen evolution reaction over synthetic molecular catalysts.

In order to research the ploughing extrusion angle influence on cutting performance and realize the virtual design and manufacture of ploughing-extrusion forming cutter, the plough-extrusion forming process of wick micro-groove structure was simulated by DEFORM-3D software. The micro-copper tube with diameter of 6 mm was simplified to 0.4 mm thick copper plate in this paper. In the simulation process, only the single parameter of tool extrusion angle was changed (45°, 60°, and 90°). The structure, stress and strain distributions of copper plate fins formed by three kinds of extrusion angle cutters were analyzed. It is concluded that the plough-extrusion cutting performance of 60 degree extrusion angle cutter is the best.

The current study aimed to evaluate the expression and role of miR‐212 in the progression of pituitary adenoma (PA), thereby providing a theoretical basis and potential therapy methods for PA patients. Our data showed that miR‐212 levels were significantly reduced in PA tissues than normal pituitary tissues. However, no significant difference was identified in the serum of PA patients and healthy control. In addition, the expression of miR‐212 in invasive PA was significantly lower than that in noninvasive and normal pituitary tissues. Moreover, the level of miR‐212 was decreased with the increase of tumor invasion. Meanwhile, the expression of miR‐212 in giant adenomas was significantly lower than that in macroadenomas and microadenomas. Furthermore, inhibition of miR‐212 significantly enhanced the proliferation and invasive capacity of GH3 cells. Dual luciferase reporter assay and western blot analysis confirmed that c‐Met was a target gene of miR‐212. More importantly, upregulation of c‐Met significantly prompted PA cell proliferation mainly as a result of the enhanced level of phosphorylation of AKT. This effect could be abolished when c‐Met was silenced in GH3 cells. In summary, reduced miR‐212 expression in PA contributed to abnormal cancer cell proliferation and invasion mainly by targeting c‐Met.

Sugar alcohols are the prominent alternatives of sugars in food, medical, and health industries. The ruthenium supported on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (Ru/MWCNTs) catalysts were prepared based on the Ru valence regulation strategy and applied for selective sugar hydrogenation to prepare various sugar alcohols including xylitol, arabinitol, sorbitol, mannitol, and galactitol for the first time, with high selectivity (>99.0%) and yield (>98.0%) under mild conditions (≤110 °C, 3.0 MPa H2pressure). The hydrogenation reaction of xylose was further optimized and under mild conditions (100 °C, 3.0 MPa H2pressure, and 500 rpm), which were lower than ever reported for high efficient synthesis of xylitol, 99.8% xylose conversion and 99.0% xylitol yield were achieved after 120 min of reaction.

To date, the facile preparation of photocatalysts with high efficiency, selectivity and photostability to promote CO2conversion remains a big challenge. Here, we fabricated a novel photocatalyst, namely, MPA&MUA QDs prepared from CdS quantum dots (QDs) anchored by mixed MPA (3-mercaptopronic acid) and MUA (11-mercaptoalkanoic acid) ligands in one pot. Assisted by the sacrificial agent, the MPA&MUA QDs exhibited excellent performance and selectivity for photocatalytic CO2reduction to carbonaceous products HCOOH, CO and CH4with the corresponding rates of 2.8, 5.4 × 10−2and 6.3 × 10−3μmol mg(cat)−1h−1, respectively, under irradiation for 32 h. The apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) for the production of HCOOH achieved a high value up to 23.2%, while for CO and CH4, it was 0.4% and 0.2%, respectively. The attractive duration for photocatalysis under irradiation implied that the MPA&MUA QDs possessed enhanced photostability. Compared with the QDs solely decorated by MPA or MUA, the MPA&MUA QDs could enhance the energy gap Egand tune the conduction band to smoothly generate CH4, CO and HCOOH. From the combination of steady-state photoluminescence and time-resolved lifetime, we inferred that the MPA&MUA coatings had a decreased number of available hole trapping sites and improved passivation on the surface, which allowed for efficient hole and electron migration. With this work, we introduce a facial and feasible strategy to create an inexpensive and efficient visible-light photocatalyst for the multi-electron reduction of CO2.

