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Chinese courts follow a dual-track approach in cases about nonliteral copying of game mechanics. The courts grant market exclusivity to game developers either under copyright law or under unfair competition law. In recent years, the fact that copyright law and unfair competition law differ in their cognitive efficiency has become clear. Copyright law is cognitively highly efficient. It is able to provide high-quality background information to navigate decision-makers through the complex issues. Unfair competition law, on the other hand, is cognitively inefficient, providing hardly any structural guidance to strike the delicate balance between creators and users of disputed game mechanics. Abundant cases in China help us understand the importance of cognitive efficiency in choosing the proper modularity of law. When it comes to game mechanics, copyright law is the better modularity in comparison to unfair competition law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Economia e Sociologia Rural and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article explores anti-trust issues associated with the use of artificial intelligence in setting prices in the multifamily and student rental housing sector in the U.S. and mentions topics including competitors' use of a common pricing and supply software, the role of the cartel on the rise in rental rates, and the growth of rent-pricing and supply software purveyor RealPage Inc.

Copyright of Ankara Barosu Dergileri is the property of Ankara Bar Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Within the debate on the role of competition law in standard essential patents (SEPs) litigation, German case law has taken centre stage because of the number of decisions handed down and its traditional patent-owner-friendly approach. As the framework handed down by the European Court of Justice (CJEU) in Huawei is usually interpreted as being opposed to the approach adopted by the German Federal Court in the Orange Book Standard decision, it is worth investigating how German courts have tackled the competition law defence in the post-Huawei scenario. The article maintains that the Federal Court’s rulings in Einwand have aligned German case law with the Huawei framework and that the attention devoted in German case law to the implementer’s obligations is consistent with the principles set out by the CJEU. Nonetheless, recent lower courts’ decisions confirm that the case-by-case detection of the licensee’s willingness is still a challenging issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ankara Barosu Dergileri is the property of Ankara Bar Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A patent may be essential to implementing a standard, namely the standard essential patent (SEP). The injunctive relief initiated by the SEP holder mal raise anti-competitive concerns. From a comparative legal perspective, both patent law and competition law may play an important role in dealing with SEP injunction issues. The common law ftequently uses patent law, while civil law jurisdictions favour competition law. In practice, China handles SEP cases by applying both patent law and anti-monopoly law, without distinguishing between the conditions under which each law should be applied. BY learning Fom comparative experience, China needs to further clarify the functions of patent law and competition law approaches in regulating SEP injunctions. China needs to reshape its patent Tules based on interest balance. China also needs to improve anti-monopoly rules in order to focus on antitrust hann. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an extremely competitive situation, such as the European market and the economic crisis of recent years, organizations face an increasingly difficult situation to survive and maintain a competitive position on the reference market. This topic presents a number of basic concepts in a logical and systematic manner, focusing on understanding and analyzing competition, particularly unfair competition. The phenomenon of competition often suffers from negative distortions and related adverse manifestations, manifesting in various forms of abusive behavior of companies with exclusive rights in the framework of competition, as well as specific acts of unfair competition. In this sense, it is necessary to protect fair competition and to hold anti-competitive actors to account. Unfair competition enforcement is a means rather than an end. Rules sanctioning unfair competition protect the economic interests of all types of operators and prevent certain operators from violating laws, regulations and business ethics. Competitive conduct in itself is not illegal, but only if the means used to attract customers are illegal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Intellectual Property Law / Revista Română de Dreptul Proprietăţii Intelectuale is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Imperfect competition markets, such as oligopolies and monopolies, are claimed to be unhealthy business activities because they contain elements of injustice, inequality, and imbalance that become irrational. In the current digital era, unhealthy competition is very possible to become big and profitable, although there are great opportunities for other newcomers to enter, due to lack of experience and human resources who are not necessarily competent and innovative, plus minimal capital, it is difficult to become competitors, let alone balance. As a result, concerns in the era of disruption with digital platforms regarding unfair competition through oligopolies and monopolies need to be watched out for. Shariah's economy that upholds the values of rationality, justice, equity, and balance rather than a free market is an important solution. Especially in the Industrial 4.0 era, which emphasizes the internet technology sector, it needs to be accompanied by the central role of human resources (Society 5.0), which upholds the four shariah economic values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prosecution of pharmaceutical companies for excessive pricing of products under competition law is now a reality. As recently as a decade ago, such prosecutions were virtually