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A charge-domain compute-in-memory (CIM) macro is proposed to implement bit-scalable multiply-and-accumulate (MAC) operation with the cell-embedded digital-to-analog (DA) conversion and two-stage analog-to-digital (AD) conversion. The cell-embedded DA conversion is achieved among the capacitances inside the proposed 12T2C SRAM CIM cell, enabling 1–4 bit input. Then, multiple columns of CIM macro are merged to form 1/2/4 bit weight by controlling the switches in the multi-bit weight switch array. The proposed two-stage AD conversion circuit for 4-b output can reduce the output cycles with high energy efficiency. By using the CMOS 55nm design kit, the simulation results show that a 4kb CIM macro can achieve a throughput of 151.70-1260.31 GOPS and energy efficiency of 97.99-419.55 TOPS/W.

This paper presents a novel compute-in-memory (CIM) macro, which mainly consists of three modules: input generator, 9T1C-SRAM CIM array and charge-integration-count output (CICO) circuit. For the input generator, it can achieve the pulse-width modulation mapping scheme without counts, leading to a small area overhead. For the CIM array, one row-cascade current mirror circuit instead of a bias voltage source is shared by all CIM cells in one row. And in each CIM cell, its multiply result is characterized by the charge on its capacitor. Based on the charge-sharing principle, the accumulated result is represented by the charge ( $\text{Q}_{\text {CBL}}$ ) on the charge-bit-line (CBL). In this way, the voltage on the CBL is limited regardless of the number of rows of the CIM array, allowing the large-scale CIM array. For the CICO circuit, it is proposed to quantify the $\text{Q}_{\text {CBL}}$ without the ADC, aiming to achieve high area efficiency. With the 14nm FinFET design kit, the design specification of the proposed CIM macro is introduced in detail and its performance is evaluated. Simulation results show that the proposed CIM macro can achieve 4–1370 TOPS/W energy efficiency with IN/W/OUT precision of 6/1/6b and 98.48%/84.56% test accuracy on MNIST and CIFAR-10.

• Alkalic heptaphenyltrisilanol sodium salt polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane was utilized as catalyst and silicon source to obtain novel boron-silicon hybrid phenolic resin (BPOSSPR). • BPOSSPR composites possesses excellent thermal, mechanical, insulation, and ablation resistance properties. • The relationships of the oxidation and ablation behaviors for the thermal protection BPOSSPR under extreme environments were illustrated. • The mechanisms for thermal responses, oxidation, ceramic formation, and ablation of these thermal protection materials were provided. To further enhance the ablation resistance properties of thermosetting phenolic resin matrix composites, in this work, bifunctional alkalic heptaphenyltrisilanol sodium salt polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane was utilized to catalyze the synthesis of boron phenolic resin and provide silicon source to obtain boron-silicon hybrid phenolic resin (BPOSSPR) with excellent ablative resistance. BPOSSPR possesses a low curing activation energy (101.4 kJ/mol) and excellent thermal properties (initial decomposition temperature was 453.0 °C and char yield at 1000 °C was 72.7%). The mechanical and thermal insulation properties of carbon fiber reinforced BPOSSPR composites (CF/BPOSSPR) and high silica fiber reinforced BPOSSPR composites (HSF/BPOSSPR) are significantly enhanced. The linear ablation rate and mass ablation rate of CF/BPOSSPR are as low as 0.003 mm/s and 0.0354 g/s; those of HSF/BPOSSPR are 0.119 mm/s and 0.0264 g/s. The ablation-resistance mechanism of BPOSSPR composites is mainly due to the formation of ceramic thermal barrier layers under high temperature conditions, such as B 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , borosilicate glass, SiC, which might play an effective role in protecting against heat flow erosion. As a result of these excellent properties, the innovative heat shielding BPOSSPR composites could offer the ability to tolerate harsher environment in future aerospace applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this brief, the design methodology of an antenna calibration network using multi-layer stripline-slotline coupling is proposed. A multi-layer coupler and a two-stage Wilkinson power divider are designed to ensure the basically stable amplitude-phase characteristics of coupling and achieve the wide frequency band. To minimize phase imbalance, the lengths of channels should be kept equal to the maximum extent possible. In addition, the transmission line conversion structure is applied at each port for integration with the antenna array. Aiming at the problems of signal crosstalk and mutual coupling, the isolated via holes are installed near the lines and metal spacers are placed over the ports. By using the semi-closed structure, part of substrates is dug out to expose the resistor welding position. A semi-closed calibration network in series-parallel-fed is fabricated to verify the design methodology. In 8–16 GHz, the amplitude-phase characteristics are considerable, in which the coupling is 37–44 dB and phase deviation is below 8°. The isolation between ports T1-T16 is greater than 33 dB and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of them is lower than 1.8.