Heterojunction and element doping to couple light-harvesting semiconductors with catalytic materials have been widely employed for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. However, both suffer from serious electron–hole recombination, although the intimate interactions of the components is propitious for the charge transfer. In addition, the densely packed surface screens the active core from the catalytic media, leading to restricted performance. Here, a CoOx-decorated WO3electrode (C-M2P-CoOx/WO3) was engineered viathe organic linkage 3,3-diphosphonopropanate (C-M2P) for PEC water oxidation in a neutral medium. The C-M2P functions to control the colloidal CoOxsize and bridges the catalytic center and the WO3anode that allows an enhanced carrier density Ndto reach up to 1.9 × 1021cm−3. Therefore, a strengthened charge separation was obtained and was further evidenced by the open circuit voltage decay (OCVD) measurements. The photovoltage decay revealed that the improved photoexcited electrons transfer could be attributed to the effective passivation of surface trap states. This brought about a generation of unexpected photocurrent as high as 3.5 mA cm−2, and an incident photon-to-electron conversion (IPCE) reaching up to 71% under a combination of visible-light irradiation and applied bias. Together with the dramatically shortened charge lifetime and a large transient photovoltage on the assembled electrode, a proposed exciton transfer mechanism was established.

Duplication of MECP2(Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2) causes severe mental illness called MECP2duplication syndrome (MDS), yet the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here we show, in Tg(MECP2)transgenic mouse brain or cultured neural progenitor cells (NPCs), that elevated MeCP2 expression promotes NPC differentiation into neurons. Ectopic expression of MeCP2 inhibits ADAM10 and thus the NOTCH pathway during NPC differentiation. In human cells, this downregulation on ADAM10 was mediated by miRNA-197, which is upregulated by MeCP2. Surprisingly, miR-197 binds to the ADAM10 3′-UTR via its 3′ side, not the canonical seed sequence on the 5′ side. In mouse cells, a noncoding RNA Gm28836 is used to replace the function of miR-197 between MeCP2 and ADAM10. Similar to MeCP2, overexpressing miR-197 also promotes NPCs differentiation into neurons. Interestingly, three rare missense mutations (H371R, E394K, and G428S) in MECP2, which we identified in a Han Chinese autism spectrum disorders (ASD) cohort showed loss-of-function effects in NPC differentiation assay. These mutations cannot upregulate miR-197. Overexpressing miR-197 together with these MeCP2 mutations could rescue the downregulation on ADAM10. Not only the inhibitor of miR-197 could reverse the effect of overexpressed MeCP2 on NPCs differentiation, but also overexpression of miR-197 could reverse the NPCs differentiation defects caused by MECP2mutations. Our results revealed that a regulatory axis involving MeCP2, miR-197, ADAM10, and NOTCH signaling is critical for NPC differentiation, which is affected by both MeCP2 duplication and mutation.

Congenital heart defects (CHDs), the most common congenital human birth anomalies, involves complex genetic factors. Wnt/β-catenin pathway is critical for cardiogenesis and proved to be associated with numerous congenital heart abnormities. AXIN2 has a unique role in Wnt/β-catenin pathway, as it is not only an important inhibitor but also a direct target of Wnt/β-catenin pathway. However, whether AXIN2 is associated with human CHDs has not been reported. In our present study, we found a differential expression of Axin2mRNA during the development of mouse heart, indicating its importance in mouse cardiac development. Then using targeted next-generation sequencing, we found two novel case-specific rare mutations [c.28 C > T (p.L10F), c.395 A > G (p.K132R)] in the sequencing region of AXIN2. In vitro functional analysis suggested that L10F might be a loss-of-function mutation and K132R is a gain-of-function mutation. Both mutations disrupted Wnt/β-catenin pathway and failed to rescue CHD phenotype caused by Axin2knockdown in zebrafish model. Collectively, our study indicates that rare mutations in AXIN2might contribute to the risk of human CHDs and a balanced canonical Wnt pathway is critical for cardiac development process. To our knowledge, it is the first study of AXIN2mutations associated with human CHDs, providing new insights into CHD etiology.

