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Quantum states can provide means to systematically manipulate the transport of electrons. Here we present electron transport across quasi-bound states of two heterogeneous quantum wells (QWs), where the transport of thermally excited electrons is blocked or enabled depending on the relative positions of the two quasi-bound states, with an abrupt current onset occurring when the two QW states align. The QW switch comprises a source (Cr), QW1 (Cr2O3), QW2 (SnOx, x< 2), a tunneling barrier (SiO2), and a drain (Si), where the effective electron mass of QW1 (m*QW1) is selected to be larger than QW2 (m*QW2). The current–voltage (I–V) measurements of the fabricated devices show abrupt current onsets, with the current transition occurring within 0.25 mV, corresponding to an effective electron temperature of 0.8 K at room temperature. Since transistor power consumption is fundamentally tied to effective electron temperature, this sub-1K cold-electron QW switching holds promise for highly energy-efficient computing.

Event-based cameras offer low latency and high-dynamic range imaging data in a sparse format that is well-suited for high-speed object tracking. Processing this sparse data in the same way as traditional camera data requires a great deal of unnecessary computation, making it difficult to take advantage of the high-effective frame rate for real-time processing. In this work, we propose an accelerator for high-speed object tracking on event-based camera data. SCIMITAR combines digital in-memory stochastic computing, in-situ stochastic stream generation, and multiple optimizations for utilizing input sparsity. SCIMITAR provides unparalleled performance with latency and energy that scale with sparsity. We demonstrate SCIMITAR performance on an object tracking application using circuit-level simulations of custom-designed compute-in-memory (CIM) macros and digital circuits. We achieve a frame processing rate of 26k frames/s with 100 regions-of-interest per frame and equivalent or better than state-of-the-art tracking accuracy. The accelerator achieves a peak throughput of 71 TOP/S and energy efficiency of 733 to 1702 TOP/S/W demonstrated on a range of event-based vision datasets, which is $5\times $ higher than other CIM solutions.

We discuss how a dual-gated memtransistor crossbar can accelerate the extraction of the Transformer’s attention scores. A memtransistor is a novel two-dimensional material-based device that offers non-volatile programmability and gate tunability. Leveraging these attributes, we demonstrate the extraction of quadratic-order products on a single memtransistor and the single-step extraction of attention scores without inferring intermediate query/key vectors. The query/key-free processing of memtransistor-based attention scoring results in $2.37\times $ lower energy with less than half crossbar cells.

Direct seeded rice (DSR) has several economic and environmental benefits over transplanted rice (TPR), such as ease of planting, less water and labour requirement, short crop period, and reduced methane emission. We studied the incidence of pests: brown plant hopper (BPH), white-backed planthopper (WBPH),leaf folder, whorl maggot, yellow stem borer, and natural enemies like spiders and rove beetles in rice under direct seeded and transplanting methods. Results indicated a significantly higher incidence of BPH and WBPH in TPR (4.81 ± 0.66; 0.24 ± 0.04 respectively) compared to DSR (3.22 ± 0.41; 0.006 ± 0.004 respectively). While the overall percent of leaf folder damage was significantly higher in TPR (1.01 ± 0.12), the percentage of white ears was high in DSR (2.83%) compared to TPR (1.87%). However, no significant difference was observed in the whorl maggot damage and natural enemy populations: spiders and rove beetles. The study also revealed a significantly higher yield in TPR (35.06 q/ha) than in DSR (31.13 q/ha). Our findings highlight the varying pest incidence in TPR and DSR with respect to pest species and emphasize the importance of management practices in DSR to maximize yield.