nonexistent. That situation has changed dramatically as competition authorities in Europe and South Africa have pursued a significant number of such prosecutions and have levied substantial fines against the investigated parties. While the United States has traditionally led in policing the pharmaceutical market against anticompetitive misconduct, in this specific arena it has fallen behind, principally because federal courts so far have refused to acknowledge excessive pricing as a cause of action under Section 2 of the Sherman Act. In a succession of cases European competition authorities have demonstrated concretely the way in which excessive pricing prosecutions may be pursued. This article examines those cases in some detail showing the challenges that competition authorities have faced, and how they have gone about addressing them. The successes in Europe should help put to rest arguments regarding the difficulties in ascertaining how pharmaceutical products are priced, particularly for products no longer covered by patents or regulatory market exclusivity. The South African competition authority is undertaking its second major prosecution of excessive pricing of originator products. The ongoing case involves an essential anticancer medicine the pricing of which has deprived individuals in South Africa of lifesaving treatment. Methodologies for investigating and analyzing abusive pricing are being regularized. This is important because competition authorities around the world should be able to rely on generally accepted standards for pursuing misconduct. This article suggests doctrinal improvements in the form of per se baseline rules for establishing excess with respect to generics, and rule of reason balancing tests for assessing the fairness of pricing practices for originator products and generics not encompassed by per se rules. The continued evolution of excessive pricing doctrine does not depend on these improvements. More important is continuing legal, financial, and political support for the efforts of competition authorities in this area. Patents, regulatory market exclusivity and other structural features insulate the pharmaceutical market from economic pressures that ordinarily create and recreate an equilibrium that protects consumers. For the pharmaceutical market, there must be a means to redress excessive prices in themselves. Competition law enforcement is an important tool for achieving that redress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of the software- and internet-related economy has conferred upon China particular experience in settling unfair competition disputes regarding software disruption. New technical means of competition have enabled intrusion into or disruption of another’s business operations concerning software or online products and services. By adopting case law and special rules on internet-related unfair practices, Chinese courts and legislators have had a generally negative view of software intrusion or disruption, which should be reevaluated in light of the freedom of competition. New technical means are not obstacles in the way of application of the rules on classic unfair practices such as confusion, misrepresentation and defamation. However, the internet and software have increased aggressive commercial practices and the physical disruption of business operations, which makes it necessary to adopt rules on these two types of unfair practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The earliest trade secret cases recognized that remembered information raised unique issues in trade secret misappropriation claims. However, courts struggled with exactly how to address remembered information, as opposed to information taken in tangible form. The modern trend, according to one case from the Washington Supreme Court, is to ignore the distinction and treat remembered information the same as information taken in tangible form for purposes of trade secret misappropriation claims. However, this case may have prematurely signaled the demise of remembered information’s relevance to a trade secret claim. Particularly during the pandemic era, where increased employee mobility is placing new pressure on existing trade secret law, the issue of remembered information is of increasing importance. This Article discusses the historical development of trade secret law with respect to remembered information and suggests the continued importance of the distinction between information taken in tangible form and that taken solely in memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This effort needs to be balanced with strengthening the role of the law which is not only a provider of ease of doing business, but also provide protection for unfair business competition in the midst of a world economic climate that tends to be liberal so as not to dissolve in the vortex of the free market. This is also continuously addressed by the government in order to accelerate the rate of economic growth in all regions. This study aims to provide policy recommendations for local governments in an effort to increase sharia-based economic growth, especially in Lhokseumawe City, Aceh Province and collaborate with the Lhokseumawe City Regional Inflation Control Team in implementing Economic Regulation of Theory policy recommendations through the mechanism for facilitating the issuance of business permits and forming a supply model. chain of strategic commodities in Lhokseumawe City to be able to improve the business climate and stimulate regional economic growth and reduce the impact of the crisis due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This type of research is descriptive quantitative and qualitative descriptive research using a mix method by conducting interviews with the target population, namely 250 respondents including 50 government officials from 5 sub-districts in Lhoksemawe City and 100 Small Business Owners who sell strategic food products from 5 sub-districts in Lhoksemawe City and 100 business owners who sell at 5 Traditional Market Centers in Lhokseumawe City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Intellectual Property Law / Revista Română de Dreptul Proprietăţii Intelectuale is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Data