In this letter, a wideband calibration network using multilayer coupler is proposed for X-band antenna array feeding network. A high performance coupler is designed to ensure consistency for the coupling of the series-fed structure. By using a serpentine feedline and making all channels the same length, phase imbalance is decreased. To reduce lateral leakage, cross-talk and mutual coupling, the vias-shielded structure and metal spacer are used. To validate the proposed calibration network design, a wideband calibration network is fabricated and measured. Measured results show that the coupling amplitude fluctuates mainly in the range of 29–37 dB with phase imbalance less than 5°, the isolation of all ports is better than 38 dB and voltage standing wave ratio is less than 1.7.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is a lethal hepatobiliary malignancy that arises from the epithelial cells of the intrahepatic bile ducts, accounting for approximately 10% of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). According to the 2019 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the digestive system, iCCA is divided into small-duct type (SD-type) and large-duct type (LD-type). However, it remains unknown which molecular events contribute to the disparity. To explore the proteomic characteristics of iCCA, we used an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) based quantitative proteomics strategy to investigate stably dysregulated proteins in the SD-type and LD-type of iCCA tissues. Importantly, we found three glycolysis/gluconeogenesis-related enzymes, triosephosphate isomerize 1 (TPI1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), were significantly down-regulated in the LD-type iCCA, which were further confirmed by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarray. Moreover, we demonstrated that the knockdown of these three candidate proteins by siRNAs notably increased the ability of proliferation in two CCA cell lines (HuH28 and RBE), suggesting that effective down-regulation of the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway might be an underlying novel mechanism contributing to the LD-type iCCA.

Using Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) observations, responses of ionospheric radial current (IRC) in F‐layer to sawtooth substorms in different magnetic local times are investigated. The zonal wind effect alone cannot entirely explain the variability of the substorm time disturbance IRC. When substorms commence amid stable southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), it induces an eastward (westward) equatorial electric field in the daytime (nighttime). This electric field induces an equatorward (poleward) Hall current at low latitudes, consequently generating an upward (downward) perturbation in IRC. Conversely, substorms with varying IMF Bz, where IMF is southward but with a reduced magnitude or turned north after the onset, induce a westward (eastward) equatorial electric field in the daytime (nighttime). This electric field induces a poleward (equatorward) Hall current at low latitudes, consequently generating a downward (upward) disturbed IRC. Notably, this effect is primarily attributed to the varying IMF Bzrather than solely to substorm onset. Substorms represent intense and dynamic disturbances within the Earth's magnetosphere, characterized by sudden bursts in auroral activity. The interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) stands out as an important factor in triggering substorms. Our work unveils for the first time that substorm accompanied by varying IMF Bz, where IMF is southward but with a reduced magnitude or turned north after the onset, and those during stable southward IMF periods, elicit diametrically contrasting effects on the ionospheric radial current (IRC) across all local time sectors. The IRC assumes a pivotal role in facilitating the energy exchange between the ionospheric E‐F layers, thereby exerting a profound influence on the ionospheric dynamics. Our work underscores a compelling correlation between the disturbed IRC and the penetration of the substorm electric field into the equatorial ionospheric E region under different IMF conditions. The study demonstrates the significant impact of different solar wind IMF conditions on the propagation of energy in Earth's space environment. Initial observations of F‐layer radial current responses to substorms under different IMF conditionsSubstorm induces upward (downward) radial currents during the day (night) owing to Hall currents caused by disturbed electric fieldDaytime downward (nighttime upward) radial currents occur only in substorms with varying IMF Bz, due to overshielding electric field Initial observations of F‐layer radial current responses to substorms under different IMF conditions Substorm induces upward (downward) radial currents during the day (night) owing to Hall currents caused by disturbed electric field Daytime downward (nighttime upward) radial currents occur only in substorms with varying IMF Bz, due to overshielding electric field