In alkaline media for overall water splitting with instantaneous oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), we urgently required a noble metal free bifunctional electrocatalyst. We report a simple protocol for the preparation of NiCo2S4@rGO spherical hollow spheres, as a bifunctional electrocatalyst. The N-methyl imidazole-grafted poly 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide (PPO)-based alkaline membrane (QimPPO) was prepared as a substrate for direct electrocatalyst loading and construction of membrane electrode assembly (MEA). The reported electrocatalyst (NiCo2S4@rGO hollow spheres) exhibited a shape/morphology-dependent electrocatalytic activity for water splitting (simultaneous OER/HER) in an alkaline environment. The NiCo2S4@rGO hollow spheres exhibited a current density of 10 mA cm–2at 1.61 and 0.22 V for the OER and HER, respectively. In an alkaline medium, the reported MEA showed superior performance in comparison with precious (Pt/Ir) or nonprecious metal-based electrocatalysts. The electrolyzer performance was assessed at an applied current density of 400 mA cm–2for 70 h. An optimized MEA will mark a significant milestone for an advanced alkaline water electrolysis and corresponding HER/OER processes. The reported results will facilitate the advancement of research in designing a meticulously structured bifunctional electrocatalyst for eco-friendly H2/O2production via water electrolysis.

There is ongoing debate around rate versus rhythm control strategies for managing atrial fibrillation (AF), however, much of the data comes from Western cohorts. Kerala‐AF represents the largest prospective AF cohort study from the Indian subcontinent. To compare 12‐month outcomes between rate and rhythm control strategies. Patients aged ≥18 years with non‐transient AF were recruited from 53 hospitals across Kerala. Patients were stratified by rate or rhythm control. The primary outcome was a composite of all‐cause mortality, arterial thromboembolism, acute coronary syndrome or hospitalization due to heart failure or arrhythmia at 12 months. Secondary outcomes included bleeding events and individual components of the primary. Predictors of the composite outcome were analysed by logistic regression. A total of 2901 patients (mean age 64.6 years, 51% female) were included (2464 rate control, 437 rhythm control). Rates of the primary composite outcome did not differ between groups (29.7% vs 30.0%; p= .955), nor did any component of the primary. Bleeding outcomes were also similar (1.6% vs 1.9%; p= .848). Independent predictors of the primary composite outcome were older age (aOR 1.01; p= .013), BMI <18 (aOR 1.51; p= .025), permanent AF (aOR 0.78; p= .010), HFpEF (aOR 1.40; p= .023), HFrEF (aOR 1.39; p= .004), chronic kidney disease (aOR 1.36; p< .001), and prior thromboembolism (aOR 1.31; p= .014). In the Kerala‐AF registry, 12‐month outcomes did not differ between rate and rhythm control cohorts. No significant difference was found between rate and rhythm control approaches to atrial fibrillation management in the 1‐year follow‐up of the Kerala‐AF cohort. Independent predictors of adverse outcomes included age, underweight BMI, heart failure, and chronic renal failure.

An organocatalytic enantio- and diastereoselective synthesis of hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole-containing tetrasubstituted α-amino allenoates, exhibiting both axial and central chirality, has been accomplished via cascade dearomatization–cyclization reaction. The γ-addition to β,γ-alkynyl-α-imino esters provides a library of densely substituted highly enantioenriched allenes in high yields and excellent stereoselectivities. In addition, the scope of this methodology has been extended to tryptophol as well. A scale-up reaction and synthetic transformations of the products were performed to demonstrate the practical usefulness of this approach.

Herein we report the first use of p-quinone diimide for the aminative dearomatization of 2,3-disubstituted indoles to furnish C3 aza-quaternary chiral indolenines. This approach, which proceeds via an electrophilic 1,6-addition of p-quinone diimide, allows the synthesis of an array of optically active aza-quaternary indolenines with high yields and excellent enantioselectivities. A one-pot approach of the same has also been established to further improve the synthetic accessibility of this protocol.

Rice is an essential food grain for more than half of the global population. To ensure food security, improvement in the genetic gain in yield is necessary. This necessitates identification and utilization of genotypic variation among rice germplasm for biomass and yield component traits. In this regard, 188 rice genotypes were evaluated under field conditions during the kharifseason in 2016 (experiment 1) and 2017 (experiment 2). The genotypes were categorized based on biomass, grain yield, and harvest index in experiment 1, and significant variability was observed in these traits. During experiment 2, these genotypes were characterized based on growth rates and yield component traits. Physiological growth rates (RGR and NAR) showed significant variation among the rice genotypes. Component traits of yield viz.,biomass and Harvest Index (HI), showed high heritability (H2), and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) was higher for biomass as compared with HI. HI showed positive and significant correlation with yield across the phenological group of genotypes, while biomass showed a significant and positive correlation with yield only in short duration genotypes (90–125 days). Multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (MGIDI) analysis led to the identification of 8 superior genotypes i.e., Sahbhagi Dhan, Maudamani, Seratoes, BAM4510, GP-145-37, Bamoia, Dular and MTU1010 for their use as donors for different component traits in improvement of yield in rice. The genetic variation found among rice germplasm in physiological growth rates and component traits can be further used for gene pyramiding in future breeding programs for breaking the yield barrier in rice to provide higher yield productivity.