ABSTRACTAntenatal post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD can leave offspring with life-long mental and behavioural disorders. This study investigated the epigenetic mechanism of the effects of Jin Kui Shen Qi Wan (JKSQW) in preventing antenatal PTSD. Thirty-six pregnant rats were randomized into Control, PTSD and JKSQW. Offspring characteristics were investigated with open-field test (OFT), elevated pull maze (EPM), gene expression profile chip test and methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing. In the OFT test, the PTSD offspring showed lower OFT scores than the Control and JKSQW groups (p< 0.05). The PTSD group's EPM performance, OE (open arm entry) + CE (closed arm entry), OE% and OT% (open arm time) were also lower than those of either the Control or the JKSQW group (p< 0.05). In the gene expression profile chip test, 54 genes showed dysregulation through PTSD intervention and were normalized by JKSQW. Endocytosis (Epn3, Folr1and Hspa1l) and MAPK signaling (Fgf17, Hspa1l, Ntf3and Pla2g5) pathways were annotated. Combining those genes and methylation sequencing, Ntf3was identified in both tests. Compared with the Control, the PTSD offspring showed Ntf3hypermethylation (Log2FC = 1.022) at 225679501∼225680000 on Chromosome 4 and downregulation in the gene expression profile. The Ntf3methylation level in JKSQW was restored nearly to the Control level (Log2FC = −1.082 in JKSQW vs. PTSD). In conclusion, the reduction in the offspring's behavioural performance might constitute experimental evidence of kidney deficiency due to Ntf3hypermethylation, which could be prevented by JKSQW.

TGF-β has been demonstrated to promote tumor metastasis, and the regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we report the role of USP2a in promoting metastasis by facilitating TGF-β-triggered signaling. USP2a interacts with TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 upon TGF-β stimulation and removes K33-linked polyubiquitin chains from Lys502 of TGFBR1, promoting the recruitment of SMAD2/3. Simultaneously, TGFBR2 phosphorylates Ser207/Ser225 of USP2a, leading to the disassociation of SMAD2/3 from TGFBR1. The phosphorylation of USP2a and SMAD2 is positively correlated in human tumor biopsies, and USP2a is hyper-phosphorylated in lung adenocarcinomas with lymph node invasion. Depletion or pharmacologic inhibition of USP2a dampens TGF-β-triggered signaling and metastasis. Our findings have characterized an essential role of USP2a as a potential target for treatment of metastatic cancers.

Background: Cytokines have been widely demonstrated to involve in the pathogenesis of AIDS and the mechanisms of antiretroviral therapy. Interleukin 27 (IL-27) is a new member of the IL-12 cytokine family and has been shown to interfere HIV-1 virus replication with controversial findings. This study is to investigate the dynamic changes in plasma IL-27 level and cell surface IL-27 receptor expression in HIV/AIDS patients who underwent HAART. Methods: Whole blood was collected from 34 HIV-positive/AIDS patients 0, 6, and 12 months after initiation of HAART and 27 healthy subjects. Plasma IL-27, IFN-γ, and IL-4 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while peripheral blood CD3+CD4+ T cells count and the gp130 expressed CD3+CD4+cell were measured by flow cytometry. Results: The plasma IL-27 concentration, IFN-γ concentration, and percentage of positive gp130 CD4 cells were significantly decreased in previously treatment-naive HIV/AIDS patients compared to healthy controls, but gradually increased 6 and 12 months after initiation of HAART. Conversely, IL-4 levels were significantly increased in treatment-naive HIV/AIDS patients compared to healthy controls, but gradually decreased 6 and 12 months after HAART. The concentrations of plasma IL-27 were positively correlated with the percentage of gp130 positive CD4 cells (r=0.438, p=0.016). Both plasma IL-27 concentration and gp130 positive cell percentage were positively associated with peripheral blood CD3CD4+ T cell count (P<0.05 or P<0.01), but negatively associated with plasma HIV viral load (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion: IL-27 signaling (IL-27 and its receptor) may be involved in the pathogenesis of HIV infection and immune reconstitution in HIV/AIDS patients who underwent HAART. IL-27 may exert effects through regulating Th1 / Th2 ratio.

