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Copyright of bilig: Journal of Social Sciences of the Turkish World is the property of bilig: Journal of Social Sciences of the Turkish World and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Comparative Law / Revista Romana de Drept Comparat is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the working conditions and economic environment for industrial employees in the U.S. and the Soviet Union in the war economy of 1941-1945. The working conditions for laborers engaged in the production of small arms, artillery, tanks, and other military equipment in the two countries are compared along with differences in the nations' structure of governance, internal migration from rural areas to cities in the Soviet Union are described, and technical hurdles associated with the conversion of factories to producing war machinery are analyzed. The employment of women in American factories and the use of forced labor in the Soviet Union is examined along with government policy surrounding the production of materiel.

The article discusses the history of clothes rationing in Ireland from 1942 to 1948 during World War II, with a focus on how the restrictions effected the population of Ireland. Topics include the representation of social class through dress and fashion in Ireland; consumer shopping for Irish-manufactured goods in Dublin, Ireland; and espionage reports on the social and cultural life of the Irish by writer Elizabeth Bowen. Humorous cartoons on rationing and women's fashion are also discussed.

Similar to the other districts of the General Government the German interest in the district of Galicia consisted primarily in its economical exploitation for the purposes of the German war economy which included the recruitment of forced workers for Germany. This aim assumed special importance because the recruitment of workers in the other parts of the General Government became more and more difficult whereas the German administration expected the Ukrainian population of Eastern Galicia to be mobilized more easily for work in Germany. By using documents from German, Ukrainian and Polish archives this process is described and analysed. The collection of the scattered records of the labour administration, especially the employment offices, has been very important. Also the relevant secondary literature in German, Ukrainian and Polish was consulted, mainly to examine the context of the German occupation. It is remarkable that in Eastern Galicia there developed a long-lasting coexistence between voluntary recruitment and compulsory measures. In this context the ethnic conflicts between the Ukrainian and the Polish part of the population continued in the field of the recruitment of workers. And the German occupiers made use of the ethnic conflicts and tried to intensify them to their own advantage: The German terror against the Polish population in the district of Galicia was not as strong as in the other parts of the General Government. Moreover, the German occupiers could fall back on parts of the population and of the local administration willing to collaborate. According to this situation the labour administration tried to adopt a new moderate strategy of recruitment with the implementation of the so-called information bureaus. In comparison with the other occupied parts of Ukraine the number of voluntary workers in Eastern Galicia was significant. Therefore in the other parts compulsory measures of recruitment were adopted much earlier. In some respects Eastern Galicia was a special case, a land between, but there also existed the nearly inevitable development towards more and more brutal methods of recruitment, starting up a spiral of violence. But despite all compulsory measures used and good preconditions for voluntary recruitment, on the other hand, the labour administration in the district of Galicia finally failed in the attempt to fulfil the continuously growing demand for workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of regionalism was an important international political phenomenon after World War II. In the two-pole pattern under the cold war background, the European countries sought for an integration of regional economy and politics in order to eliminate the internal wars and realize the European Renaissance. Consequently, the European integration has become a paradigm of regionalism. Apart from Europe, there are different forms of regionalism in other areas and East Asian regionalism, another mode of regionalism, originated from the regional cooperation of Southeast Asia, and has developed rapidly since the end of the cold war. The historical experience of European regionalism and East Asian regionalism indicates that the built-in incentive for the emergence and evolution of regionalism is the interests beyond national boundaries, and the current dilemmas of regionalism are related to such underlying reasons as nationalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history of the "Australian Journal of Adult Learning," which celebrates its 50th year in 2010 and introduces the articles published within the issue, including one by Darryl Dymock and Stephen Billett on lessons from the World War II workforce development programs, another by Tony Brown on the teaching of history of adult education, and one by Francesca Beddie on the historical positioning of adult education through other sectors of tertiary education.

The article presents the author's predictions for the 2017 French presidential election in light of the 2012 French presidential election process, particularly noting the social impact of the Trente Glorieuses, or the prosperity in post-World War II France, that ended in the 1970s. It comments on the economic conditions in France, enterprises, and the effects of the Asian economy on Western nations.