In recent years, minimally invasive cardiac surgery has increased in prevalence. There has been significant debate regarding the optimal approach to isolated aortic valve replacement between conventional midline sternotomy and minimally invasive approaches. We performed a systematic review of the contemporary literature comparing minimally invasive to full sternotomy aortic valve replacement. PubMed and Embase were systematically searched for articles published from 2010–2021. A total of 1215 studies were screened and 45 studies (148,606 patients total) met the inclusion criteria. This study found rates of in-hospital mortality were higher with full sternotomy than ministernotomy (P= 0.02). 30-day mortality was higher with full sternotomy compared to right anterior thoracotomy (P= 0.006). Renal complications were more common with full sternotomy versus ministernotomy (P< 0.00001) and right anterior thoracotomy (P< 0.0001). Rates of wound infections were greater with full sternotomy than ministernotomy (P= 0.02) and right anterior thoracotomy (P< 0.00001). Intensive care unit length of stay (P= 0.0001) and hospital length of stay (P< 0.0001) were shorter with ministernotomy compared to full sternotomy. This review found that minimally invasive approaches to isolated aortic valve replacement result in reduced early mortality and select measures of postoperative morbidity; however, long-term mortality is not significantly different based on surgical approach. An analysis of mortality alone is not sufficient for the selection of the optimal approach to isolated aortic valve replacement. Surgeon experience, individual patient characteristics, and preference require thorough consideration, and additional studies investigating quality of life measures will be imperative in identifying the optimal approach to isolated aortic valve replacement.

•Impact of concentration modulation on weakly nonlinear thermal instability was examined.•Rotating porous medium with Darcy convection enclosed between two parallel horizontal planes.•The finite-amplitude is obtained by using the Ginzburg–Landau Equation (GLE).•The effect of internal solute number Si is to advance the onset of stationary convection.•Increasing modulation frequency decreases Sherwood number and modulation effect.

Injury to the deltoid ligamentous complex is frequently observed in ankle fractures and multidirectional instability. While open deltoid repair has traditionally been performed, arthroscopic repair techniques have also been described. We present a new method to perform a knotless medial ligament complex repair utilizing an all-inside technique and provide short-term outcomes of our clinical series.Level of Evidence:Level V, expert opinion.

Uranium concentration and uranium isotopic content are two important and critical parameters for any nuclear fuel fabrication facilities. In the present study emphasis has been given on the usage of high resolution gamma ray spectrometric (HR-GRS) technique with HPGe detector for the determination of uranium and 235U content in uranium process stream samples. The work has been carried out with an aim to give quick analytical feedback to production facility and also to minimize the generation of analytical waste. These are important requirements for any industrial lab with high analytical load attached to production facility. In this paper a simple and a non-destructive testing (NDT) method has been described for quantification of uranium and 235U content in samples received from UO2fuel production facilities using HR-GRS technique with high purity germanium (HPGe) detector. A 185.7 keV line of 235U has been used for quantification of uranium in process solutions containing 1  g/L to 600 g/L of uranium covering both aqueous and organic process stream solutions. The results have been compared with that of Davies and Gray method. The limitations associated with gamma ray emitted from daughter products of 238U and self-induced or self-excited X-ray fluorescence lines of uranium have also been studied. Multi Group Analysis of Uranium (MGAU) software code has been used for measurement of 235U content in variety of samples. The results obtained are compared with that of results by thermal ionization mass spectrometer (TIMS).

Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-co-HFP) was defluorinated in the presence of alkali, and 4-vinyl benzyl chloride (VBC) was grafted by free radical copolymerization in the presence of an initiator to obtain PVDF-co-HFP-g-VBC. Then, 1-methylimidazole-tethered PVDF-co-HFP-g-VBC was synthesized for architecting the partial fluorinated anion exchange membrane (AEM). To improve essential membrane properties such as conductivity and ion exchange capacity (cation charge density), silica precursor 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane was incorporated in the polymer matrix. Prepared AEMs with different structural features were studied for morphology, ion-exchange capacity, water uptake, conductivity, and stability compared to other commercial AEMs. The reported PVIM-2.5-Si membrane, with quaternary ammonium and imidazolium groups, was resistant to alkaline degradation due to the non-availability of β-hydrogen and negligible chance of nucleophilic (SN2) attack. The suitably assessed PVIM-2.5-Si AEM shows 1.04 V open circuit voltage, corresponding to 294.15 mW cm–2power density at 555 mA cm–2current density, in an alkaline membrane fuel cell application.

Background: When lateral ankle sprains progress into chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI), restoring precise anatomic relationships of the lateral ankle ligament complex (LALC) surgically is complex. This study quantifies the radiographic relationships between the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), and prominent osseous landmarks visible under fluoroscopy to assist in perioperative practices for minimally invasive surgery for CLAI.Methods: Ten fresh frozen ankle specimens were dissected to expose the LALC and prepared by threading a radiopaque filament through the ligamentous footprints of the ATFL and CFL. Fluoroscopic images were digitally analyzed to define dimensional characteristics of the ATFL and CFL. Directional measurements of the ligamentous footprints relative to the lateral process of the talus and the apex of the posterior facet of the calcaneus were calculated.Results: Dimensional measurements of the ATFL were a mean length of 9.3 mm, fibular footprint of 9.4 mm, and talar footprint of 9.1 mm. Dimensional measurements of the CFL were a mean length of 19.4 mm, fibular footprint of 8.2 mm, and calcaneal footprint of 7.3 mm. From the radiographic apparent tip of the lateral process of the talus, the fibular attachment of the ATFL was found 13.3 mm superior and 4.4 mm posterior, whereas the talar attachment was found 11.5 mm superior and 4.8 mm anterior. From the radiographic apparent posterior apex of the posterior facet of the calcaneus, the fibular attachment of the CFL was found 0.2 mm inferior and 6.8 mm anterior, whereas the calcaneal attachment was found 14.3 mm inferior and 5.9 mm posterior.Conclusion: The ATFL and CFL were radiographically analyzed using radiopaque filaments to outline the ligamentous footprints in their native locations. These ligaments were also localized with reference to 2 prominent osseous landmarks. These findings may assist in perioperative practices for keyhole incision placement and arthroscopic guidance. Perfect lateral ankle joint imaging with talar domes superimposed is required to be able to do this.Clinical Relevance: Radiographic evaluation of the ATFL and CFL with reference to prominent osseous landmarks identified under fluoroscopy may assist in perioperative practices for minimally invasive surgery to address CLAI for keyhole incision placement and arthroscopic guidance.

Inconsistent interface control in devices based on two-dimensional materials (2DMs) has limited technological maturation. Astounding variability of 2D/three-dimensional (2D/3D) interface properties has been reported, which has been exacerbated by the lack of direct investigations of buried interfaces commonly found in devices. Herein, we demonstrate a new process that enables the assembly and isolation of device-relevant heterostructures for buried interface characterization. This is achieved by implementing a water-soluble substrate (GeO2), which enables deposition of many materials onto the 2DM and subsequent heterostructure release by dissolving the GeO2substrate. Here, we utilize this novel approach to compare how the chemistry, doping, and strain in monolayer MoS2heterostructures fabricated by direct deposition vary from those fabricated by transfer techniques to show how interface properties differ with the heterostructure fabrication method. Direct deposition of thick Ni and Ti films is found to react with the monolayer MoS2. These interface reactions convert 50% of MoS2into intermetallic species, which greatly exceeds the 10% conversion reported previously and 0% observed in transfer-fabricated heterostructures. We also measure notable differences in MoS2carrier concentration depending on the heterostructure fabrication method. Direct deposition of thick Au, Ni, and Al2O3films onto MoS2increases the hole concentration by >1012cm–2compared to heterostructures fabricated by transferring MoS2onto these materials. Thus, we demonstrate a universal method to fabricate 2D/3D heterostructures and expose buried interfaces for direct characterization.