scraping (also called web scraping, screen scraping, or web crawling) is a technique that uses "bots" to automate the collection of information from publicly available websites. Fundamentally, data scraping is data copying. Intellectual property ("IP") law--namely, copyright--typically handles disputes involving copying. However, copyright law largely fails to protect data and databases (i.e., compilations of data). Instead, plaintiff websites assert contract law, Computer Fraud and Abuse Act ("CFAA"), and state unfair competition law (common law misappropriation, unjust enrichment, conversion, and trespass to chattel) claims against data scrapers. This Note proceeds as follows. First, this Note examines how scrapers can be liable under trade secret law for scraping data from publicly accessible websites. Initially, trade secret law seems incongruous with data scraping because the core concept of trade secret law--secrecy--is seemingly at odds with public accessibility. If a website is publicly available, how can a scraper be liable for trade secret misappropriation of the website's data? This Note explains how a recent Eleventh Circuit case, Compulife Software Inc. v. Newman, laid the groundwork for a trade secret cause of action. This Note reconciles Compulife wzï/z existing trade secret jurisprudence, argues that Compulife was rightly decided as a matter of both Jaw and policy, and provides a roadmap for courts to apply trade secret law to data scraping cases. Second, this Note explains why courts and litigators should use trade secret law to adjudicate data scraping disputes. Specifically, this Note argues that, compared to the existing alternatives, trade secret law is best suited to handle the various policy issues surrounding data scraping. This Note explains how contract law and the CFAA have filled the database void left by copyright law: contract law and the CFAA have become "quasi-IP" regimes, granting websites property rights in databases otherwise unprotected by copyright law. In response to the emergence of quasi-IP, this Note argues for reconceptualizing the data scraping problem by reframing data scraping as data copying--refraining data scraping with an intellectual property lens. Trade secret law offers a framework for that reconceptualization. In contrast to contract law and the CFAA (an anti-hacking law premised on criminal trespass principles), trade secret law provides courts and litigators with the appropriate IP-based doctrinal levers to analyze data scraping cases. Finally, this Note analyzes how EU law filled the database gap by creating an IP right, the sui generis database right. This Note argues that Compulife '5 trade secret theory emulates many aspects of the EU sui generis database right. In this sense, Compulife 's trade secret theory can be seen as the United States' attempt to fashion its own sui generis database right to fill the database gap left by copyright. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Derecho is the property of Revista Chilena de Derecho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Intellectual Property Law / Revista Română de Dreptul Proprietăţii Intelectuale is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of options on how to improve antitrust laws to avoid its impact on the competition policy in the U.S.

The article focuses on Hollywood's antitrust regime finally died in June 2020 as the landmark decision, United States v. Paramount (1948), made its way off the books. Topics discussed include rehearsed in undergraduate film history lectures; and the famed Supreme Court decision and subsequent consent decrees broke the studio system by essentially splitting producers from exhibitors and fundamentally changing how the film industry made movies.

Confusion, or passing off, is a typical unfair practice recognized internationally, but national laws still differ from each other. Although the Chinese Anti-Unfair Competition Law of 1993 provided a narrow rule on passing off, a rich amount of case law has considerably enlarged its scope of application. The reform of the passing off regime in 2017 was essentially based on case law. This reform consists of four main aspects: expansion of the scope of protectable commercial signs: clarification of the applicability of the passing off rule to registered and unregistered trademarks; the adjustment of fame as a qualifying condition of passing off; and the adoption of a general rule prohibiting confusion. This reform has not only consolidated the case law and approach developed by the courts, but also bestowed an open and flexible spirit in the passing off regime which will enhance its efficiency in the fight against unfair imitation. *PhD (University of Paris I – Pantheon Sorbonne), LLM (Renmin University of China), LLB (Shandong University), Director of the Innovation & Competition Law Center, Former Vice-President of the Trademark & Unfair Competition Committee of the IP Case Law Center (Beijing) of the Chinese Supreme People's Court, Vice President of the Beijing IP Judicial Protection Association, Expert Council Member of China Trademark Association, Co-Chair of American Society of International Law Intellectual Property Interest Group, Visiting Professor or Research Fellow (University of Milan, University of Toulouse I, University of Paris I, University of Paris XI, Max Plank Institute for Procedural Law and Strasbourg University CEIPI). The author is thankful to Miss Kristina DaCosta (LLM graduate of Tsinghua University), Miss Ling Zhang (PhD candidate of Tsinghua University) and Mr Yu Huang (LLM graduate of Tsinghua University) for their valuable assistance in this research. This research is part of the project 20BFX142 of the National Social Science Fund of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on federal law displaced common law trademark and unfair competition law because courts interpreted the Lanham Act to provide a federal cause of action for infringement of unregistered marks. It mentions significant concerns about the pre-Lanham Act state of affairs was the inability of traders considering adopting a new trademark. It also mentions disuniformity in decisional law following the Supreme Court's decision in Erie v. Tompkins.

