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The potential of precision medicine to transform complex autoimmune disease treatment is often challenged by limited data availability and inadequate sample size when compared with the number of molecular features found in high-throughput multi-omics data sets. To address this issue, the novel framework PRoBeNet (Predictive Response Biomarkers using Network medicine) was developed. PRoBeNet operates under the hypothesis that the therapeutic effect of a drug propagates through a protein-protein interaction network to reverse disease states. PRoBeNet prioritizes biomarkers by considering i) therapy-targeted proteins, ii) disease-specific molecular signatures, and iii) an underlying network of interactions among cellular components (the human interactome). PRoBeNet helped discover biomarkers predicting patient responses to both an established autoimmune therapy (infliximab) and an investigational compound (a mitogen-activated protein kinase 3/1 inhibitor). The predictive power of PRoBeNet biomarkers was validated with retrospective gene-expression data from patients with ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis and prospective data from tissues from patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease. Machine-learning models using PRoBeNet biomarkers significantly outperformed models using either all genes or randomly selected genes, especially when data were limited. These results illustrate the value of PRoBeNet in reducing features and for constructing robust machine-learning models when data are limited. PRoBeNet may be used to develop companion and complementary diagnostic assays, which may help stratify suitable patient subgroups in clinical trials and improve patient outcomes.

Estimation of forging load in a closed-die forging process is important for process planners and designers. Physics-based models of the process require very high computational time as well as accurate input data. This work estimates the forging load by extracting the information from similar products in the shop floor. Accuracy of the estimate is optimized by means of a Kalman filter. A novel feature of this work is that instead of one deterministic estimate, three estimates, viz. lower, upper and most likely, are obtained. For demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed methodology, finite element method simulations using ABAQUS are used in lieu of real shop floor data. Six different products each having eight models are considered. Forging is supposed to be carried out with as well as without lubrication. In different cases, Kalman filtered most-likely estimate came very close to actual (FEM simulated) forging load and in no case deviation was more than 9%. The estimation error keeps on reducing with availability of data in an exponential manner. In an ideal case of no fluctuation in the measured actual (FEM simulated) forging load, error reduced from 30 to 5 kN after 7 data; further 13 data reduced the error to 1.7 kN. The interval of estimation (i.e. the difference between upper and lower estimates) also keeps on reducing with the availability of more data. For example, for an axisymmetric product, availability of 6 more data reduced the range of estimation from 62 to 25 kN. This establishes the efficacy of Kalman filter. In the proposed procedure the data is stored in an open source relational database management system, the MySQL, which can be retrieved easily. In Industry 4.0, shop floor data is easily available. Hence, the proposed method can be applied readily in real production shops.

This paper investigates the performance of conventional turning and ultrasonically assisted turning (UAT) processes with plane and textured cutting inserts. Simulations based on the finite-element method were carried out using a software package ABAQUS/Explicit (Dassault Systemes, France). The obtained results were validated experimentally by employing a specially developed UAT setup. The purpose of the paper is to analyze cutting-force variation by the use of textured cutting inserts. Optimized dimensions of the texture pattern were used to model textured cutting inserts. The cutting-force variation in UAT was assessed with finite-element method, confirming diminishing cutting forces at a tool–workpiece interface during a noncontact time. The use of the textured cutting inserts in the UAT process resulted in the lowest cutting forces when compared to a plane tool in UAT as well as both plane and textured tools in the conventional turning process.

Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), a potential building material, is gaining popularity due to its lightweight, thermal insulation and sound absorption qualities. This article describes the experimental evaluation and statistical variation of useful mechanical properties of AAC and its thick mortar (a mixture of cement, sand and water) based masonry. The following properties of AAC blocks were evaluated: moisture content, initial rate of absorption, water absorption, dry density, compressive strength and tensile strength. For AAC masonry, the following properties were evaluated: compressive strength based on prism specimen test, tensile bond strength based on cross-couplet specimen test and shear bond strength based on triplet specimen test. A simple analytical model has been also proposed to evaluate the elastic modulus of masonry prism. The results indicate that there is a positive correlation between the strength of mortar and AAC masonry. The strength of AAC masonry increased with an increase in the strength of mortar. During the strength test of AAC masonry, the failure patterns were studied. The block–mortar interface failure was observed in most of the cases during the masonry bond strength test. A positive correlation was observed between masonry bond and compressive strengths. Further, a comparison of strengths of masonries made of AAC block and clay brick is presented. At the present level of manufacturing, AAC masonry cannot compete with clay brick masonry in terms of strength alone.

