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The size of the home range of a mammal is affected by numerous factors. However, in the normally solitary, but polygynous, Leopard (Panthera pardus), home range size and maintenance is complicated by their transitory social grouping behavior, which is dependent on life history stage and/or reproductive status. In addition, the necessity to avoid competition with conspecifics and other large predators (including humans) also impacts upon home range size. We used movement data from 31 sites across Africa, comprising 147 individuals (67 males and 80 females) to estimate the home range sizes of leopards. We found that leopards with larger home ranges, and in areas with more vegetation, spent longer being active and generally traveled faster, and in straighter lines, than leopards with smaller home ranges. We suggest that a combination of bottom-up (i.e., preferred prey availability), top-down (i.e., competition with conspecifics), and reproductive (i.e., access to mates) factors likely drive the variability in Leopard home range sizes across Africa. However, the maintenance of a large home range is energetically expensive for leopards, likely resulting in a complex evolutionary trade-off between the satisfaction of basic requirements and preventing potentially dangerous encounters with conspecifics, other predators, and people.Bringing all the boys to the yard. Male leopards travel further and faster to find females and to avoid other males. Whereas females are more concerned with food than other leopards.

Ultrasound and maceration Chavir extract at concentrations of 100, 200, and 300 ppm were incorporated into virgin olive oil to improve flavor and oxidative stability. Antioxidant activity, total phenol, peroxide value, induction period, and volatile organic compounds of the obtained mixtures were compared with oil incorporated with TBHQ. Ordinary virgin olive oil with 300 ppm ultrasound Chavir extract indicated the highest antioxidant activity than other samples. Although using TBHQ led to higher oxidative stability compared to blank oil, the induction periods by rancimat analysis revealed that natural Chavir extracts especially the extract achieved by ultrasound at 300 ppm had the highest induction period showing the high potential antioxidant activity of extract due to the presence of high polyphenol content. Natural herbal extracts in edible oils instead of synthetic antioxidants leads to higher oxidative stability associated with the efficient extraction of phenolic components by the novel extraction methods such as ultrasound.

Home range size is a fundamental measure of animal space use, providing insight into habitat quality, animal density, and social organization. Human impacts increasingly are affecting wildlife, especially among wide-ranging species that encounter anthropogenic disturbance. Leopards (Panthera pardus) provide a useful model for studying this relationship because leopards coexist with people at high and low human densities and are sensitive to human disturbance. To compare leopard home range size across a range of human densities and other environmental conditions, we combined animal tracking data from 74 leopards in multiple studies with new analytical techniques that accommodate different sampling regimes. We predicted that home ranges would be smaller in more productive habitats and areas of higher human population density due to possible linkage with leopard prey subsidies from domestic species. We also predicted that male leopards would have larger home ranges than those of females. Home ranges varied in size from 14.5 km2in India to 885.6 km2in Namibia, representing a 60-fold magnitude of variation. Home range stability was evident for 95.2% of nontranslocated individuals and 38.5% of translocated individuals. Leopard home range sizes were negatively correlated with landscape productivity, and males used larger areas than females. Leopards in open habitats had a predicted negative correlation in home range size with human population density, but leopards in closed habitats used larger home ranges in areas with more people.

The aims of this study were to 1) evaluate patient demographic data for new patient exams (NPE) and 2) analyze lead response time for checked‐in and no‐show appointments in predoctoral clinics in a dental school. The data for the study were collected from the predoctoral clinics at Tufts University School of Dental Medicine (TUSDM) for patients with NPE appointments with American Dental Association's (ADA) diagnostic code of D100. A total of 26,826 appointments and 24,419 unique patients were reviewed from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2019. Patient demographic variables such as age, gender, zip codes, and lead response time were analyzed. From 26,826 total number of appointments, 10,454 appointments were categorized as no‐show appointments (38.97%). In the no‐show appointments, the sex distribution was 59.93% female and 40.07% male, and in checked‐in category, the sex distribution was 53.75% female and 46.25% male. As the lead response time increased over 5 days, the no‐show rate increased to 49.79%. Approximately 55% of the entire NPE was from Greater Boston area. The association between lead time and no‐show rate was shown that when lead time was reduced, no‐show rate decreased. By identifying the no‐show appointments and lead time, schools and clinics can improve operational efficiency, reduce financial loss, and maintain continuation of care by supporting patients who need access to care and creating secondary automated recall system to maximize communication and chair use.