Mn-based catalysts have become a research hotspot for low-temperature NH3-SCR, and the improvement of anti-SO2poisoning performance is crucial to promote their industrial application for NH3selective catalytic reduction of NOx. In this work, the CoMn2O4/Ce-TiO2catalyst was able to maintain 95 % NOxconversion even in the presence of 10 vol% H2O+50 ppm SO2for 24 h at 250 °C.The excellent performance was attributed to the large mesoporous structure, specific surface area, and the enhancement of acid and redox properties associated with the catalysts. The Ce doped CoMn2O4/Ce-TiO2catalyst maintained Mn3+, Mn4+and Co3+in high concentrations on the surface, which improved the lattice oxygen mobility, and the electron transfer and interaction. The presence of more Ce4+provided higher SCR activity due to the strong oxygen storage migration and also release ability. The reaction process of NH3-SCR for NOxremoval on the surface of CoMn2O4/Ce-TiO2catalyst mainly followed the Eley-Rideal (E-R) mechanism. The NH3adsorbed on the catalyst surface reacted mainly with NO/NO2species, even under H2O&SO2. The E-R reaction mechanism on the surface of CoMn2O4/Ce-TiO2catalyst was less restricted by the inhibition of H2O&SO2. This is one of the primary reasons for the superior anti-sulfur toxicity performance of the catalyst. This work opens a new avenue for the design of efficient and environmentally friendly NH3-SCR catalysts with good application prospects.

The equatorial electrojet is a strong ionospheric current along the dip equator at 110 km. It usually flows eastward and peaks at noon. However, it sometimes reverses westward. Using 10 years of horizontal geomagnetic field observations from a ground station, this work investigated the counter electrojet (CEJ) in the afternoon at Indian longitudes during geomagnetically quiet time, which has a substantial occurrence rate of 46.7%. A total of 41.7% of the afternoon CEJ is related to the westward electric field during substorms. The intensity of the afternoon CEJ has significant seasonal dependences: peaks in June‐September and December‐February. A similar seasonal variation is established in the westward electric field, indicating its key roles. The occurrence rate reaches its peak solely in June‐September, which might also be attributed to the activity of substorms. Ground‐ and space‐based observations show that the daytime equatorial electrojet forms a precise coincidence of the peak at the dip equator and usually peaks at the noon sector. This work found that the quiet‐time counter electrojet has a high occurrence rate, nearly half the time, in the afternoon over Indian longitudes. Knowledge of the associated drivers is still lacking. The study of its behaviors is key to understanding equatorial space weather. The afternoon counter electrojet (CEJ) has a strong occurrence rate of 46.7% during quiet timeThe westward electric field during the substorm was responsible for 41.7% of the afternoon CEJBoth the occurrence rate and intensity of the CEJ peak in June‐September The afternoon counter electrojet (CEJ) has a strong occurrence rate of 46.7% during quiet time The westward electric field during the substorm was responsible for 41.7% of the afternoon CEJ Both the occurrence rate and intensity of the CEJ peak in June‐September

This study explored the superior citrate method (CM) to synthesize Mn–Ce bi-oxides on 3D monolithic Ni-foam (NF) catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3(NH3-SCR). The 17 wt% Mn(7)Ce(3)Ox/NF (CM-17) catalyst shows the NOxconversion of 98.7% at 175 °C and 90% in the presence of 10 vol% H2O. It is revealed that the combination of surface-active oxygen (formed by high-level oxygen vacancies) and strongly oxidized Mn4+species promots the Fast-SCR reactions, in which Mn4+species play a leading role in NH3-SCR reaction, and the unsaturated Ni atoms and also Ce3+species promote electron exchange and thus improve the redox performance. The coexistence mechanisms of Fast-SCR reactions and E-R pathways are observed over Mn-CeOx/NF catalyst, which may be promoted by the Brønsted sites at low temperature. In addition, the heat resistance, stability, 3D monolithic porous structure and excellent physical properties of foam nickel provide a unique growth substrates for catalysts preparation and reaction sites for NOxpurification. Therefore, industrial application of Mn–Ce bi-oxides loaded on 3D monolithic is proposed to be achieved through reasonable preparation methods.

Aberrant overexpression of mucin 1 (MUC1) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) are often observed in breast cancer. However, the role of concomitant MUC1/HER2 in the development of breast cancer has not been fully illustrated. Following analysis of public microarray datasets that revealed a correlation between double MUC1 and HER2 positivity and a worse clinical outcome, we generated a mouse model overexpressing both Her2 and MUC1 cytoplasmic domain (MUC1-CD) to investigate their interaction in mammary carcinogenesis. Coexpression of Her2 and MUC1-CD conferred a growth advantage and promoted the development of spontaneous mammary tumors. Genomic analysis revealed that enforced expression of MUC1-CD and Her2 induces mammary tumor lineage plasticity, which is supported by gene reprogramming and mammary stem cell enrichment. Through gain- and loss-of-function strategies, we show that coexpression of Her2 and MUC1-CD is associated with downregulation of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle genes in tumors. Importantly, the reduction in TCA cycle genes induced by MUC1-CD was found to be significantly connected to poor prognosis in HER2+breast cancer patients. In addition, MUC1 augments the Her2 signaling pathway by inducing Her2/Egfr dimerization. These findings collectively demonstrate the vital role of MUC1-CD/Her2 collaboration in shaping the mammary tumor landscape and highlight the prognostic and therapeutic implications of MUC1 in patients with HER2+breast cancer.

