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Copyright of Urban History Review / Revue d'Histoire Urbaine is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

"The Tragedy of the (Not So Much in) Common(s)" is an article that explores the role of law in society and its impact on economic success. The author argues that law often appears in the form of court cases and litigation, disrupting unity and commonality. The article also discusses the importance of considering externalities in economic and city planning, particularly in relation to climate change and financial breakdown. The author suggests that taking reasonable steps and creating shared understandings can potentially lead to positive outcomes, but acknowledges the challenge of finding solutions that benefit everyone. [Extracted from the article]

Liverpool is an endlessly fascinating, challenging city. It has a grip on people’s imaginations in a way few other cities do – nationally or internationally. During the past century the city went from the second city of the greatest empire the world had ever seen into a post imperial period of economic decline and political despair. But it has emerged Phoenix-like as one of the most significant examples of urban renaissance in the UK. Its story has many lessons for the external world. This paper examines this continuing if incomplete renaissance of Liverpool. It assesses the economic decline that caused its physical, social, and political fragmentation during the 1970s and the many plans since then seeking to revive and reconnect it. It charts the city’s fall in the 1980s, its gradual normalization in the 1990s, its extraordinary success as a European city in the first part of this century and its efforts to remain ambitious in an age of austerity. It identifies the key drivers of change, in particular local, national, and European regeneration initiatives and plans. It asks what needs to be done to continue the renaissance in terms of productivity, place, and people. It examines the current risks to the city in the light of the impact of Brexit, COVID, the loss of UNESCO World Heritage Status as well as its recent political crises and the imposition of Government Commissioners. A key message from the Liverpool story for governments and other cities is that renaissance is possible even in the most difficult circumstances, and that public resources, commitment, and planning have a large part to play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores land-use regulations and the urban homelessness crisis in the U.S. Topics discussed include the economic factors which contribute to the increasing number of homeless people in the country, the legal directives introduced to provide shelter in addition to the criminalization of homelessness, and the residential zoning patterns and policies being implemented in Los Angeles, California.

Land policy interventions are important ways for municipalities to implement their spatial development objectives. Such interventions may, however, generate both intended and unintended effects to housing supply and its responsiveness. It is therefore essential to better understand how and through what kind of mechanisms local land policy interventions can influence the quantity of housing supply. This paper addresses these questions. First, we develop a conceptual classification of so-called intervention mechanisms that describes the linkages between local land policy interventions and the quantity and responsiveness of housing supply. The intervention mechanisms build on a review of the urban economics literature and are further developed empirically using extensive expert interview data on local land policy interventions and practices in 30 Finnish municipalities. Based on the understanding that such intervention primarily influences housing supply through either direct or indirect costs on development, we conceptualize seven intervention mechanisms in the Finnish land policy context. Second, we demonstrate the variation in the application of land policy interventions that contribute to the (in)responsiveness of housing supply at the municipal level. Our findings highlight significant variation in the application of such interventions, potentially leading to different outcomes in housing supply restrictiveness. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which land policy interventions operate to affect the (in)responsiveness of housing supply. • The paper scrutinizes the linkages between local land policy and the quantity of housing supply. • We develop seven intervention mechanisms to describe how land policy contributes to housing supply (in)responsiveness. • We document variation in the application of housing supply-relevant land policy interventions by Finnish municipalities. • The findings can provide support for municipalities in their land policy formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nova Economia is the property of Nova Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents conceptual research questions and propositions on the relationship between the artisan entrepreneur's oppositional identity and entrepreneurially venturing in the context of declining cities and urbanized regions. In general, I propose that some features of declining cities typically deemed harmful to business (e.g., deindustrialization, population loss, stifled innovation) may be less problematic for artisan ventures operated with a strong devotion to craft, localness and sense of place, and independence and less emphasis on financial performance than is typical of more mainstream entrepreneurship. The conceptual development herein relies on