Encroachment by woody invasive plants has been recognized as a major driver of structural change in grasslands ecosystems. The impact of invasive plant-mediated changes on mammalian species from higher trophic levels is relatively less understood. This study aims to understand the impact of woody encroachment on the ecology of a relatively understudied mesopredator, the Indian desert fox Vulpes v. pusillain a semi-arid saline grassland ecosystem in Western India. We examined the site occupancy of the Indian desert fox at the landscape level, and den site selection at the micro-habitat scale. We also examined the diet of desert foxes during winter and summer season. We found that at the landscape level the desert fox selects more open Suaedasaline habitats over dense invasive Prosopis julifloradominated habitats. At the scale of the den, proximity to water and vegetation cover were the main drivers of den site selection. Similar to other arid zone foxes, insects, plant materials and small mammals were the main components of the diet of Indian desert fox. Given its selection of open habitats, invasive shrub encroachment is likely to result in a loss of habitat as well as resources for this species, potentially impacting on the conservation status of this already range-restricted species in India.

Motivational interviewing (MI) is an evidence-based approach to resolving patient ambivalence to change. MI techniques can be effectively used by dentists in assessing and managing substance use risk and may add minimal time to the patient interview. Although MI’s greatest utility has been in the area of improving general oral hygiene in order to reduce caries and other preventable conditions, its use in addressing controlled substance risk is well established in other health care disciplines. These techniques do not require special training in mental health assessment and can be effectively used by dentists and dental hygienists.

The effect of microwave pretreatment and moisture levels of Camelina sativaseeds on the quality of extracted oil by cold press was investigated. The seed moistures were adjusted to 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, and 10.0% and pretreated with microwaves for 0, 1, 2, and 3 min. Microwave pretreatment (3 min) of the seeds with 2.5% moisture increased the oil extraction yield by ∼11% compared to the control sample. The highest amount of acidity (0.564 g FFA·g−1oil), peroxide value (2.4 meq O2·kg−1oil), carotenoid (5.26 mg·kg−1oil), and browning index (0.710) were found in the oil extracted from seeds with 10% moisture and 3 min microwave pretreatment. The total phenolic compound was increased by microwave pretreatment but was mitigated by the seed moisture content, and the highest amount (208.24 mg caffeic acid·100 g−1oil) was observed at 3 min microwave pretreatment of the seeds with 2.5% moisture. Chlorophyll content decreased by both microwave pretreatment and seed moisture content in camelina oil. Generally, the fatty acid composition of the extracted oils was not affected by the seed pretreatments. In conclusion, pretreatment of the camelina seeds before oil extraction is suggested to obtain a high oil extraction yield with a good quality oil.

Co-extraction of pomegranate seed oil (PSO) with green tea leaves (GTL) (0 [control sample], 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% w/w) was conducted by cold-press to evaluate the extracted oil quality during storage. The extraction yield was similar to the control sample up to 5% w/w of GTL. Total phenol and chlorophyll content were increased in the extracted oils with increasing the level of GTL. The acid and peroxide values were increased during the storage and the lowest values were achieved for PSO with 5% GTL. Rancimat analysis also confirmed the PV results, therefore using 5% GTL led to providing the highest induction period (11.5 h). Consequently, using 5% of GTL during the extraction of PSO by cold-press could result in an appropriate extraction yield and also present higher oxidation stability. This method does not need any antioxidant extraction from herbs and is very cost-effective, time-efficient, and uses no chemicals.