The desulfurization effect of CaO-secondary aluminum dross (SAD) composite desulfurizer in hot metal was studied in present work. The thermodynamic reaction mechanism of desulfurization with CaO as desulfurizer under the action of SAD was discussed. The experimental results indicated that the desulfurization ability of CaO significantly improved with the addition of SAD. Metallic aluminum can effectively reduce the oxygen potential in molten melt, which is conductive to the thermodynamics conditions of desulfurization reactions. When CaO-SAD composite desulfurizer is used, C3A calcium aluminate with low melting point can be generated, which improves the fluidity of desulfurizer at experimental temperatures. Meanwhile, it prevents the formation of high melting point 2CaO·SiO2on the surface of lime particles and promotes a sustainable desulfurization reaction. When the ratio of CaO/SAD is 0.9 and 1.0, the utilization rate of CaO in desulfurizer is about 10%, which is higher than that of calcium-aluminate based desulfurizer. The application of SAD as a desulfurizer for hot metal in the steel industry can provide a new approach for the comprehensive utilization of SAD.

The uncontrolled overuse of tetracyclines (TCs) has contributed to a significant rise in the levels of not only antibiotic residues in the environmental but also drug- and multidrug-resistant bacteria, necessitating a convenient, sensitive, and rapid assayfor the quantitative determination and health risk assessment of TCs. This study presents the development of a nanocomposite sensor which integrates hydroxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-OH), tungsten disulfide quantum dots (WS2QDs), and prussian blue (PB). This sensor was capable of measuring the concentrations of tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC), doxycycline (DC), and tigecycline (TEC) at levels ranging from 0.10 to 125.00μM, with detection limits of 0.010, 0.015, 0.020, and 0.060μM, respectively (S/N = 3). The excellent electrochemical performance enabled the sensor to measure TC concentrations in real water samples. Importantly, the sensor was also used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of TCs on human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cells. The 48h half-inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for TC, OTC, DC, and TEC were 344.91μM, 365.14μM, 349.59μM, and 604.66μM, respectively, indicating that TC was the most cytotoxic. The sensing platform described herein not only facilitates the quantitative determination of TCs but also allows for the assessment of their cytotoxicity in the water environment, which greatly simplifies the comprehensive evaluation process and reduces the cost, thus holding great promise for TCs testing.

Using 4 years of ionospheric radial current (IRC) from Swarm and ion velocity from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, our work investigates the response of IRC to the subauroral polarization streams (SAPS) during the quiet time for the first time. Both noontime (magnetic local time, MLT 11–14) inward and duskside (MLT 18–19) outward IRC get strengthened in amplitude. The noontime inward ΔIRC is attributed to the penetration westward electric field at low‐mid latitudes. It drives the poleward Hall currents and equatorward polarization electric field, which maps to the dip equator to form an inward ΔIRC at F layer. At dusk, the SAPS‐poleward electric field could directly penetrate to the low‐mid latitudes, mapping to the dip equator to drive the outward ΔIRC. The substorms‐associated westward electric field is also critical in modulation of ΔIRC, resulting in a larger inward (weaker outward) ΔIRC under high auroral electrojet (AE) index than that under low AE around noon (dusk). Earth's ionosphere‐thermosphere (I‐T) system has a series of interesting phenomenon at different latitude bands, for instance, the ionospheric radial current (IRC) and subauroral polarization stream (SAPS). IRC is the radial current in the F‐region over the dip equator, and SAPS is the fast westward plasma flow at subauroral latitudes. So far, whether IRC is modulated by SAPS remains unclear. This is the first observation of the response of IRC at dip equator to SAPS at mid‐latitudes during quiet and substorm periods, which could help us further understand the I‐T coupled system in the geospace. Noontime inward ionospheric radial current (IRC) are generated due to quiet time subauroral polarization streams (SAPS)Duskside outward IRC is developed due to quiet time SAPSSubstorm westward electric field facilitates (prevents) the formation of noon inward (dusk outward) IRC Noontime inward ionospheric radial current (IRC) are generated due to quiet time subauroral polarization streams (SAPS) Duskside outward IRC is developed due to quiet time SAPS Substorm westward electric field facilitates (prevents) the formation of noon inward (dusk outward) IRC