identity theory (including occupational identity and counter-institutional identity concepts), embeddedness theory, and urban economics concepts. This effort addresses calls for more research on both artisan entrepreneurship and the declining city as a context of entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Stewart (1947) and Clark (1951) proposed that urban population density is a negative exponential function of the distance from a city's center. This model of the spatial distribution of urban population density has been influential in urban economics, transportation planning, and urban demography. Duncan (1957) suggested characterizing the inequality in the distribution of urban population density in this model by using standard economic measures of concentration or unevenness: the Lorenz curve, the Gini coefficient, and the Hoover dissimilarity index. Batty (1974) advocated measuring concentration using relative entropy. OBJECTIVE We execute Duncan's (1957) and Batty's (1974) suggestions using mathematical analysis, not simulations. METHODS We modify the negative exponential model to recognize that any city has a finite radius. RESULTS Mathematical analysis reveals that all four measures of concentration depend sensitively on the finite radius of the city in the negative exponential model. We give a numerical example of the sensitivity of the concentration measures to the boundary radius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ongoing urbanization and increasing decentralization of production have increased interest in the urban factory concept. Urban factories are production systems located in an urban environment that make use of the unique resources and characteristics of their surroundings to create products locally with a potentially high degree of customer involvement. This paper explores key technologies and methods, enabling production in cities and requirements to expand and support the urban factory concept. Industry examples are presented to highlight the opportunity that urban factories provide to deliver better, more customizable products at a lower cost, lower environmental impact and shorter lead-time. In general, there are still high uncertainties on how the underlying physical and immaterial exchange flows of urban factories influence urban systems and vice versa. Technological solutions fostering positive urban production systems are mainly coming from single disciplinary backgrounds and are increasingly transferred to the application in urban production sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Economique is the property of Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Economique is the property of Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Opposition to climate policies is partly due to their impacts on inequality. But with most economic studies focused on income inequalities, the quantitative spatial effect of economic climate policy instruments is poorly understood. Here, using a model derived from the standard urban model of urban economics, we simulate a fuel tax in Cape Town, South Africa, decomposing its impacts by income class, housing type, and location, and over different timeframes, assuming that agents gradually adapt. We find that in the short term, there are both income and spatial inequalities, with low-income households or suburban dwellers more negatively impacted. These inequalities persist in the medium and long terms, as the poorest households, living in informal or subsidized housing, have few or no ways to adapt to fuel price increases by changing housing type, size or location, or transportation mode. Low-income households living in formal housing are also impacted by the tax over the long term due to complex effects driven by competition with richer households in the housing market. Complementary policies promoting a flexible labor market, affordable public transportation, or subsidies that help low-income households live closer to employment centers will be key to the social acceptability of climate policies. • Spatial inequalities arising from urban climate policies are poorly understood. • Using an urban model with informal housing, we simulate a fuel tax in Cape Town. • Impacts are decomposed over time, assuming agents adapt gradually. • Land-use segregation and housing market mechanisms lead to persisting inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 3D building view-metrics are computed using a large-scale digital model. • Visual capital is measured by calibrating view-metrics with average net-income. • Water and distant views strongly influence visual capital. • Visual capital is context-dependent, relying on combinations of individual view elements. • The urban and natural form influence the scarcity of a good view, i.e. view-inequality. Evaluating visual landscape quality provides valuable information for urban development and spatial planning. In practice however, obtaining high resolution view-metrics and outcome data with sufficient geographic coverage has remained challenging. To overcome this limitation, we construct a scalable measure of visual landscape quality by first defining building-level view-metrics derived from a large-scale 3D representation of Switzerland's building stock. Leveraging the principle of income-sorting, we estimate visual preferences by calibrating the building level view-metrics with commune-level incomes (CLI). The learned model captures common intuition on visual preferences, i.e. attributing positive weight to lake-views, and identifies context-dependent relationships between view metrics. To contextualize the derived quantitative measure, we refer to the preference for a building's portfolio of viewpoints as a building's visual capital (VC). By assessing the supply of VC across Switzerland's entire building stock, we uncover an association between VC and the urban and natural form, where urban density and landscape topology explain the strength of view-driven-income sorting across agglomerations. We demonstrate that spatial clustering of VC varies across cities and frequently crosses administrative boundaries. Finally, we release a privacy protected version of VC at www.visualcapital.xyz , which we expect to promote future interdisciplinary studies focused on correlates of visual landscape quality (whether financial, social, environmental or physiological). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Embodied land balance flows for the urban economy. Highlights • Multiple types of land use are assessed by a multi-scale input-output analysis. • There is a huge gap between urban land requirement and actual land occupation. • The total embodied land transfers related to Beijing are about 41.86 million ha. • Sources and destinations of embodied land at urban economy are decomposed. • Multi-scale assessment is essential for regional development and land utilization. Abstract In a situation in which land is in short supply, attention has focused largely on the direct use rather than on the indirect use of land embodied in regional, national and international flows of goods and services. To fill this gap, the multi-scale input-output method is used to identify the impact of final demand and trade activities on the requirements of a single metropolis, Beijing as a case, for land use embodied in its supply chains and commodity trade. While Beijing has limited land at its disposition, the land embodied in its final demand exceeds its own land area by a factor of more than ten, indicating the importance of co-ordinated land use planning and of supporting assessments of land use balance. Covering both direct and indirect land utilization through supply chains, the multi-scale land use analysis plays a significant role to extend the urban land use planning to different scales' sources and sinks. It is thus essential to identify land use balance at urban economy, which could provide potential policy implications for dynamic adjustments of land use allocation and land-intensive industries from a multi-scale and multi-type perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A bourgeoning literature is stressing the crucial importance of agglomeration economies provided by large cities for personal, business and territorial development. One of the main reasons for the economic, demographic and social struggles of rural regions is exactly the lack of such agglomeration benefits. This paper explores the question of which broad strategies can make rural economies more competitive in the age of the 'urban triumph' by organising the presence of a higher level of agglomeration benefits in rural regions. Theoretically, three strategies are discerned: a) 'borrowing size' in infrastructural, transport and organisational networks to 'tap into' some of the benefits of surrounding or other metropolitan areas; b) urban concentration to develop a single, more attractive urban center in the rural region; and c) the formation of a strongly integrated network of complementary towns and cities in the rural region. The implementation of these strategies is often complicated, as we document for the rural province of Zeeland in the Netherlands. From an overarching perspective, it has been particularly internal fragmentation that has led to further marginalisation, peripheralisation and the missing of many opportunities to 'borrow size'. The strategies defined here show that rural regions are not unfortunate victims of the tendencies leading to the 'urban triumph', but have the potential to reap the benefits of agglomeration themselves. Highlights • Rural regions face development challenges due to limited agglomeration benefits. • Rural regions can reap the advantages of agglomeration too through 'borrowing size'. • Rural regions can organise their urban mass more efficiently. • Internal fragmentation of rural regions leads to their marginalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nova Economia is the property of Nova Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As the night-time economy gains relevance in discourses on Berlin's urban development, ‘the night' has become a contested term. Night-time use of public space is the object of growing public dissatisfaction, especially in certain areas of the borough Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg. This paper looks at the governance arrangement that evolves in response to this problematization through the lens of one specific project. The so-called fair.kiez project gathered a broad coalition of state and non-state actors, local and citywide organizations to mediate use-conflicts regarding night-time noise, littering and unruly behavior in Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg. Having evaluated the conception and implementation of this project, we suggest that this project is exemplary for a specific un-governing of recent conflicts between residents and economic interests in an entertainment and consumption-oriented city economy. The fair.kiez project reveals interlocking patterns of this (un-)governing, such as the manufacturing of a specific consent, the marginalization of the problem and a shift to symbolic policies. A horizontal governance arrangement is formed and public demands are answered, but ultimately the issue is rendered un-governable. In analyzing the un-governing