Cyclophosphamide plus G-CSF (C+G-CSF) is one of the most widely used stem cell (SC) mobilization regimens for patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Plerixafor plus G-CSF (P+G-CSF) has demonstrated superior SC mobilization efficacy when compared with G-CSF alone and has been shown to rescue patients who fail mobilization with G-CSF or C+G-CSF. Despite the proven efficacy of P+G-CSF in upfront SC mobilization, its use has been limited, mostly due to concerns of high price of the drug. However, a comprehensive comparison of the efficacy and cost effectiveness of SC mobilization using C+G-CSF versus P+G-CSF is not available. In this study, we compared 111 patients receiving C+G-CSF to 112 patients receiving P+G-CSF. The use of P+G-CSF was associated with a higher success rate of SC collection defined as ⩾5 × 106CD34+ cells/kg (94 versus 83%, P=0.013) and less toxicities. Thirteen patients in the C+G-CSF arm were hospitalized owing to complications while none in the P+G-CSF group. C+G-CSF was associated with higher financial burden as assessed using institutional-specific costs and charges (P<0.001) as well as using Medicare reimbursement rates (P=0.27). Higher rate of hospitalization, increased need for salvage mobilization, and increased G-CSF use account for these differences.

In this paper, low power and high speed D-latch and nand gates (as sample of combinational and sequential circuits) are designed based on cnfet and cmos technology. The performance of D-latch and nand is compared in two technologies of 65nm and 90nm in cmos and cnfet technology. The circuit designs are simulated using hspice. Finally, the power consumption and delay and pdp as well as rise and fall time are compared in various voltages and frequencies. The results show that cnfetD-latch and nand gates have better delay and power consumption in comparison to cmos technology.

Trophy hunting of African elephant is often implemented as an income generator for communities surrounding protected areas. However, the sustainability of hunting on elephant populations, especially with regards to international cross-border populations has not previously been evaluated. We assessed the effects of trophy hunting on the population dynamics and movements of elephant in the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area, which is spread across the junction of Botswana, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. Currently, no common policy exits in quota setting for cross-border species, and each country determines their own quota based on limited data. Using VORTEX, we determined the sustainability of current quotas of elephant off-take under different ecological and hunting scenarios. We used distribution data from 6 aerial surveys and hunting data per region to determine the disturbance effect of hunting on bulls and breeding herds separately. Hunting of bulls had a direct effect in reducing bull numbers but also an indirect effect due to disturbance that resulted in movement of elephants out of the areas in which hunting occurred. The return interval was short for bulls but longer for females. Only a small number of bulls (<10/year) could be hunted sustainably. At current rates of hunting, under average ecological conditions, trophy bulls will disappear from the population in less than 10 years. We recommend a revision of the current quotas within each country for the Greater Mapungubwe elephant population, and the establishment of a single multi-jurisdictional (cross-border) management authority regulating the hunting of elephant and other cross-border species. © 2013 The Wildlife Society

Weight, oil, fatty acids, tocopherol, polyphenol, and sterol properties of 5 olive cultivars (Zard, Fishomi, Ascolana, Amigdalolia, and Conservalia) during crude, lye treatment, washing, fermentation, and pasteurization steps were studied. Results showed: oil percent was higher and lower in Ascolana (crude step) and in Fishomi (pasteurization step), respectively; during processing steps, in all cultivars, oleic, palmitic, linoleic, and stearic acids were higher; the highest changes in saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were in fermentation step; the highest and the lowest ratios of 3 / 6 were in Ascolana (washing step) and in Zard (pasteurization step), respectively; the highest and the lowest tocopherol were in Amigdalolia and Fishomi, respectively, and major damage occurred in lye step; the highest and the lowest polyphenols were in Ascolana (crude step) and in Zard and Ascolana (pasteurization step), respectively; the major damage among cultivars occurred during lye step, in which the polyphenol reduced to 1/10 of first content; sterol did not undergo changes during steps. Reviewing of olive patents shows that many compositions of fruits such as oil quality, fatty acids, quantity and its fraction can be changed by alteration in cultivar and process.