Abstract:Impatience is a defining aspect of the modern world and its identity, as is starkly exemplified in the emphasis on technology. Itis the central mode along which individual and social life areorganized. In contrast, for Mahatma Gandhi patience is the crucial category for healthy individual and social existence.

AbstractThe emergence of diabetes as a silent epidemic and the failure of conventional medicines to provide a safe, effective, and affordable stance has rendered scientists to go back to the ancient literature on traditional plant-based therapies. Though many spices and herbs are used for usual culinary purposes, organized research on the beneficial effect of such herbs in regard to diabetes is less explored. Traditionally, ayurvedic phyto-based polyherbal formulations have been described to reduce blood glucose levels and ease allied complications related to diabetes. The present review amasses nine ethnomedicinal plants (cinnamon, fenugreek, bitter gourd, neem, Indian bael, black myrobalan, Indian gooseberry, turmeric, and giloy) of the Indian subcontinent frequently mentioned in a traditional setting. Systematic assessment of different extraction methods, computational, in vitro, in vivo, and human trials for diabetes involving plants, is presented. A list of some of the commercially available polyherbal formulations for diabetes, along with their key constituents, is discussed. Finally, considering the concomitant use of herbs along with conventional drugs, a brief perspective on the possible herb-drug interactions, limitations, and future directions is provided. This review sheds light on the bioactive components of pharmaceutically relevant plants mentioned in traditional settings for hypoglycemic control. Subsequently, wider acceptance of complementary therapy for efficient management of diabetes would improve the quality of life of patients across the globe.

Autofrettage is a widely employed process for strengthening cylindrical or spherical pressure vessels. The process involves applying a uniform load to the inner wall of a vessel to cause a controlled plastic deformation, where the vessel yields starting from the inner wall up to an intermediate radius. When the load is removed, elastic recovery takes place and compressive residual stresses are induced in the vicinity of the inner wall, which strengthen the vessel against high static and pulsating loads during service. Based on the load employed, autofrettage can be of five types- hydraulic, swage, explosive, thermal and rotational. This work analyzes a rotational autofrettage augmented by a thermal load where the load is applied by rotating the cylinder about its axis while maintaining a temperature gradient across the wall. The combined centrifugal and thermally-induced stresses cause plastic deformation in the cylinder. When the cylinder is unloaded by bringing it to rest and cooling down to room temperature, compressive hoop residual stresses are introduced in the vicinity of the inner wall. A finite element method model of the proposed thermally-assisted rotational autofrettage is developed for a cylinder made of AH36 mild steel in a commercial package ABAQUS®. The results indicate that the thermal load reduces the rotational speed required for autofrettage, when compared to a conventional pure rotational autofrettage. The thermal load also mitigates the tensile axial residual stresses, which are typical in a purely rotational autofrettage. A conceptual design of the experimental set up is also presented.

This paper studies a telecommunications hub location model that includes the classical capacitated facility location problem on a wireline network, as well as a wireless network with technological constraints on crane-rain radius, line-of-sight, and capacity. There are multiple wireline and wireless hub types, differing in costs and capacities. We present a mathematical model to maximize network profit, build and test a quick greedy heuristic, and conduct sensitivity analysis using representative data. Solutions from the greedy heuristic are compared to the optimal solution for small instances, and the results indicate that the profit is on an average, within 98% of the optimal. For large instances that are intractable for the exact optimization approach, profit from the greedy solution is, on average, within 92% of that obtained from an upper-bounding linear programming relaxation. Sensitivity analysis shows that the optimal demand captured, revenue, and costs are not always monotone in input parameters: For a range of input values, profits improve by capturing more revenue with higher costs being incurred, in other cases, profits improve by reducing the costs of capturing demand while maintaining, or sometimes reducing revenue. Reducing hub installation costs or link transmission costs typically improves profit more than increasing hub capacity or link capacity by the same percentage. The combined network with both wireline and wireless technologies always delivers the highest profit, but in certain cases, depending on the demand, link capacity, and hub installation costs, either wireline-only or wireless-only networks can be quite competitive.