of the night as an example for the process of de-politicization this paper contributes to debates on post-political urban governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informal economic activities not only contribute to the economic growth of most countries, they also have a significant effect on the built environment. This study assesses the effect of urban informal economic activity (UIEA) on the quality of the built environment in residential areas of the metropolis of Lagos, Nigeria. It adopts a case study methodology with survey research design, disproportionate sample size, and multi-stage sampling techniques. Data collection utilises questionnaire surveys and personal observations from 1345 informal economic operators in 52 administrative wards of the 16 local government areas (LGAs) of Lagos. This research uses descriptive and inferential statistical tools for analysis and interpretation of 973 completed questionnaires (73.9%) returned from the survey. The results reflect an adverse effect of UIEA on the quality of the built environment in residential areas with regard to aesthetic disorder, street trading, traffic jams, visual obstructions, indiscriminate disposal of waste and land use conversion. This finding implies that a significant inter-group relationship exists between the effects of UIEA on the quality of the built environment, and that UIEA creates a severe increase in environmental challenges in Lagos. Recommendations include policy formulation, integrated socio-economic and environmental planning design approaches for curtailing these challenges and improving the quality of the built environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new type of urban economy is emerging in many cities of the world based on innovation and soft-technology among micro and small enterprises. This movement back to the city has been promoted by both bottom-up and top-down interventions. The Maker Movement, start-ups tailored policy agendas and shared service accommodations set ups are all different facets of business regulations oriented to promoting entrepreneurial ventures as a way to trigger new economic growth in lagging urban environments. This paper looks at the case of Rome and compares it with other cases and policy interventions around the world. The results raise concerns about the efficacy of policy mobility in this connection. The planning system still fails to address the impact these activities might have settling on an existing urban fabric and giving new life to derelict areas of the city. The few implemented regeneration strategies that exist have mainly emulated past experiences of creative cities and clusters. Yet, from an economic point of view, start-ups have become the new panacea in neo-liberalised job markets. The remaking of new urban economies is influencing contemporary processes of regeneration in cities of both developed and developing world and a better understanding of its dynamics is needed to inform future policy making processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The guiding theory in urban development largely views non-concentric urban form as undesirable and even pathologic for poor land-use planning, with negative consequences for peri-urban farmland. As a result, the dominant planning discourse calls for concentric urban areas, thereby minimizing the urban interface. Yet, the urban interface is known to be important to housing markets, particularly where farmland amenities are valued. This research argues that increased rugosity, or greater urban interface exposure, is vital to both urban and agricultural markets. Findings from 30 case study counties and spatial multivariate analysis demonstrate that an increased urban interface is associated with large populations, high rates of population growth, high demand in the housing market, and significant historic peri-urban farm holdings involved in direct-marketing. High rugosity urban areas are associated with the sustained vigor of both urban and agricultural land-uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many Polish cities are faced with a dilemma: to enact their local land-use plans and be exposed to the immediate financial consequences of their adoption, or to protect their budgets against these costs and give up the control of the development of cities. There are very broad compensation rights for value decline due to planning regulations and for areas designated in plans for the public roads. At the same time, current planning system policies and instruments in Poland largely neglect how the costs of providing urban infrastructure and services are socialized and how the benefits of development processes are privatized. The use of value capture instruments is very limited. This paper discusses the distribution of rights and liabilities in relation to the two main sides of the property-values effect caused by land-use planning regulations and public works in Poland, in the background of the new planning system and property rights approach adopted in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land use policy is administered at the local level in the U.S. However, many of the benefits and costs have broader spatial impacts. Thus, a lack of coordination across local jurisdictions may lead to unintended spillovers. Using historical data from the Baltimore, Maryland metro, we examine the impact that an extensive zoning policy change in Baltimore County had on new housing supply in surrounding counties. Defining treatment and control locations in surrounding counties based on their adjacency to Baltimore County, we find that the change in zoning policy led to an