Although there is evidence that hospitals recognized for nursing excellence—Magnet hospitals—are successful in attracting and retaining nurses, it is uncertain whether Magnet recognition is associated with better patient outcomes than non-Magnets, and if so why.

To identify prognostic factors for patients transplanted for relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma we carried out a combined analysis of patients followed prospectively on 3 consecutive protocols at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. One hundred fifty-three patients with chemosensitive disease after ICE (ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide)–based salvage therapy (ST) proceeded to high-dose chemoradiotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Patients were evaluated with computed tomography and functional imaging (gallium or fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography) prior to ST and again before ASCT. Functional imaging status before ASCT was the only factor significant for event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival by multivariate analysis and clearly identifies poor risk patients (5-year EFS 31% and 75% for FI-positive and negative patients respectively). Administration of involved-field radiotherapy with ASCT was marginally significant for EFS (P = .055). Studies evaluating novel STs, conditioning regimens, post-ASCT maintenance, or allogeneic stem cell transplantation are warranted for patients who fail to normalize pre-ASCT functional imaging.

To identify prognostic factors for patients transplanted for relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma we carried out a combined analysis of patients followed prospectively on 3 consecutive protocols at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. One hundred fifty-three patients with chemosensitive disease after ICE (ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide)–based salvage therapy (ST) proceeded to high-dose chemoradiotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Patients were evaluated with computed tomography and functional imaging (gallium or fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography) prior to ST and again before ASCT. Functional imaging status before ASCT was the only factor significant for event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival by multivariate analysis and clearly identifies poor risk patients (5-year EFS 31% and 75% for FI-positive and negative patients respectively). Administration of involved-field radiotherapy with ASCT was marginally significant for EFS (P= .055). Studies evaluating novel STs, conditioning regimens, post-ASCT maintenance, or allogeneic stem cell transplantation are warranted for patients who fail to normalize pre-ASCT functional imaging.

Non-invasive techniques for monitoring wildlife are increasingly used by researchers to identify the presence of carnivores in particular habitat types. For mid-sized carnivores the two primary methods used are camera trapping and track plates, both of which function by attracting an animal to a census apparatus which then records the visit by photograph or by track imprint. These techniques have rarely, however, been used to survey Asian mid-sized carnivores, and thus the value of the techniques in this region remains hypothetical. We used cameras and track plates to survey Indian foxes Vulpes bengalensis in and around Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary in the arid grasslands of central Andhra Pradesh and in Ranebennur Wildlife Sanctuary in western Karnataka. By surveying, we also address issues relating to fox activity and habitat use patterns. Cameras rapidly and efficiently detected the presence of foxes, and allowed us to show that foxes at both sites were strictly nocturnal during the periods of data collection. There was a significant relationship between grassland height and the latency to detection of foxes at Rollapadu. At both sites, foxes rarely visited the track plate stations that were run concurrently with cameras. We recommend that researchers attempting to survey foxes use cameras rather than enclosed track plates, and that efforts to survey other species non-invasively include an experimental design that allows for validation of the survey technique.

The X-machine testing method has been developed as an application of the W-method to testing the control structure of an implementation, against a specification. The method was proven to demonstrate the equivalence of the behaviour of the two, subject to a number of conditions both a specification and an implementation are expected to satisfy, such as (1) determinism of the two and (2) that functions labelling arcs on a transition diagram of a specification control structure have been tested in advance. Since the original publication of the testing method, a number of extensions have been published, removing the restrictions mentioned above. This paper surveys the extensions of the X-machine testing method, for (1) testing of functions together with testing of a transition diagram, (2) equivalence testing of a non-deterministic implementation against a non-deterministic specification, (3) conformance testing of a deterministic implementation against a non-deterministic specification and (4) equivalence testing of a system of concurrently executing and communicating X-machines, against a specification.

Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) remains the only curative option for many lymphoma patients and it is an integral component of treatment for patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Stem cell mobilization has most commonly been performed using either chemotherapy and colony-stimulating factors or colony stimulating factors alone. This approach was challenged by the inability to collect enough CD 34 cell count to perform an ASCT. Plerixafor (Mozobil ®) previously known as AMD3100, a selective antagonist of CXCR4, has recently been approved for ASCT mobilization in combination with granulocyte- colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) for both multiple myeloma and lymphoma patients and is effective for patients who failed to mobilize enough CD34 cells with other modalities.This retrospective study examines all adult patients with MM and lymphoma who received plerixafor as a mobilization agent for ASCT at Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center between January 1st, 2009 and August 1st, 2010. Patient's information was obtained from the pharmacy data base and electronic medical records. Data included demographics, diagnosis, first line mobilization regimen, second and third line regimens, doses of plerixafor received, number of pheresis sessions and CD34 cells per kg collected per each session. The primary objective was to determine how many patients failed stem cell collection following mobilization at our center.Fifty-six adult patients with lymphoma (N=23) and MM (N=33) were identified. Patients were excluded if they were treated for a pediatric malignancy or an alternate diagnosis. The average number of pheresis and CD34 cells/kg collected in each group are shown Table 1. Forty-three percent (10/23) patients with lymphoma received plerixafor and G-CSF as the first line option for mobilization and 57% (13/23) received plerixafor and G-CSF after failing other regimens. A total of 5 (22%) patients with lymphoma failed collection following mobilization with plerixafor, 1 as a primary mobilization failure and 4 having failed other mobilization strategies. Thirty-nine percent (13/33) of patients with MM received plerixafor and G-CSF as the first line option for mobilization and 61% (20/33)after failing other regimens, including cyclophosphamide (N=15) and G-CSF alone (N=5). Among the patients mobilized with plerixafor, 6% (2/33) failed collection, 1 who received plerixafor and G-CSF for primary mobilization and only 1 after failing other regimens.In lymphoma and MM patients plerixafor in combination with G-CSF is effective for stem cell mobilization and in this study we report higher success rates than in previously published data. The few number of failures with plerixafor plus G-CSF given as a primary mobilization regimen, supports its use in this setting and is attractive considering that it can reduce patient's exposure to chemotherapy.Matasar: Genzyme Pharmaceuticals: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