Efficient, environment-friendly, and energy-saving low-temperature denitration (DeNOx) catalysts, applicable in practical flue gas, have a widespread market for use in small-scale boilers. A novel Ce-based low-temperature honeycomb catalyst was tested in a pilot-scale plant for DeNOxof flue gas from a coal-fired power plant. The pilot test results demonstrated the honeycomb catalyst's ability to endure a high content of water vapor (H2O, 8–10 vol%) and low content of sulfur dioxide (SO2, ≤35 mg m−3) in flue gas at temperatures as low as 100 °C, with >55% DeNOxefficiency over 3400 h and the catalyst showed no deactivation. Physicochemical properties of the catalyst were investigated by various characterization methods, such as Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, inductively coupled plasma, temperature-programmed desorption of NH3, thermogravimetry, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed the effectiveness of the selective catalytic reduction unit in preventing the deposition of particulate matter in the flue gas, after being placed in the desulfurization and dust removal unit. However, a small amount of alkali metal and sulfate deposition were detected on the surface and micropores of the catalyst but did not significantly impact the catalyst performance. This catalyst thus has broad potential applicability in actual flue gas.

A series of WS2–MoS2composites with different phase ratios have been successfully constructed. First, WS2with hexagonal phase structure has been achieved by directly annealing a mixture of commercial W and S powders in an Ar atmosphere. Then the hydrothermal method is utilized to realize the epitaxial growth of MoS2onto the surface of WS2. The dual-petal nanostructure of WS2–MoS2composites has been revealed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The measurement of the optoelectronic property illustrates that WS2–MoS2heterostructures can present more active sites and a higher effective separation of carriers than can bare WS2and MoS2. Specifically speaking, 4WS2–96MoS2can cause the complete degradation of methylene blue within 150 min, and the difference value of the photocurrent can reach a value of 26 μA, which obviously outperforms that of bare MoS2and WS2. These aforementioned improved performances are closely related to this rationally designed structure for WS2–MoS2heterostructures and are expected to be promising applications in the field of optoelectronic devices.

Using Challenging Minisatellite Payload and the Republic of China Satellite‐1 observations, the response of ionospheric radial current (IRC) in the F region to the enhancement of merging electric field (Em) at different magnetic local times (MLT) is investigated. Possible physical mechanisms are discussed in terms of neutral wind, conductivity, and prompt penetration electric field (PPEF). The disturbance IRC (ΔIRC) increases in the upward (downward) direction in the daytime (nighttime) within 3 hr after Emenhancement. However, disturbance zonal winds increase westward (eastward) at 12–18 MLT (00–06 MLT). The reduced F region electron density may help weaken IRC at 06–12 MLT and 18–24 MLT. This work indicates that the daytime eastward (nighttime westward) PPEF drives equatorward (poleward) Hall current (JH) at low latitudes, resulting in both upward (downward) ΔIRC and eastward (westward) plasma drift at the F region magnetic equator. The ionospheric radial current (IRC) flows vertically in the ionospheric F region near the magnetic equator, which plays an important role in the coupling process of E and F layers in the ionosphere. IRC is generally considered to be controlled by local neutral wind. The impact of solar wind electric field on IRC is still unknown. Previous studies have reported penetration of the high‐latitude electric field to the equatorial ionosphere. For the first time, we show that a sudden increase in the solar wind merging electric field leads to drastic changes in IRC in the F layer. The local time differences in the IRC changes could be explained by the penetration electric field effect rather than the neutral wind effect. During Emenhancement, F layer radial current increases upward (downward), and plasma accelerates eastward (westward) at day (night)Local time differences in both radial current and plasma zonal drift are due to penetration electric field rather than F layer neutral windThe weakening of F layer radial current at 06–12 magnetic local times (MLT) and 18–24 MLT could be partly induced by the decrease in F layer electron density During Emenhancement, F layer radial current increases upward (downward), and plasma accelerates eastward (westward) at day (night) Local time differences in both radial current and plasma zonal drift are due to penetration electric field rather than F layer neutral wind The weakening of F layer radial current at 06–12 magnetic local times (MLT) and 18–24 MLT could be partly induced by the decrease in F layer electron density

The Yitong River is one of the largest secondary tributaries of the Songhua River. The area where the Yitong River flows is densely populated and contains the livestock and poultry breeding areas of northeast China. These areas introduce a high risk of antibiotic contamination. In this study, the concentrations of four types of typical antibiotics including quinolones, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and trimethoprim were determined by solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography. The antibiotic resistance of Escherichia colicaused by antibiotic pollution was investigated. The concentration of total coliforms in the Yitong River was detected by the plate counting method. The antibiotic resistance of E. colito quinolones, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and trimethoprim was analyzed by the Kirby-Bauer method. The results showed that the concentration of total coliforms in the summer was higher than that in the spring. There was a seasonal difference in the resistance rate of E. colito antibiotics except trimethoprim. The antibiotic resistance to fluoroquinolones was relatively low. The resistance rate to tetracyclines was higher during the summer. Moreover, resistance to several antibiotics was observed in all sections. This study provides basic data for research on pollution characteristics and prevention of antibiotic exposure in rivers.