Background: Limited data exist on population-level mortality outcomes related to extreme neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (EHB) and this study examines trends in annual infant mortality rate (IMR) attributed to hemolytic and perinatal jaundice among Germany, France, Italy, Portugal, Greece and Spain from 1990 to 2019. Methods: Data on annual incident cases and disability-adjusted life years were collected from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study. Live birth cohort data were sourced from UN World Population Prospects. We quantified temporal trends, with relative percent changes. Average annual percent changes (AAPCs) were evaluated using the Joinpoint Regression Program. Results: EHB-related infant mortality decreased from 21.4 (95%CI: 16.1, 27.1) in 1990 to 4.2 (95%CI: 1.9, 7.6) per million live births in 2019. Germany demonstrated lowest AAPC of –3.2% (95% CI: –3.8, –2.5), while Portugal had the highest AAPC of –8.6% (95% CI –11.9, –5.1) in reducing infant mortality due to EHB. There were distinct divergences in the trajectories of declining EHB mortality among the studied countries. Conclusion: This study highlights a significant decline in infant mortality due to extreme hyperbilirubinemia, emphasizing the need for national surveillance and tailored guidelines to prevent bilirubin induced neurological damage. Impact:

This cross-sectional analysis revealed a marked decline in infant mortality rates attributed to extreme hyperbilirubinemia across the selected European countries.

The rates of decline varied significantly between countries, demonstrating notable heterogeneity in mortality trends when stratified by age at death.

Implementing data-driven surveillance systems can optimize the alignment of equitable healthcare services, strengthen accountability measures, and identify critical operational inefficiencies.

In the European Union, country-specific hyperbilirubinemia guidelines should be reinforced to ensure effective screening and post-discharge follow-up protocols that are tailored to risk burden and available healthcare resources.

Neonatal G6PD deficiency (G6PDd) prevalence explains its recent recognition as a major contributory cause of extreme hyperbilirubinemia (EHB). Disparate global EHB burden reveals comparative racial prevalence of leading conditions, Rh negativity and G6PDd: 15–17% vs. < 5% in Caucasians, 4 to 8% vs. up to 17% in Blacks and 0.1 to 4% vs. 5–8% in Asians, respectively. G6PDd also burdens malaria endemic countries planning malarial elimination. Binary expression of male G6PDd is reliably diagnostic but is complex and uncertain for heterozygous females. Unlike the RhD disease and its prevention, the medical and hematological life burdens of female G6PDd and heterozygosity have been vastly understudied. Three silent global health crises intersect: EHB, Malaria, and women’s health. Regardless of race, sex, or geography, clinical practice needs optimization with dual (phenotypic and genotypic) screening to allow women plan and anticipate safe pregnancies, birthing, breastfeeding and enjoy their newborns’ healthy childhood in a society freed of malaria.

The aim of the present work is to introduce the concepts of deferred weak statistical convergence and deferred weak Cesàro summability on normed spaces. We prove some properties with related to these concepts and we also give some new related notions and some inclusion relations with examples.

Knowledge of genetic diversity and potential heterotic relationships among parental lines is of significant importance in hybrid rice breeding programs. In the present study, in order to understand the genetic diversity among 96 parental lines, they were characterized for their diversity with respect to their morphological traits (n = 12) and molecular markers using a set of 50 SSR markers. Morphological diversity was estimated using Mahalanobis D2statistics in terms of generalized group distance. Based on morphological diversity analysis, the 96 lines were grouped into 5 major and 13 monogenotypic clusters. In molecular marker analysis, the parental lines were consistently clustered into B (Maintainer group) and R (Restorer group) groups based on distance and model based approaches. Strong correspondence was observed between the pedigree of parental lines with molecular genotyping based grouping than morphological trait based grouping. From the results of the present investigation, it is evident that the available diversity among the two groups i.e., maintainer group (B) and restorer group (R) is sufficient for developing heterotic hybrids, but within the maintainer and restorer groups, the diversity is limited, the diversity among restorers was moderate, while it was low among the maintainers and hence efforts are needed for broadening their genetic base of parental lines for development and adoption of high-yielding hybrids.