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• This study investigates the thermal conductivities of the THNFs, HNFs and MNFs. • Using the two-step method, the NFs are fabricated by dispersing NPs in base fluids. • Ag/water MNF in the φ=0.4% and T = 50 °C has the highest thermal conductivity. • A mathematical model is proposed for estimating the thermal conductivity of THNFs. • Proposed model for the Ag-CuO-tungsten oxide/water THNF was accurate within 20–50 °C and φ=0.1–0.4%. Background: This study investigates the thermal conductivities of the Ag–CuO–tungsten oxide/water ternary hybrid nanofluids (THNFs) with mixing ratios of 20, 45 and 35%, Ag-tungsten oxide/water, Ag-CuO/water, tungsten oxide-CuO/water hybrid nanofluids (HNFs) (with 50% mixing ratio), and Ag/water, CuO/water, and tungsten oxide/water mono nanofluids (MNFs) in a laboratory. Methods: Using the two-step method, the nanofluids (NFs) are fabricated by dispersing nanoparticles (NPs) in base fluids. THNFs are formed in volume fractions φ =0.1–0.4% and MNFs and HNFs are made in φ=0.1 and 0.3%. After ensuring NF stability, thermal conductivity (TC) is measured within T = 20–50 °C. The results show that raising temperature increases TC. Moreover, increasing φ increases TC; and increasing temperature has a greater effect in higher φ. The results suggest that the Ag/water MNF in the φ=0.4% and T = 50 °C has the highest TC with a 49.7% increase compared to the base fluid. Finally, a mathematical model is proposed for estimating the TC of Ag–CuO–tungsten oxide/water THNFs. Significant Findings: Comparison of the proposed equation's results with laboratory results shows that the proposed model for the Ag-CuO-tungsten oxide/water THNF was accurate within 20–50 °C and φ=0.1–0.4%. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To highlight the presence of aerobic bacteria in live ticks infested sheep, in Diyala Governorate, Iraq. Methods One hundred and thirty adult alive ticks were picked up from sheep which were reared in different farms in Diyala Governorate, Iraq, during the period from November 2012 to May 2013. Ticks were classified in the Natural History Museum in Baghdad. They were dissected aseptically for extraction of the salivary gland and mid-gut. The removed tissue from each organ was inoculated in buffer peptone water (1%) and incubated for 2 h at 37 °C, to maintain weak and/or injured bacterial cells, then transmitted to nutrient broth incubated at 37 °C for 18 h. Culturing was done on three solid bacteriological media (nutrient, blood and McConkey agars), and then incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. Bacterial identification was performed by using multiple biochemical tests and API-20 strips. Data were analyzed by using Statistical Analysis System version 9.1, 2010. Chi -square test was used for comparison at significant level of P ≤ 0.05. Results Two species of ticks were identified [ Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus ) annulatus and Hyalomma turanicum ]. High bacterial isolation rate was observed (483 isolates). A significant high isolation rate was recorded from Rhipicephalus annulatus (63.14%). Six bacterial species were identified [ Escherichia coli (28.36%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.01%), Bacillus cereus (14.69%), Staphylococcus aureus (13.66%), Citrobacter freundii (13.04%), and Enterobacter species (12.21%)]. Also the high bacterial isolation rates were recorded in the temperate months (November, March and April); these coincided with high reproductive performance of ticks. Conclusions The high isolation rate of aerobic pathogens from ticks might reflect the active contribution of this arthropod in environmental contamination and increase the probability of transmitting bacterial pathogens to their hosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]