Abstract 2263

No standard treatment exists for relapsed or refractory (rel/ref) Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) following autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) failure and prognosis is poor. Nonmyeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplant (NMT) offers a chance of cure in a subset of these patients; therefore the goal of treatment should be to ultimately refer patients to NMT. Bendamustine is a bifunctional alkylating agent, recently FDA approved for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Limited data supports the use of bendamustine in HL (Borchmann, et al. Ann Oncol 1998).This is a phase II clinical trial evaluating the activity of single-agent bendamustine in rel/ref HL for ASCT failures, NMT failures, or patients (pts) who are ineligible for transplant. Our primary outcomes are response rate and, for eligible pts, referral to NMT. Pts receive bendamustine 120mg/m2, for two consecutive days, every 28 days. Pegfilgrastim is administered with each cycle and treatment is delayed until absolute neutrophil count is > 1000/ul and the platelet count is > 75,000/ul. Dose is reduced to 100mg/m2 in cases of treatment delays > 5 days due to neutropenia or thrombocytopenia or for grade 3 non-hematologic toxicities. Pts are evaluated for response by CT and PET after 2, 4, and 6 cycles. Pts deemed eligible for NMT at initiation of bendamustine are referred when they have had maximal response to bendamustine. Others receive a maximum of 6 cycles.To date, 18 out of a planned 37 pts have been enrolled. Twelve of the 18 pts previously failed ASCT, 2 failed NMT. Of 16 evaluable pts, 2 progressed prior to the first re-evaluation and died rapidly from HL. Of the remaining 14 pts, 12 pts responded. There were 6 CRs (38%), 6 PRs (38%), 1 SD; ORR was 75%. All responding pts showed evidence of improvement at first restaging. One pt withdrew consent after 1 cycle. This pt achieved a CR and has been monitored off therapy for 10 months. At time of enrollment, 12 of the 16 evaluable pts were deemed eligible for NMT. Reasons for NMT ineligibility were additional comorbidities (3) and previous NMT (1). Of the 12 NMT eligible pts, 3 have completed NMT and 3 were referred but ultimately refused. The three completed NMTs were performed following 4 cycles of bendamustine. Bendamustine was very well tolerated. Three SAEs have occurred: grade 3 nausea following cycle 1, fungal pneumonia following cycle 2, and pyelonephritis following cycle 6. There have been 6 treatment delays due to thrombocytopenia (3), neutropenia (1), pneumonia (2). There have been 4 treatment reductions due to neutropenia (2), nausea (1), and thrombocytopenia (1).Interim results from this ongoing trial indicate that bendamustine is highly active in heavily pre-treated rel/ref HL and enables referral to NMT in a significant portion of eligible pts. Future studies will combine bendamustine with novel agents in rel/ref HL.No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Remission duration of less than 1 year following primary treatment for HL has been associated with poor prognosis following high dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) in several published series; however these studies included patients treated with older HL regimens (Reece et al. 1994; Brice et al. 1996; Moskowitz et al. 2001; Josting et al. 2002). We investigated the outcome for patients transplanted following remission duration of less than 1 year after currently used primary chemotherapy regimens to identify risk groups who may benefit from post-transplant maintenance or consolidation therapy.We combined data from 2 large transplant centers, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute (CCTCI) and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), analyzing consecutive patients transplanted with chemosensitive disease for rel/ref HL following induction failure or remission durations of less than 1 year. Prognostic factors were determined using univariate and multivariate analysis. Review was carried out with approval of the respective Institutional Review Boards.Two hundred and fourteen patients were included in this series; 112 patients from CCTCI transplanted between 1995 and 2008, and 102 patients from MSKCC transplanted between 1994 and 2005. The median follow up for survivors was 6 years. The group consisted of 49% females with a median age of 31. The majority (80%) received ABVD or Stanford V as induction therapy. Tandem transplants were performed in 39 pts (18%). Patients received a median of 2 previous chemotherapy regimens prior to transplant (range 1-4) and 64 (30%) received previous radiation therapy. One hundred and seven (50%) patients were primary induction failures, 127 (59%) failed induction or relapsed within 3 months of primary treatment, and 87 pts relapsed between 3 and 12 months. At relapse, 52 pts (24%) had a single nodal mass measuring greater than 5 cm, 91 pts (43%) had extranodal disease (ENS), and 51 pts (24%) had B symptoms. The EFS and OS at 6 yrs for all pts were 47% and 55% respectively. Factors significant for prognosis in univariate analysis were B symptoms, ENS, and bulk >5cm at relapse as well as remission duration less than 3 months and greater than 2 treatment regimens prior to transplant. In multivariate analysis, ENS and bulk remained significant for EFS and OS. We incorporated these two factors into a risk model separating patients into favorable (n=56), intermediate (n=58) and poor (n=30) survival groups. Figure 1 shows the OS for pts according risk groups.Patients transplanted with remission duration less than 1 year for rel/ref HL have an OS rate at 6yrs of 55% which compares favorably to earlier transplant series. Furthermore, 39% of pts within our cohort had no ENS or bulk at relapse and had excellent outcomes with 6 yr EFS and OS of 63% and 78% respectively. Thus, patients with the sole risk factor of relapse within 1 year of induction therapy are expected to have favorable outcomes and should not be considered poor risk; however those pts with remission duration less than 1 year and concomitant ENS, bulk or both are excellent study candidates for transplant studies incorporating novel agents.No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Abstract 3413