Ascaris lumbricoidesand Strongyloides stercoralisare soil-transmitted helminthic infections usually seen in people with poor socioeconomic conditions, hygiene and fecal sanitation living in endemic countries. Here, we present a case of coinfection in a COVID-positive older adult male presenting to our facility with symptoms of acute abdomen. Investigative workup guided timely diagnosis of the case. Prompt initiation of antihelminthic drugs together with antibiotics/antivirals for COVID symptoms resulted in favorable outcome in the case. A high index of suspicion on the part of the treating and diagnosing doctor is required in the COVID era. This will help not only in diagnosis but will also give an understanding of the exact pathogenesis for better patient outcome.

ABSTRACTThe modelling and simulation of forging has reached a matured stage, but the friction and friction models got only scant attention; this work intends to fill up that gap. Here, arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) finite element method (FEM)-based numerical simulations are carried out for the forging of aluminium workpiece by considering two friction models – Coulomb-Siebel and Tresca. A relation between Coulomb’s coefficient of friction and friction factor has been established based on the slab method. The forging load is obtained by calculating the reaction force on the die as well as from energy method. Energy method provides more accurate and consistent results. Forging load and bulge increase with the friction, but at high friction, the effect is minimal. Bulge is found to be more sensitive to friction than the forging load. The distribution of normal stress is quite different on the die-workpiece interface compared to that on a parallel plane in the interior. The phenomenon of fold-over observed at high friction and high reduction observed in a Lagrangian formulation is absent in ALE formulation. The fold-over phenomenon occurs due to mesh distortion. It is not observed in a workpiece with round corners, even while using Lagrangian formulation.

When the original founders of the Internet look back over the first 50 years of its existence, what do they think? What are their hopes and fears? How do their perspectives compare with those of investors, academics, entrepreneurs, and influencers? Charles Corbett, Uday Karmarkar, and Christopher Tang offer their own reflections along with a lively summary of a one day event held at UCLA to celebrate the 50th birthday of the Internet.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressively fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. In this study, we investigated gene expression changes in ALS via RNA sequencing in 380 postmortem samples from cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal cord segments from 154 individuals with ALS and 49 control individuals. We observed an increase in microglia and astrocyte gene expression, accompanied by a decrease in oligodendrocyte gene expression. By creating a gene co-expression network in the ALS samples, we identified several activated microglia modules that negatively correlate with retrospective disease duration. We mapped molecular quantitative trait loci and found several potential ALS risk loci that may act through gene expression or splicing in the spinal cord and assign putative cell types for FNBP1, ACSL5, SH3RF1and NFASC. Finally, we outline how common genetic variants associated with splicing of C9orf72act as proxies for the well-known repeat expansion, and we use the same mechanism to suggest ATXN3as a putative risk gene.

The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (SC2). A variety of anti-SC2 vaccines have been approved for human applications, including those using messenger RNA (mRNA), adenoviruses expressing SC2 spike (S) protein, and inactivated virus. The protective periods of immunization afforded by these intramuscularly administered vaccines are currently unknown. An alternative self-administrable vaccine capable of mounting long-lasting immunity viasterilizing neutralizing antibodies would be hugely advantageous in tackling emerging mutant SC2 variants. This could also diminish the possibility of vaccinated individuals acting as passive carriers of COVID-19. Here, we investigate the potential of an intranasal (IN)-delivered DNA vaccine encoding the S protein of SC2 in BALB/c and C57BL/6J immunocompetent mouse models. The immune response to IN delivery of this SC2-spike DNA vaccine transported on a modified gold-chitosan nanocarrier shows a strong and consistent surge in antibodies (IgG, IgA, and IgM) and effective neutralization of pseudoviruses expressing S proteins of different SC2 variants (Wuhan, beta, and D614G). Immunophenotyping and histological analyses reveal chronological events involved in the recognition of SC2 S antigen by resident dendritic cells and alveolar macrophages, which prime the draining lymph nodes and spleen for peak SC2-specific cellular and humoral immune responses. The attainable high levels of anti-SC2 IgA in lung mucosa and tissue-resident memory T cells can efficiently inhibit SC2 and its variants at the site of entry and also provide long-lasting immunity.