increase in housing supply of 42%–97% in adjacent counties. In both spatial and temporal falsification tests, we fail to find evidence of a spillover effect suggesting that the increased development was likely the result of spillovers from uncoordinated policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars of New Urbanism have suggested that mixing along various dimensions in neighborhoods (e.g., income, race/ethnicity, land use) may have positive consequences for neighborhoods, particularly for economic dynamism. A challenge for empirically assessing this hypothesis is that the impact of mixing may depend on various socio-demographic characteristics of the neighborhood and takes place in a complex fashion that cannot be appropriately handled by traditional statistical analytical approaches. We utilize a rarely used, innovative estimation technique—kernel regularized least squares—that allows for nonparametric estimation of the relationship between various neighborhood characteristics in 2000 and the change in average household income in the neighborhood from 2000 to 2010. The results demonstrate that the relationships between average income growth and both income mixing and racial/ethnic mixing are contingent upon several neighborhood socio-demographic “ingredients”. For example, racial mixing is positively associated with average income over time when it occurs in neighborhoods with a high percentage of Latinos or immigrants, high population density, or high housing age mixing. Income mixing is associated with worsening average household income in neighborhoods with more poverty, unemployment, immigrants, or population density. It appears that considering the broader characteristics of the neighborhood is important for understanding economic dynamism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the majority of the world’s human population now living in cities, urban forests provide an increasingly important range of ecosystem services, from improved air quality and climate change adaptation to better public health outcomes and increased tourism revenues. The importance of these ecosystem services in urban environments, and the central role that cities play in the lives of people around the world, have motivated various attempts to quantify the value of ecosystem services provided by urban forests. This paper reviews existing research in the fields of urban forestry, economics, sociology, and health on the value of urban ecosystem services, with a focus on cultural services, a category of ecosystem services that is of key importance to human well-being but that has suffered from a lack of empirical research. The review identified 38 studies that examined the value of mixed vegetation, 31 studies that examined the value of trees, and 43 studies that examined the value of green spaces. Psychological health is the most-studied ecosystem service category, with most research in this area focusing on the services of mixed vegetation. Social health, community economic development, and tourism are the least-studied, with most research in these areas focusing on mixed vegetation and trees. Multiple metrics were used to quantify the value of urban greenery within each ecosystem service category but only 11 metrics were assigned a monetary value. Gaps in the literature that present strong opportunities for future research include: the value of urban forests for improving social health, equitable access to ecosystem services, the impact of urban forests on community economic development, and economic valuation and green exposure metrics. We hope that this review stimulates future research in the areas highlighted and that municipalities consider including evaluations of a broad range of ecosystem services during land use planning and budgeting processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nova Economia is the property of Nova Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Urban metabolism provides a characterization of anthropogenic material flows in urban systems and should contribute to identify the economic activities that were involved on their supply and transformation. Typically, its quantification requires data that is not easily available in different geographies. This paper makes use of a methodology based on monetary input–output tables and international trade statistics that might be easily replicable to many metropolitan areas in the world, and which is intended to provide a first rough estimation of urban material flows. The paper discusses the results obtained for four metropolitan areas (Lisbon, Paris, Seoul–Incheon and Shanghai), assessing the material requirements of these economies. The urban areas are compared in terms of the quantity and the type of material input, destination of materials within the economy and their distribution among economic activities. The results showed that while Lisbon is the most diverse urban area in terms of the consumption of material types, it is also the urban area with the least diversified manufacturing sector. The application of this methodology to several urban areas and across multiple years enables the assessment of the technological and economic evolution of those regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Property valuation plays a significant role in urban economics and is of great importance to various stakeholders who interact and shape the city, including property owners, buyers, banks, land developers, real estate agents, local councils and government planning authorities. In the literature, various predictive models have been proposed to automate the calculation of property value, most of which endeavour to factor in the combination of property characteristics, market factors and location-based attributes associated with individual properties use large citywide databases. At the same time, it has been widely acknowledged that regional sub-areas have impacts on property price prediction. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the performance of various techniques on sub-areas using the Greater Sydney Region as the study area. The sub-area in this paper is defined as the statistical areas (SAs) as defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. In particular, two different SA geographies (SA4, SA3) along with the City Level are adopted to understand the spatial dependence which occurs at different levels. With real-world transaction records and data collected from a diverse range of sources, various methods including the traditional hedonic price model (HPM) and popular machine learning (ML) approaches are implemented and evaluated for property price prediction. Two different property markets for residential property are modelled, being for housing stock and apartment (unit) stock. Experimental results show that Random Forest and Gradient Boosting-based methods outperform other approaches in most scenarios and that the high spatial resolution property sub-area (SA3) improved the performance in terms of overall model accuracy. This research provides insights into how sub-area machine learning models can be employed in real estate to characterize property price, and helps understand the influential factors in different local geographical areas for policy-making. • Property valuation is modelled with property attributes, locational and socioeconomic factors by a variety of machine learning algorithms. • Models are implemented on three different geographical area levels. • Both in-time and out-of-time validation are implemented. • House and Apartments are both valued. • Valuation carried out on smaller regions can improve the predictive performance of most modelling techniques. • The study illustrates that the variables' contributions to the property price vary for different geographical areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The livelihoods of Chinese rural households are undergoing a transformation amid urbanization. While participation in the urban economy has improved rural living standards, rural income has consistently lagged behind urban income, and a broader prosperity gap persists between urban and rural areas. How to increase rural income and reduce the rural-urban gap remains a major challenge for the Chinese government. This study examines rural livelihoods within the broader development context of China, paying particular attention to the interconnection between agricultural and industrial development. We further elaborate Arthur Lewis's insight about Unlimited Supply of Labor to illustrate the various social, economic, and institutional components that affect the two-sector development dynamics in the Chinese urbanization context. Through an in-depth case study of eight villages in Jiangxi Province, we analyze the complex processes that shape the livelihoods of rural households, which also provides the micro-socioeconomic foundations for the macro-level development dynamics. Our qualitative interviews and field observations enable us to develop a deeper understanding of the decision-making of rural households and the multifaceted constraints confronting them in developing viable livelihoods. We reflect from a systems perspective on how development, migration, and land policies may synergistically foster healthy rural-urban development dynamics. And this will help lift system-level constraints and facilitate rural households with different characteristics, situated in different local environmental settings, building robust livelihoods via different paths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban parks form the largest proportion of public green spaces contributing to both physical and mental well-being of people living in urban areas. CO 2 sequestration capability of the vegetation developing in parks of four historical residences (Villa Pamphjli, Villa Ada Savoia, Villa Borghese and Villa Torlonia) in Rome and its economic value were analyzed. Villa Pamphjli and Villa Ada Savoia having a larger vegetation extension (165.04 ha and 134.33 ha, respectively), also had a larger total yearly CO 2 sequestration per hectare (CS) (780 MgCO 2 ha −1 year −1 and 998 MgCO 2 ha −1 year −1 , respectively) than Villa Borghese (664 MgCO 2 ha −1 year −1 ) and Villa Torlonia (755 MgCO 2 ha −1 year −1 ), which had a lower vegetation extension (56.72 ha and 9.70 ha, respectively). CS was significantly correlated with leaf area index (LAI). The calculated CS for the four parks (3197 MgCO 2 ha −1 year −1 ), corresponding to 3.6% of the total greenhouse gas emissions of Rome for 2010, resulted in an annual economic value of $ 23537 /ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the economic performance of cities is the new global narrative. A recent report by the United Nations called Towards a New Urban Agenda indicates that cities account for 70 per cent of the world's gross domestic product (GDP) - some 55 per cent of GDP in low-income countries, 73 per cent in middle-income countries, and 85 per cent in high-income countries i. Cities, according to the report, are becoming prominent players in the global arena. Harnessing their growth potential, agglomeration economies, and other transformational attributes are thus central to economic growth and poverty reduction goals and objectives. It is in this context that this paper delves into an examination of one question: what would make cities in 'developing Indian states' economically vibrant? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use information of the period 2000–2010 to assess the land market neutrality of a Land Value Development Tax (LVDT) in Bogota (Colombia). This city introduced the LVDT in 2004 and it offers an excellent vantage point for observation of its effects because of these reasons: (a) the LVDT follows a clear spatial and temporal application process; (b) the LVDT is applied over an extended metropolitan area regulated by a single master plan throughout all the years of application of the tax; (c) the city comprises a single public authority for revenue and taxation purposes; and (d) there has been no previous historical experience with the use of this type of land exaction in the city or its region. The LVDT is a one-time exaction levied where regulatory or infrastructural state interventions determine price increases, making it a difficult assessment subject when compared to the pure land tax. However, the aforementioned characteristics of our case study allow us to test its static (lowering of land prices) and dynamic (no development timing effects) neutrality in an emerging urban environment, using single and multi-equation spatial panel techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores Much has been chronicled about the proliferation of innovative teaching methods in economics. From augmented reality games (Al-Bahrani et al., 2018) and children's literature (Rodgers et al., 2007; Yetter, 2016) to music (Krasnozhon, 2013) and social media (Al-Bahrani & Patel, 2015), pedagogical innovations have become an important tool for enhancing the classroom experience for both teachers and students alike.

Evaluation of environmental-economic damage caused by disturbance of land in urban area is a major task. Current methodologies that are used in Russia are too complex and outdated. In this paper a modern market economy approach is proposed. It was used to calculate environmental-economic damage caused by major (27 ha) illegal landfill in St. Petersburg (Russia). The results were compared to the results obtained using official methodology for the same site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we suggest a methodology that combines geographic information systems (GIS) and material flow analysis (MFA) into a secondary reserve-prospecting tool. The approach is two-phased and couples spatially informed size estimates of urban metal stocks (phase 1) to the equally spatially contingent efforts required to extract them (phase 2). Too often, even the most advanced MFA assessments stop at the first of these two phases, meaning that essential information needed to facilitate resource recovery, i.e., urban mining, is missing from their results. To take MFA one step further, our approach is characterized by a high resolution that connects the analysis of the stock to the social practices that arrange material flows in the city, thereby enabling an assessment of the economic conditions for secondary resource recovery. To exemplify, we provide a case study of the hibernation stock of copper found in disconnected power cables in Linköping, Sweden. Since 1970, 123 tonnes of copper or ≈1 kg per person have accumulated underneath the city, predominantly in old, central parts of the city and industrial areas. While shorter cables are more numerous than long ones, the longer ones contribute to a larger share of the stock weight. Resource recovery in specific projects reliant on digging comes at great costs, but integrating it as an added value to ordinary maintenance operations render eight locations and 2.2 tonnes of copper (2% of the stock) profitable to extract. Compared to the budget sizes of regular maintenance projects, the integrated recovery of a significant share of the stock comes with relatively small economic losses. Therefore, we suggest integrated resource recovery and regular maintenance as an interesting environmental measure for any infrastructure provider to engage with. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economía del Caribe is the property of Fundacion Universidad del Norte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Along with the emergence of globalisation, cities, in particular, have been confronted with two vital problems that can be approached only in interdependence: How to reduce, even prevent, social and spatial disparities as well as the related societal and spatial fragmentation? How to stabilize or to ensure local economic growth, international and interregional competitiveness as well as the labour market insertion? Confronted with these challenges, the traditional sectoral approaches prove to be onerous and ineffective and, consequently, new forms of governance acquire importance. Among them, integrated urban governance − a new concept − implies a change in the administrative situation and the way of thinking of decision-makers in formulating and implementing territorial development policies. Integrated urban governance, having both a vertical dimension and a horizontal dimension beyond the administrative borders of the cities, requires that the identification of the actors should be based on these dimensions. And the solution is not to plan and to implement projects involving possible stakeholders. It requires selecting and analysing the actors who could provide a real support. As integrated urban governance is, in fact, a managerial approach to interdisciplinary problems during the formulation of policies beyond the limits of the established political areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]