AbstractJohn K. Fairbank served as the Director of the American Publications Service under the American Embassy in China during WWII, with responsibility for collecting Chinese and Japanese information and intelligence for the American government. As a Chinese studies scholar himself, Fairbank initiated and participated in several important projects of collecting Chinese publications and exchanging materials for leading American institutions, especially the Library of Congress, Harvard University, and Columbia University. He also supported the sending of English-language materials to China as gift or as exchange. His personal relationship with the ambitious and energetic Chinese scholar and library leader Yuan Tung-li played a crucial role in his career in wartime China. By examining the American Publications Service and the International Cultural Service, the two most important organisations for library and cultural exchange between China and the US during the war, this paper aims to document and analyse Fairbank’s special contributions to the collection development of Chinese materials in American research libraries.

AbstractJohn K. Fairbank served as the Director of the American Publications Service under the American Embassy in China during WWII, with responsibility for collecting Chinese and Japanese information and intelligence for the American government. As a Chinese studies scholar himself, Fairbank initiated and participated in several important projects of collecting Chinese publications and exchanging materials for leading American institutions, especially the Library of Congress, Harvard University, and Columbia University. He also supported the sending of English-language materials to China as gift or as exchange. His personal relationship with the ambitious and energetic Chinese scholar and library leader Yuan Tung-li played a crucial role in his career in wartime China. By examining the American Publications Service and the International Cultural Service, the two most important organisations for library and cultural exchange between China and the US during the war, this paper aims to document and analyse Fairbank’s special contributions to the collection development of Chinese materials in American research libraries.

Preparation of ultrafine highly dispersed VO2(M) nanoparticles that are essential materials to fabricate thermochromic flexible films remains a challenge, preventing effective use of their promising properties. Here, we report an original hydrothermal approach by controlling oxidizing atmosphere of reaction with hydrogen peroxide to prepare ultrafine VO2(M) nanoparticles free from annealing. Hydrogen peroxide is separated from precursor solution in a reactor, which creates a moderate oxygenation environment, enabling the formation of stoichiometric VO2(M) nanoparticles. The obtained VO2(M) nanoparticles are well-dispersed, highly uniform, and single-phase, with an average particle size ∼30 nm. The flexible thermochromic films fabricated with the VO2(M) nanoparticles exhibit excellent thermochromic performance with a solar modulation efficiency of 12.34% and luminous transmittance of 54.26%. While the films prepared with annealed nanoparticles show reduced transmittance due to light scattering of the large size particles resulting from agglomeration and growth during annealing. This work demonstrates a promising technique to realize moderate oxidizing atmosphere by hydrothermal process for preparing well-dispersed stoichiometric nano-oxides.

The appearance of mechanical cracks originated from anisotropic expansion and shrinkage of electrode particles during Li+de/intercalation is a major cause of the capacity fading in Li-ion batteries. Well-designed and controlled nanostructures of electrodes have shown a prominent prospect for solving this obstacle. Here, we report a novel and convenient strategy for the preparation of graphene nanoscroll wrapping Nb2O5nanoparticles (denoted as T-Nb2O5/G). First, high energy ball milling is conducted to acquire softly agglomerated T-Nb2O5nanoparticles owing to its spontaneous reduction of surface energy among these single particles. Then freeze-drying leads to the formation of graphene nanoscroll, which easily realizes the in situ wrapping over softly agglomerated T-Nb2O5nanoparticles. Extended cycling tests demonstrate that such T-Nb2O5/G yields a high reversible specific capacity of 222 mA h g–1over 700 cycles at 1C. The dominated surface capacitive insertion processes possessing favorable kinetics enable T-Nb2O5/G to exhibit excellent rate performance, which achieve a capacity of 110 mA h g–1at 10C. A combined ex situ X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy investigation reveal that the long-term cycling stability of T-Nb2O5/G is attributed to the excellent structural stability of the electrode, in which the synergistic effect between the softly agglomerated T-Nb2O5nanoparticles and graphene nanoscroll prevents the formation of mechanical cracks.