Autism is a highly heritable complex disorder in which de novo mutation (DNM) variation contributes significantly to risk. Using whole-genome sequencing data from 3,474 families, we investigate another source of large-effect risk variation, ultra-rare variants. We report and replicate a transmission disequilibrium of private, likely gene-disruptive (LGD) variants in probands but find that 95% of this burden resides outside of known DNM-enriched genes. This variant class more strongly affects multiplex family probands and supports a multi-hit model for autism. Candidate genes with private LGD variants preferentially transmitted to probands converge on the E3 ubiquitin–protein ligase complex, intracellular transport and Erb signaling protein networks. We estimate that these variants are approximately 2.5 generations old and significantly younger than other variants of similar type and frequency in siblings. Overall, private LGD variants are under strong purifying selection and appear to act on a distinct set of genes not yet associated with autism.

Abstract:This paper is about four different conceptions of the commons that constitute different systems of reference. It asks the question: What do they have in common? It contends that, ultimately, they have only the desire to survive, but that does not constitute a unifying or comparative basis.

Global infections by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are steadily rising. New drugs are needed to treat NTM infections, but the NTM drug pipeline remains poorly populated and focused on repurposing or reformulating approved antibiotics.

Racism and events of racial violence have dominated the US news in 2020 almost as much as the novel coronavirus pandemic. The resultant civil unrest and demands for racial justice have spawned a global call for change. As a subset of a society that struggles with racism and other explicit biases, it is inescapable that some physicians and health-care employees will have the same explicit biases as the general population. Patients who receive care at academic medical centers interact with multiple individuals, some of whom may have explicit and implicit biases that influence patient care. In fact, multiple reports have documented that some physicians, health-care workers, and health professional students have negative biases based on race, ethnicity, obesity, religion, and sexual identity, among others. These biases can influence decision-making and aggravate health-care disparities and patient-physician mistrust. We review four actual cases from academic medical centers that illustrate how well-intended physicians and health-care workers can be influenced by bias and how this can put patients at risk. Strategies to mitigate bias are discussed and recommended. We introduce what we believe can be a powerful teaching tool: periodic “bias and racism rounds” in teaching hospitals, in which real patient interactions are reviewed critically to identify opportunities to reduce bias and racism and to attenuate the impact of bias and racism on patient outcomes.

To overcome the three delays in triage, transport and treatment that underlie adverse pregnancy outcomes, we aimed to reduce all-cause adverse outcomes with community-level interventions targeting women with pregnancy hypertension in three low-income countries.

This paper extends the results of Hermida's thesis about logical predicates to more general logical relations and a wider collection of types. The extension of type constructors from types to logical relations is derived from an interpretation of those constructors on a model of predicate logic. This is then further extended to n-ary relations by pullback. Hermida's theory shows how right adjoints in the category of fibrations are composed from a combination of Cartesian lifting and a local adjunction. This result is generalised to make it more applicable to left adjoints, and then shown to be stable under pullback, deriving an account of n-ary relations from standard predicate logic. A brief discussion of lifting monads to predicates includes the existence of an initial such lifting, generalising existing results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The treatment of Mycobacterium abscessuslung disease faces significant challenges due to intrinsic antibiotic resistance. New drugs are needed to cure this incurable disease. The key anti-tubercular rifamycin, rifampicin, suffers from low potency against M. abscessusand is not used clinically. Recently, another member of the rifamycin class, rifabutin, was shown to be active against the opportunistic pathogen.Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss the rifamycins as a reemerging drug class for treating M. abscessusinfections. The authors focus on the differential potency of rifampicin and rifabutin against M. abscessusin the context of intrinsic antibiotic resistance and bacterial uptake and metabolism. Reports of rifamycin-based drug synergies and rifamycin potentiation by host-directed therapy are evaluated.Expert opinion: While repurposing rifabutin for M. abscessuslung disease may provide some immediate relief, the repositioning (chemical optimization) of rifamycins offers long-term potential for improving clinical outcomes. Repositioning will require a multifaceted approach involving renewed screening of rifamycin libraries, medicinal chemistry to improve ‘bacterial cell pharmacokinetics’, better models of bacterial pathophysiology and infection, and harnessing of drug synergies and host-directed therapy towards the development of a better drug regimen.