Abstract 720

The competitive dynamics between domestic and native carnivores are poorly studied. We examined competition for food between sympatric populations of free-ranging dogs (Canis familiaris) and Indian foxes (Vulpes bengalensis) through dietary analysis in a protected, dry grassland habitat in central India. We expected significant dietary overlap between dogs and foxes because of clear evidence of interference competition between dogs and foxes in this area. However, dogs subsisted largely on human-derived foods (HDFs) from direct feeding, and scavenging on garbage, crop residue, and livestock carcasses (83% relative occurrence [RO]). Wild-caught foods constituted only 11% RO of the diet of dogs. The majority of the diet of Indian foxes consisted of invertebrates (33% RO), rodents (20% RO), and fruits of Zizyphus (18.5% RO). Indian foxes did not consume HDF, nor did they scavenge from large-mammal carcasses, and included only a small portion of agricultural produce in their diet. The low contribution of HDF and agricultural food sources to the diet of Indian foxes was surprising because this species is a generalist omnivore. Dogs may be preventing foxes from accessing agricultural lands and human-associated foods by interference competition.

The standard treatment for relapsed and primary refractory (rel/ref) Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) for patients (pts) who demonstrate chemosensitivity to second-line chemotherapy (ST) is high dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (HDT-ASCT). Since 1994, four studies at our institution evaluated ICE (ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide) based salvage therapy followed by HDT-ASCT in rel/ref HL. Chemosensitivity is a requirement for pts to proceed to HDT-ASCT, however the definition of chemosensitivity is broad. We use both functional imaging (gallium or PET) and CT to assess response to ICE; pts with chemosensitive disease fall into three groups: normalization of CT and FI (NRM), residual mass on CT but with negative FI (RM, FI-), and FI positivity regardless of CT finding (FI+). Here we report the outcome for pts who responded to ICE ST and proceeded to HDT-ASCT. Between October 1994 and February 2008, 198 pts received ICE on 1 of 4 consecutive protocols (169 pts) or as per protocol (29 pts) and were deemed transplant-eligible. The median follow-up for surviving patients is 7.4 years. There were 99 male pts and 99 female pts; the median age was 31. With respect to the 3 pre-salvage chemotherapy risk factors (RF) (relapse within 1 year of primary treatment, presence of extranodal disease, and B symptoms): 44 pts had 0 RF, 64 had 1 RF, 75 had 2 RF, and 8 had 3 RF. Bulky disease defined as greater than 5cm or 10cm was present in 60 (30%) and 15 (7.5%) pts respectively. The five year event free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) were 69% and 78% respectively. Seventy six (38%) had a NRM response to ST, 73 (37%) had a RM, FI- response, and 49 (25%) were FI+. The 5 year EFS and OS for the three groups were 86% and 93%, 71% and 79%, and 41% and 51% respectively. There was a statistically significant improvement in OS and EFS for the NRM and RM, FI- groups compared to the FI+ group (p<0.0001). Surprisingly, a comparison between the NRM and RM, FI- groups also revealed a statistically significant improvement in EFS and OS for the NRM group (p=0.05 and 0.04 respectively). Response to ICE ST followed by HDT-ASCT is associated with a prolonged EFS and OS. The quality of response to ICE ST had a significant impact on outcome. Both a residual mass with normalized FI and abnormal FI after ST predicts for an inferior outcome following HDT-ASCT. However, residual radiotracer on FI was associated with the poorest outcome in both EFS and OS. CONCLUSION: Outcome cannot be predicted by FI alone since both RM, FI- and FI+ groups had an inferior outcome compared to NRM. The most accurate post treatment evaluation includes both CT and PET. Figure Figure