To evaluate whether Superb Micro-Vascular Imaging (SMI; Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation, Tochigi, Japan) is superior to power Doppler flow imaging (PDFI) in depicting thyroid nodular vascularity and to primarily explore the diagnostic performance of vascularity on SMI integrated with grayscale sonographic features for diagnosis of malignant thyroid nodules. Ninety-two resident patients with 113 nodules for surgery were included in the study. Thirty-four nodules were benign, and 79 nodules were malignant. Vascularity was classified as none, peripheral, mixed, and intranodular. Grayscale features, including calcifications, echogenicity, margins, shape, and internal components, were evaluated. The distribution of vascular patterns was compared between PDFI and SMI to determine the superior technique for diagnosing malignancy. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the accuracy of SMI combined with grayscale sonography for thyroid malignancy. The 92 patients had a male-to-female ratio of 12:11 and a median age of 42 years (range, 20–75 years). Intranodular vascularity on SMI had 91.2% specificity and 75.9% sensitivity, which were superior to PDFI, at 82.3% and 41.8%, respectively (P?

There are a series of problems in using explosive source in land oil seismic exploration at present. Aiming at this problem, a new hammer source system which can replace explosive source was proposed. Function of the hammer source system was analyzed and a typical pneumatic control circuit was designed. With the advantages of strong impact, high speed and small gas consumption, quick air exhaust impact cylinder was used in the hammer source system. An electronic control system was designed based on PLC, including the hardware component and software design. The pneumatic control system was simulated and analyzed in AMESim, and the results showed that the system can meet the design requirements, provide a reference for engineering application.

From the UV–Vis absorption spectra, the FT-IR absorption spectra and the Raman spectra, it is deduced that Co ions primarily occupy the tetrahedral (A) site, with a minor number of them entering into the octahedral (B) site in the Ni1-xCoxCr2O4compounds. The origin of the position disorder of the Co ions is consistent with the similar ionic radii of the Co ion (0.65 Å) and the Cr ion (0.62 Å) at B site. The FT-IR peak at about 510 cm−1shifts towards high frequency side with the increasing cobalt content. It is resulted from the reduction of the cation–oxygen distance in the octahedron by the replacement of the Ni2+with the Co2+ions. The magnetic measurement shows that Curie temperatures (TC) are 75 and 90 K for the compounds with x=0.2 and 0.8, respectively.

Poor soil structure and nutrients, excessive exchangeable Na+, high pH as well as low enzyme activities are common in the solonetz, and significantly restrict corn (Zea maysL.) production. Cattle manure application combined with deep tillage is an important management practice that can affect soil physico-chemical properties and enzyme activities as well as corn yield in the solonetz. Field experiments were carried out in a randomized complete block design comprising four treatments: Corn with conventional tillage was used as a control, and corn with manure application combined with deep tillage as well as film mulching and aluminium sulfate were used as the experimental treatments, respectively. The relationship between corn yield and measured soil properties was determined using stepwise regression analysis. Manure application combined with deep tillage management was more effective than conventional tillage for increasing corn yield and for improving soil properties in the solonetz. The highest corn yield was obtained in the treatments with manure application+deep tillage+plastic film mulching (11 472 and 12 228 kg ha−1), and increased by 38 and 43% comparing with the control treatment (8 343 and 8 552 kg ha−1) both in the 2013 and 2014 experiments, respectively. Using factor analysis, three factors were obtained, which represented soil fertility status, soil saline-alkaline properties and soil structural properties both in the 2013 and 2014 experiments, respectively. Manure and deep tillage management resulted in two distinct groups of soil properties: (1) soils with manure application combined with deep tillage and (2) soils with conventional tillage. Stepwise regression analysis showed that corn yield was significantly and positively correlated to urease and available P, as well as negatively correlated to pH, electrical conductivity (EC), exchange sodium percentage (ESP), and bulk density (ρb). We concluded that ρbwas dominant factor for corn yield on the basis of discriminant coefficient. Manure application combined with deep tillage management resulted in an increase in corn yield mainly owing to improved soil structural properties, followed by decreased soil saline-alkaline obstacle as well as increased urease activity and available P. This result is likely that the improvement in soil organic matter (SOM) from manure application greatly and positively contributed to better soil physico-chemical properties and enzyme activities, especially decrease in ρb. Suggestion for corn production should be improvement in soil structural properties firstly. This could cause decrease in ρbthat key factor which limited the corn production in the solonetz.