Ultrasonic-vibration-assisted milling is a variant of conventional milling process. In this study, experimental investigations were carried out to evaluate the effect of process parameters on the average surface roughness of machined surface (of Al6063 alloy). The results were evaluated to understand the effect of process parameters and are explained using the physics of the process. The effect of ultrasonic amplitude on frictional and wettability property of machined bottom surface was also evaluated. With the increase in power of ultrasonic vibration, the surface roughness increased; however, the friction of lubricated machined surface decreased while sliding on a mild steel surface. With the increase in ultrasonic power, the wettability of the surface increased resulting in a better lubrication and consequent reduction of friction.

A new finishing technique called ultrasonic-assisted magnetic abrasive finishing integrates ultrasonic vibration with magnetic abrasive finishing process for finishing of workpiece surface more efficiently as compared to magnetic abrasive finishing in the nanometer range. During finishing, two types of forces are generated in ultrasonic-assisted magnetic abrasive finishing, namely, a normal force (indentation force) and a tangential force (cutting force) that produces a torque. The finishing forces have direct control on the rate of change of surface roughness and material removal rate of the workpiece surface. This article deals with the theoretical modeling of the normal force and the finishing torque based on the process physics. In this work, finite element simulations of the electromagnet were performed to calculate a magnetic flux density in the working zone; they were also used to evaluate the normal force on the workpiece surface. The theory of friction for the abrasion of metals was applied together with the effect of ultrasonic vibration to calculate the finishing torque. The developed model predicts the normal force and finishing torque in ultrasonic-assisted magnetic abrasive finishing as functions of the supply voltage, working gap and concentration of abrasive particles in a flexible magnetic abrasive brush. A comparison of theoretical and experimental results is performed to validate the proposed model.

In this study, the atmospheric cold plasma treatment is carried out at two different powers of 50 and 60 W for two different exposure durations of 30 and 45 min. The treatment had not resulted in a significant difference between the control and plasma-treated samples in values like saponification value, triacylglycerol value, acid value, and free fatty acid value. While there was about a 3% increase in the melting point from 34.1 ± 0.17 °C to 35.23 ± 0.25 °C after 60 W of treatment for 45 min, there was around a 0.9% increase after 50 W of treatment for 30 min. The peroxide value and anisidine value started increasing slowly immediately after cold plasma treatment but still, the values were within the range. There was a significant decrease in the iodine value (56.31 ± 0.26 g of I2/100 g of oil to 51.56 ± 0.01 g of I2/100 g of oil) due to the cold plasma treatment. The TOTOX value which represents the oxidative stability of the palm oil had increased from 12.77 ± 0.93 for the control sample to the maximum value of 16.38 ± 0.28 which was for the 60 W power treatment for 45 min.

A comparative study on the antioxidant effect of clean rosemary extract (CL) and Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) on lipid oxidation and colour stabilisation of high fat mayonnaise is demonstrated. A real time and accelerated shelf-life evaluation was conducted. The peroxide value (POV) of the mayonnaise containing 0.0075% w/w EDTA was 12.7 ± 0.5mEq Kg−1after 120 days of storage, whereas the mayonnaise containing 0.19% w/w CL displayed a POV of 9.56±0.2mEq Kg−1. Mayonnaise with 0.0075% w/w EDTA exhibited 90.00±0.9 mg kg−1hexanal, while mayonnaise with 0.19% w/w CL had a hexanal level of 21.40±0.21 mg kg−1at the 150-day analysis in the accelerated study on hexanal content analysis. Colour change in mayonnaise was analysed by colour brightness indicative value. The values were 87.37 for mayonnaise containing CL and 83.92 for mayonnaise based on EDTA. Unlike conventional rosemary extract, the CL was not interfering the identity and sensitivity of the mayonnaise and upon shelf storage, the product showed higher overall acceptance compared to EDTA. Comparing the concentration of Clean Rosemary Extract, 0.19% dosage has given best results comparing 0.4% and 0.06% in analysing the peroxide value of the mayonnaise products at regular intervals during its storage duration of 120 days.