We have reported that outcome of transplant-eligible patients (pts) with relapsed and primary refractory HL is determined by three pre-second-line chemotherapy (ST) risk factors (RF): remission duration of <1 yr., extranodal disease and B symptoms. In addition, normalization of FDG-PET prior to ASCT is the most important factor predicting favorable EFS. We now report the preliminary results of an ongoing phase II risk-adapted study where HL pts receive the following: Favorable risk (0–1 RF) - one cycle of standard dose ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide (ICE) ST followed by one cycle of augmented ICE; unfavorable risk (2-RF)- 2 cycles of augmented ICE. All pts then underwent a restaging FDG-PET and the results determined the next treatment. Pts with a negative FDG-PET went directly to HDT/ASCT; however if the FDG-PET was still positive, pts received an additional four biweekly cycles of gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2), vinorelbine (20 mg/m2) and liposomal doxorubicin (15 mg/m2) (GVD) followed by repeat FDG-PET scan; pts without evidence of progression then received HDT/ASCT. Preceding high-dose chemotherapy and ASCT, patients that were radiation therapy-naive received involved field radiotherapy (IFRT) followed by total lymphoid irradiation. Selected previously irradiated patients received only IFRT. Sixty-two pts are evaluable; median follow-up of surviving pts is 30 months; median age was 35. Forty-eight pts had a remission duration of < 1 yr. of those, 28 had primary refractory disease; 28 had extranodal disease and 11 had B symptoms. All patients had previously failed doxorubicin-based chemotherapy; 18 had received prior radiation; of those, 13 failed in the radiation field. Following first ST chemotherapy with ICE, 3 pts progressed, while 37 pts normalized their FDG-PET scan and currently 31 of these pts are event-free. Twenty-five pts with an improving CT scan after ICE still had a persistently positive FDG-PET; they received the second ST with GVD. Of these, 13 pts normalized their FDG-PET scan and 11 are eventfree; the remaining 12 pts had persistently abnormal FDG-PET scan or progressed; only 4 of them are event-free. There was no difference in outcome between the pts who had normal FDG-PET after ICE (pre-ASCT) and those who achieved a negative FDG-PET scan because of the additional ST with GVD. Both of these cohorts had a statistically significant improvement in EFS compared to pts with a persistently positive FDG-PET. In total 46/62 (65%) pts on this program are currently event-free. One pt died from sepsis. Conclusion: For pts with relapsed and primary refractory HL our evolving strategy is to administer ST until normalization of FDG-PET is achieved prior to HDT/ASCT. Figure Figure

The standard treatment for relapsed and primary refractory (rel/ref) Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) for patients (pts) who demonstrate chemosensitivity to second-line chemotherapy (ST) is high dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (HDT-ASCT). Since 1994, four studies at our institution evaluated ICE (ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide) based salvage therapy followed by HDT-ASCT in rel/ref HL. Chemosensitivity is a requirement for pts to proceed to HDT-ASCT, however the definition of chemosensitivity is broad. We use both functional imaging (gallium or PET) and CT to assess response to ICE; pts with chemosensitive disease fall into three groups: normalization of CT and FI (NRM), residual mass on CT but with negative FI (RM, FI-), and FI positivity regardless of CT finding (FI+). Here we report the outcome for pts who responded to ICE ST and proceeded to HDT-ASCT.

We have reported that outcome of transplant-eligible patients (pts) with relapsed and primary refractory HL is determined by three pre-second-line chemotherapy (ST) risk factors (RF): remission duration of <1 yr., extranodal disease and B symptoms. In addition, normalization of FDG-PET prior to ASCT is the most important factor predicting favorable EFS. We now report the preliminary results of an ongoing phase II risk-adapted study where HL pts receive the following: Favorable risk (0–1 RF) - one cycle of standard dose ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide (ICE) ST followed by one cycle of augmented ICE; unfavorable risk (2-RF)- 2 cycles of augmented ICE. All pts then underwent a restaging FDG-PET and the results determined the next treatment. Pts with a negative FDG-PET went directly to HDT/ASCT; however if the FDG-PET was still positive, pts received an additional four biweekly cycles of gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2), vinorelbine (20 mg/m2) and liposomal doxorubicin (15 mg/m2) (GVD) followed by repeat FDG-PET scan; pts without evidence of progression then received HDT/ASCT. Preceding high-dose chemotherapy and ASCT, patients that were radiation therapy-naive received involved field radiotherapy (IFRT) followed by total lymphoid irradiation. Selected previously irradiated patients received only IFRT.