According to the increase of energy consumption, wind energy penetration in power generation systems, the wind energy uncertainty and also, due to complex and nonlinear relationships of climatic parameters such as wind speed, wind direction, temperature providing a model to the more accurate forecast of energy production is essential. In this study, an optimal Deep Belief Network (DBN) model has been represented to accurately predict wind energy. The DBN network model is optimized by Modified Coot Optimization Algorithm (MCOA). This procedure uses self-adaptive weighting technique and turbulent technique to prevent trapped local optimization. These two techniques solve the optimization problem, so that it will have a more accurate prediction than the original Coot Optimization Algorithm(COA). The analysis of the modified COA metaheuristic model shows the MCOA model has a minimum of a standard deviation compared to other metaheuristic algorithms. Therefore, the MCOA metaheuristic algorithm has maximum precision and maximum reliability. Also, the simulation of wind energy generation showed, the optimal DBN technique has the best simulation compared to other models. because this model utilizes two techniques self-adaptive weight and chaotic method to refine the weakness optimization process.

Astrocyte activation is associated with progressive inflammatory demyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS). The molecular mechanisms underlying astrocyte activation remain incompletely understood. Recent studies have suggested that classical neurotransmitter receptors are implicated in the modulation of brain innate immunity. We investigated the role of dopamine signaling in the process of astrocyte activation. Here, we show the upregulation of dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) in reactive astrocytes in MS brain and noncanonical role of astrocytic DRD2 in MS pathogenesis. Mice deficient in astrocytic Drd2 exhibit a remarkable suppression of reactive astrocytes and amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Mechanistically, DRD2 regulates the expression of 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase, which modulates NF-κB activity through protein kinase C-δ. Pharmacological blockade of astrocytic DRD2 with a DRD2 antagonist dehydrocorybulbine remarkably inhibits the inflammatory response in mice lacking neuronal Drd2. Together, our findings reveal previously an uncharted role for DRD2 in astrocyte activation during EAE-associated CNS inflammation. Its therapeutic inhibition may provide a potent lever to alleviate autoimmune diseases.

The Junggar Basin has the basic conditions for giant oil-sand mine to form and it is the hot point for exploration and development of oil sands. Multi-layer source rocks deposited in the Manas Lake Depression have produced abundant hydrocarbon in the course of multi-phase tectonic movement and they were the source of oil sands. Many unconformities formed also in the course of multi-phase tectonic movement were the main pathway of lateral movement of hydrocarbon and the well-developed abnormal faults were the main vertical pathway. The sands bodies of fluvial facies in alluvial fans in front of the Zhair Mountain offered a very favorable reservoirs for oil-sand mine. Hard biodegradation make the viscosity of hydrocarbon heavier and heavier. The hydrocarbon seized on the surface of sands, and then oil sands were formed. The peculiar characters of the northwest edge of the Junggar Basin make the oil sands occur at the compressive side of the basin. And the lateral distribution of oil sands mine is bigger and the scale is smaller relatively. The fault’ openness, fossil landscape, sedimentary facies, oil viscosity have controlled the abundance and distribution of oil sands.