Nα-2-thiophenoyl-d-phenylalanine-2-morpholinoanilide [MMV688845, Pathogen Box; Medicines for Malaria Venture; IUPAC: (2R)-N-(1-((2-morpholinophenyl)amino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)thiophene-2-carboxamide)] is a hit compound, which shows activity against Mycobacterium abscessus(MIC906.25–12.5 μM) and other mycobacteria. This work describes derivatization of MMV688845 by introducing a thiomorpholine moiety and the preparation of the corresponding sulfones and sulfoxides. The molecular structures of three analogs are confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Conservation of the essential Rconfiguration during synthesis is proven by chiral HPLC for an exemplary compound. All analogs were characterized in a MIC assay against M. abscessus, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The sulfone derivatives exhibit lower MIC90values (M. abscessus: 0.78 μM), and the sulfoxides show higher aqueous solubility than the hit compound. The most potent derivatives possess bactericidal activity (99% inactivation of M. abscessusat 12.5 μM), while they are not cytotoxic against mammalian cell lines.

How should digital service firms design and bundle their offering to capture a large market while seeking differentiation from competition? To answer this question, we consider the most generic model of competition, namely, two symmetric firms competing on price with regard to two (independent or complementary) components with an arbitrary distribution of valuations, without restrictions on their product offering. We show that three outcomes emerge in equilibrium, namely, a full-mixed bundling monopoly, a full-mixed bundling competitive duopolyleading to a price war, and a pure or partial-mixed bundling differentiated duopolyyielding positive profits for both firms. The latter equilibrium is the most plausible because it is the only one that is both trembling-hand perfect and not payoff dominated. We demonstrate the benefits of bundling under competition, thereby explaining the online platforms’ motivation for and success in expanding their offering horizontally. Yet not all products may be offered in equilibrium to avoid direct or indirect competition; hence, competition may lead to a narrower range of products available than a monopoly. Is bundling anticompetitive? It is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it softens price competition by allowing firms to differentiate their offering. On the other hand, it stimulates competition by creating some product overlap.

The bending of sheet by laser line heating is gaining popularity among researchers. In this work, laser bending of friction stir welded 2-mm thick 5052-H32 aluminium alloy sheets is first studied experimentally and then a finite element model using ABAQUS® is developed for the prediction of bend angle. During friction stir welding process, the weld zone undergoes some thinning and its mechanical properties also differ from base material. The present work considers these aspects. First, the properties of the material and absorptivity are obtained in an inverse manner from a few experiments. The computational efficiency of the model is improved by adopting some techniques available in the literature. The agreement between experimental and numerically predicted bend angle is very good.

Although services are often defined as co-productive of value, the concept of value is often difficult to measure. Yet measuring value is not necessarily a prerequisite for service process improvement. In this paper, we propose a general framework for the modeling and analysis of services with co-production. The framework identifies three major process stages: (i) the production stage, which involves co-production, (ii) the output sharing stage, and (iii) the consumption stage. Value realization and distribution depends on all three stages. Using our framework, we argue that process improvement efforts may often shift away from value measurement to focus on more actionable levers such as the co-production process, the rules of operation, and sharing rules. Furthermore, we use our framework to discuss a broader perspective on value measurement, the application of the gap quality model to co-productive process management, the distinction between products and services, and the impact of information and communication technologies on service processes.

Laser forming plastically deforms the material by means of a laser beam with or without the application of mechanical loads. It can be used for bending of sheets and tubes and also for producing complex shapes. Laser shock forming deforms the material with a high power laser pulse. The laser forming is highly suitable for rapid prototyping and forming of materials with poor workability. A number of researchers studied the process and suggested the strategies for process design, control and optimisation. There is still a need for developing accurate mathematical models and optimisation strategies for enhancing the effectiveness and applicability of the process. The edge effect, occasional melting in the irradiated region, changes in material properties, lack of repeatability in bend angle and difficulty in online monitoring are the major challenging issues needed to be circumvented for making the process popular in industry.

•The current review covers in detail raw materials that are used in the development of vegan meat flavour.•Various techniques, methods and reactions that are involved in the formation of flavours in the final product has been extensively discussed in the current review.•Challenges involved in the development of vegan based meat flavour have also been stated.

•Comparison of PODL with blends of palm oil and MCT•Analysis of physicochemical changes on 48 cycles of frying•PODL shows better results in terms of lower oxidative damage•Lower changes in viscosity and heat transfer confirmed for PODL•PODL can be useful alternative to the commonly used Palm oil