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Intellectual Property Law / Revista Română de Dreptul Proprietăţii Intelectuale is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Romanian Review of Private Law / Revista Română de Drept Privat is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Romanian Review of Private Law / Revista Română de Drept Privat is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Big Tech is on a buying spree. Companies like Apple, Google, Facebook, and Amazon are gobbling up smaller companies at an unprecedented pace. But the law of competition isn't ready for Big Tech's endless appetite. Today's antitrust law is controlled by the Chicago School of Law and Economics. The Chicago School's ideological frame is toothless when a dominant firm purchases a startup that could be a future competitor. Under the "potential competition" doctrine, the Chicago School is impotent to face the anti-competitive thread of Big Tech. This Article shows how the Chicago School of law and economics hobbles antitrust law and policy on potential competition mergers. It illustrates this problem with a close study of public information regarding Facebook. The Article assembles a database of Facebook's completed acquisitions--ninety in all--and shows how the "potential competition" doctrine renders competition law entirely impotent to protect the consumer interest in this space. What is true for Facebook applies to the market generally. While we offer no opinion on any particular merger, protecting the consumer against the ravenous appetite of Big Tech requires rejecting the potential competition test and adopting the empirically tractable structural approach to potential competition mergers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genuine overlaps (several intellectual property rights (IPR) applying to the same intellectual effort) can create overprotection. There is hardly any empirical legal research done on how claimants have litigated at national level not only on their design rights but also on another IPR or unfair competition. This article fills this gap by examining the decisions on all types of design rights (registered and unregistered) from the courts ofthe 28 Member States since the entry into force ofthe Design Directive and Design Regulation until August 2017, where claimants also sued on the basis ofanother IPR namely patents, utility models, trade marks, copyright, and the tort of slavish imitation. The article also determines the proportion of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and big companies who litigate and their rate of winning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent decision, the Italian Supreme Court has confirmed that plans and layouts of a concept store are eligible for copyright protection as "works of architecture" if the furnishing elements are "creatively combined", irrespectively of any "aesthetic character". Parasitic competition has to be ascertained in a "timely manner" and "precisely". Although copyright infringement damages are "in re ipsa", equitable assessment of damages cannot be arbitrary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute Journal is the property of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper describes an effective methodological strategy that the Consolidated teaching innovation group in Communication and Audiovisual Media (In-COMAV), composed of a multidisciplinary teaching team, has been developing since 2016 within the Audiovisual Communication degree program offered by the University of Barcelona. This strategy consists of promoting service-learning projects within the context of various courses. Here we present the viability criteria established for the acceptance of projects oriented toward collaboration with organizations outside the university, the critical success factors and the results that this initiative has had on students, teachers, the university and society. Such results are perceived positively, yet there are still challenges and limitations to be overcome to ensure the continuity, sustainability and effectiveness of service-learning projects in higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

E-commerce already covers the entire spectrum of commercial activities. Transacting electronically still causes debate in the legal and non-legal fields. From a competition perspective, e-commerce on the one hand provides an opportunity to compete, but on the other hand there is also anti-competitive potential. For this reason, the purpose of this paper is to examine the potential for unfair business competition in e-commerce. The problems to be studied are: What competition issues exist in e-commerce and what problems are faced by the competition agency regarding the issue of competition in e-commerce. Based on the results of the discussion and analysis, it is concluded that: the issue of competition in e-commerce consists of infrastructure issues and transaction issues. In the issue of infrastructure, the perspective of business competition will arise problems of interconnection agreements between providers that lead to vertical integration, which of course will reduce the benefits of competition in internet access. On the issue of e-commerce transactions, in addition to providing convenience in transactions and efficiency in business transactions from the perspective of business competition, it will provide potential difficulties in determining market relevance, price dispersion, and price discrimination as well as the possibility of dominant position power and even monopoly in interconnection and the existence of potential price cartel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looks at the various options for protecting the interior design of shops and storefronts. After a quick look back at the CJEU 's decision about the Apple store, this article will delve into the possibility of copyright protection for shop interiors, as accepted in the recent Dutch decision in Shoebaloo v invert, and will explore whether the doctrine of unfair competition provides any further options. Subsequently, this article will take a closer look at a number of EUIPO Board of Appeal decisions on Parfois & Community Design Right registrations for its store layout. The conclwsion win examine the pros and cons of each of these intellectual property rights and claims for the protection of store