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Rosiglitazone, a potent member of the thiazolidinedione class of oral antidiabetic agents, reduces hyperglycaemia by improving insulin sensitivity – an important underlying factor in the development of both type 2 diabetes and its related cardiovascular complications. Rosiglitazone has now been available in clinical practice for more than three years, so there is a large body of evidence supporting its efficacy and safety as an antihyperglycaemic agent in patients with type 2 diabetes. Given the significant burden imposed on patients and healthcare resources by diabetes‐related cardiovascular disease (CVD), there is growing interest in the thiazolidinediones in terms of their potential to ameliorate CVD risk factors as a result of their insulin‐sensitising action and thus improve cardiovascular outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes. As reviewed below, rosiglitazone has a beneficial impact on a number of factors associated with insulin resistance and CVD, including microalbuminuria, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, visceral fat, elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 levels and increased concentrations of C‐reactive protein. These thiazolidinedione compounds are not problem‐free and the long‐term implications of some of rosiglitazone side‐effects such as weight gain, changes in LDL‐cholesterol concentration and fluid retention remain to be resolved. Large‐scale clinical outcome studies should give a clearer picture for rosiglitazone and related thiazolidinediones in relation to the extent of their impact on diabetes disease progression and incident cardiovascular events.