Traditional set-aside theory is subject to considerable challenges as a result of an uncompromising trend towards autonomy and internationalism in international arbitration. The silence and ambiguity of international law regarding enforcement of set-aside arbitral awards allow some states to abandon their own set-aside authority or ignore set-aside decisions made by competent courts. This article presents a range of evidence that demonstrates the enforcement of set-aside arbitral awards has become a common phenomenon. This article first introduces robust academic debates regarding set-aside authority. Then this article exposes omission and ambiguity in the legal source, which leads to confusion in enforcement proceedings of set-aside arbitral awards. This article describes and analyses selected cases and practical data in order to summarize the approaches taken by national courts when reviewing foreign set-aside decisions. Finally, this article briefly evaluates the most promising solutions to the contradictory enforcement proceedings of set-aside arbitral awards.

Cells need to appropriately balance transcriptional stability and adaptability in order to maintain their identities while responding robustly to various stimuli. Eukaryotic cells use an elegant “epigenetic” system to achieve this functionality. “Epigenetics” is referred to as heritable information beyond the DNA sequence, including histone and DNA modifications, ncRNAs and other chromatin-related components. Here, we review the mechanisms of the epigenetic inheritance of a repressive chromatin state, with an emphasis on recent progress in the field. We emphasize that (i) epigenetic information is inherited in a relatively stable but imprecise fashion; (ii) multiple cisand transfactors are involved in the maintenance of epigenetic information during mitosis; and (iii) the maintenance of a repressive epigenetic state requires both recruitment and self-reinforcement mechanisms. These mechanisms crosstalk with each other and form interconnected feedback loops to shape a stable epigenetic system while maintaining certain degrees of flexibility.

The analysis of the multi-axle steering link mechanism (MASLM) link forces provides the foundation for the mechanism's design. The matching level between the steering cylinder driving torque and the tyre pivot steering resistance torque can dramatically influence the link forces. In this study, the accuracy of the tyre resistance torque formula reached 90.7%. A steady kinematic-mechanical coupling model of the MASLM was built modularly, and a method of calculating the link forces and steering hydraulic pressure is proposed. To verify the coupling models, an all-terrain QAY130 crane was chosen for simulation and testing. Two vehicle models were built by using the Adams and Matlab software, respectively. The discrepancies were less than 23.5% between the test values and the predicted values for the previous two models, but exhibited similar variation trends. The installation site and diameter parameters of the steering cylinders were optimised to minimise the link forces.

This paper studies the trajectory asymptotic behavior of a non-autonomous incompressible non-Newtonian fluid in 3D bounded domains. In appropriate topologies, the authors prove the existence of the uniform trajectory attractor for the translation semigroup acting on the united trajectory space.

Most optimization algorithms suppose that there exist explicit evaluation functions to evaluate the candidate solutions obtained during the optimization process. However, in actual industrial processes, it is usually very difficult to build up precise mathematical models to describe complex industrial processes due to the lack of clear mechanisms. Instead, only some noisy historical data can be used, and optimization of such problem is often known as data-driven optimization. The optimization of complex beneficiation operational process is a typical data-driven optimization problem. To solve this problem, an evolutionary algorithm assisted by Gaussian process model is proposed in this paper. To be specific, a low-order neural network model is constructed by using the data collected from mineral processing factory as real objective function, and a Gaussian process model is developed as a surrogate to reduce the number of real function evaluations. We test the new method on a series of multi-objective test instances against two other algorithms. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method has the ability to achieve significant improvement at the limited budget of real function evaluations. In addition, the proposed algorithm is also successfully applied to the optimization of complex beneficiation operational process.

The Z-scheme heterojunction shows great potential in photocatalysis due to its superior carrier separation efficiency and strong photoredox properties. However, how to regulate the charge separation at the nanometric interface of heterostructures still remains a challenge. Here, we take g-C3N4and MoS2as models and design the Mo–N chemical bond, which connects exactly the CB of MoS2and VB of g-C3N4. Thus, the Mo–N bond could act as an atomic-level interfacial “bridge” that provides a direct migration path of charge carriers between g-C3N4and MoS2. Experiments confirmed that the Mo–N bond and the internal electric field promote greatly the photogenerated carrier separation. The optimized photocatalyst exhibits a high hydrogen evolution rate that is about 19.6 times that of the pristine bulk C3N4. This study demonstrates the key role of an atomic-level interfacial chemical bond design in heterojunctions and provides a new idea for the design of efficient catalytic heterojunctions.