interiors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to judge the formation of Malicious Incompatibility is a problem that cannot be circumvented and is difficult to solve in the trial of new types of unfair competition on the Internet. Although the revised Anti-Unfair Competition Law explicitly stipulates Malicious Incompatibility as unfair competition, it fails to provide a clear set of judgment criteria. Germany and the United States have respectively developed complete laws and regulations and created judgment rules to deal with new unfair competition disputes arising in the development of the Internet, providing China with a lot of referential trial ideas. By collecting and analyzing the judgment documents and trial ideas of previous cases, this paper, focusing on the internal logic of malice and incompatibility in the law, tries to judge whether the behavior constitutes Malicious Incompatibility considered from the perspective of subjective purposes and the objective effects caused by the behavior and with the method of value measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Review of Private Law / Revista Română de Drept Privat is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Gender representation is inherently a part of child-oriented media that plays a significant role in childhood identity development, and the lack of positive queer representation may lead to unfair treatment of queer youth. An art classroom cannot be a space for exploration and risk-taking if art teachers are unaware of how to structure an appropriate environment for queer curricula. Recognizing the circumstances, we categorize queer representations in media as queer main-text and queer subtext. Queer representation can be utilized as a foundational approach for cultivating pre-service art teachers' visual literacy regarding two aspects: (1) the sensibility of decoding visual spectacles of queer representations, and (2) the actions of encoding visual messages for educational application. With a mind-set of advocating for diversity, pre-service art teachers can critically and logically refute normative interpretations of LGBTQ+ representations in media, create a space for open exploration of LGBTQ+, and reveal and neutralize top-down power relationships within K–12 art classrooms. Further, pre-service art teachers will be better primed to take on a leading role in advocating for LGBTQ+ themes, and they will be encouraged to create an appropriate place for queer students to feel welcome to express themselves, but also a place where students can experience open-mindedness and empathetically embrace diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of effective competition and systemic misconduct in the Australian financial system has been the subject of recent examination and recommendations of the Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Banking, Superannuation and Financial Services Industry and the Productivity Commission's two inquiries into the efficiency and competitiveness of the superannuation system and competition in the Australian financial system. This is at a time when the Australian financial and superannuation systems represent $7.6 trillion in assets and account for over 9 per cent of the Australian economy, whilst their services and products impact the wellbeing of all Australians. In this paper three public policy areas are examined: why Australia's financial system is today characterised by ineffective competition and unfair consumer outcomes, reflections on the institutional failures and system wide shortcomings revealed by the respective Commissions of inquiry, and considerations for how to arrive at the right future policy settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Collected Papers of the Faculty of Law in Split / Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Splitu is the property of Split Faculty of Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia y Sociedad (01218417) is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Algorithmic collusion has the potential to transform future markets, leading to higher prices and consumer harm. And yet, algorithmic collusion may remain undetected and unchallenged, in particular, when it is used to facilitate conscious parallelism. The risks posed by such undetected collusion have been debated within antitrust circles in Europe, the US, and beyond. Some economists, however, downplay algorithmic tacit collusion as unlikely, if not impossible. "Keep calm and carry on," they argue, as future prices will remain competitive. This paper explores the rise of algorithmic tacit collusion and responds to those who downplay it, by pointing to new emerging evidence and the gap between law and this particular economic theory. We explain why algorithmic tacit collusion is not only possible but warrants the increasing concerns of many enforcers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research presented in this essay is grounded in Social Domain Theory. Research provides substantial evidence that children's social development is characterized by the formation of distinctly different systems of thought, including those in the moral, social-conventional, and personal domains. A main focus here is on morality, defined as involving understandings of welfare, justice, and rights, which are applied across societal contexts. Social conventions are uniformities within social systems, serving to provide uniform expectations. The domains constitute different configurations of thinking and developmental changes occur within each domain. However, decisions in social situational contexts often involve coordination, which is a process of weighing and balancing different and sometimes conflicting considerations. Such social contexts can include conflicts between different moral goals or between moral and societal goals. Processes of coordination are examined in social psychological experiments, as well as developmental studies of topics like honesty, rights, and social inclusion. Coordination is also considered in people's perspectives on cultural practices of unfairness and inequality. Psychological research in patriarchal societies shows that females, who are subjected to inequalities evaluate those cultural practices as unfair. Anthropological research documents that females engage in acts of opposition and moral resistance regarding perceived unfair cultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]