Due to the strong Coulomb interaction, in most polymer photocatalysts, electron–hole pairs exist in the form of excitons rather than free charge carriers. The giant excitonic effect is a key obstacle to generating free charge carriers. Therefore, effectively regulating the exciton effect is the first step to achieving optimized carrier separation. Here, we used C-ring/g-C3N4as the prototypical model system to design a photocatalyst with a Na-coordination-induced trap state. We demonstrate that the excitons can be effectively dissociated into charge carriers by combining with the trap state formed by Na doping sites. Encouragingly, signals from the dissociation of excitons into carriers were observed by ultrafast transient spectroscopy. Benefiting from the enhanced exciton dissociation, Na–C/CN displayed a H2O2production rate of 17.4 mmol·L–1·h–1with an apparent quantum efficiency up to 26.9% at 380 nm, which is much higher than many other g-C3N4-based photocatalysts. This work explains the effect of cation doping on the exciton-carrier behavior in polymers. Also, it provides a new way to regulate the exciton effect.

Bioartificial liver (BAL) system has emerged as an alternative treatment to bridge acute liver failure to either liver transplantation or liver regeneration. One of the main reasons that the efficacy of the current BAL systems was not convincing in clinical trials is attributed to the lack of friendly interface between the membrane and the hepatocytes in liver bioreactor, the core unit of BAL system. Here, we systematically compared the biological responses of hepatosarcoma HepG2 cells seeded on eight, commercially available biocompatible membranes made of acetyl cellulose-nitrocellulose mixed cellulose (CA-NC), acetyl cellulose (CA), nylon (JN), polypropylene (PP), nitrocellulose (NC), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polycarbonate (PC) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Physicochemical analysis and mechanical tests indicated that CA, JN and PP membranes yield high adhesivity and reasonable compressive and/or tensile features with friendly surface topography for cell seeding. Cells prefer to adhere on CA, JN, PP or PTFE membranes with high proliferation rate in spheriod-like shape. Actin, albumin and cytokeratin 18 expressions are favorable for cells on CA or PP membrane, whereas protein filtration is consistent among all the eight membranes. These results further the understandings of cell growth, morphology and spreading, as well as protein filtration on distinct membranes in designing a liver bioreactor.

MnCeOx/NF, Co/MnCeOx/NF and HMoP/Co/MnCeOx/NF catalysts were optimized step by step and used for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3. The catalytic performance, water/sulfur resistances and N2selectivity of the overall catalyst were significantly improved and maintained during above continuous optimization processes. Firstly, MnCeOx loaded 3D monolithic Ni-foam (MnCeOx/NF) catalysts were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM) method with central composite design (CCD). Regression equations and 3D response surface graphs showed that the model-predicted value was highly in line with experiment-actual result for the catalytic performances synchronously corresponding to load and calcination temperature, calcination and reaction temperature, which obtained 95.7% NOx conversion with 76.7% N2-selectivity at 179.5 °C over the optimal 16.5%MnCeOx/NF catalyst calcinated at 432 °C. Calcination temperature has a great influence on SCR activity that a suitable one increased the surface Mn4+, Ce3+and chemical adsorption oxygen, while a high one visibly decreased NOx conversion due to the rapid weakened oxygen absorption and lattice oxygen content. The coexistence of typical Eley–Rideal and Fast-SCR reaction mechanisms were found over MnCeOx/NF, while the reaction rate of intermediates changed significantly but also reduced N2-selectivity due to the increased rate of side reactions as reaction temperature increasing. Secondly, among Co-, Ni- or Fe-modified catalysts, the optimized Co/MnCeOx/NF obtain an acceptable H2O and SO2resistance with stable NOx conversion above 72% within 10 h at 175 °C. Furthermore, phosphomolybdic acid modified Co/MnCeOx/NF catalyst maintained more than 80% N2-selectivity at 275 °C along with almost 100% NOx conversion within 175 °C–275 °C. These advantages synergistically accelerate the overall SCR performances of activity, selectivity and resistance of the optimized HMoP/Co/MnCeOx/NF catalyst.

This article analytically describes how the state of mainland China addresses the 'periphery syndrome' of education in its 'peripheral areas' of national minorities. It discusses the rationales, policies, implementations and results for the development of minority basic education. The examination of the 9-year compulsory schooling and the boarding school system for minority pupils suggests contradictions and mismatches between state policies and implementations. The article reveals educational, as well as geographical displacement of minority schooling, particularly the internationally little-known Tibetan Schools and Classes that have been radically developed in the metropolises of Han majority. The dislocation of reform for minority basic education, especially the lack of cultural sensitivity, is further compounded by the ubiquitous practices of pupil tracking and school differentiation in the education system. The author concludes that the policy components of cultural responsiveness should be integrated in minority education development.