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•The 2024 Adult Compendium of Physical Activities presents the energy costs of 1114 PAs including inactivity, leisure, transportation, sports and conditioning, and in-home and occupational settings.•The 2024 Adult Compendium of Physical Activities is the third update of the Compendium of Physical Activities, first published in 1993 and previously updated in 2000 and 2011.•A new website presents the 2024 Adult Compendium, previous versions, and supporting material (www.pacompendium.com).

•The Compendium of Physical Activities was developed to improve consistency and comparability across epidemiological studies.•The Compendium of Physical Activities is a living document that has been updated 3 times since it was first published in 1993.•Over the past 30+ years, the Compendium of Physical Activities has been used widely in research and to support public health guidelines and initiatives.

Previous studies have linked short sleep duration, poor sleep quality, and late sleep timing with lower health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in children. However, almost all studies relied solely on self-reported sleep information, and most studies were conducted in high-income countries. To address these gaps, we studied both device-measured and self-reported sleep characteristics in relation to HRQoL in a sample of children from 12 countries that vary widely in terms of economic and human development.

To compare objectively measured physical activity in older adults with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA) with similarly aged adults without osteoarthritis (OA) or knee symptoms from the general population. We included people ages 50–85 years with symptomatic knee OAfrom the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI, n = 491), and ages 50–85 years from the general population using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, n = 449) data. A uniaxial accelerometer was worn for ≥10 hours/day for ≥4 days in the NHANESgroup in 2003–2004 and in the OAIgroup in 2008–2010. We calculated time spent in moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPAin minutes/day) and described differences in MVPAand demographic variables between the samples. We conducted matched‐pairs sensitivity analyses to further evaluate the role of potential confounders. Both cohorts had similarly low levels of physical activity in age‐ and sex‐specific strata. Time in MVPAranged from a median of 1–22 minutes/day in people with symptomatic knee OA, and from 1–24 minutes/day in the general population without OAor knee pain. These results were similar in sensitivity analyses. Time spent in MVPAwas similarly low in those with symptomatic knee OAas in older adults without knee pain or OA.

To examine the relationships between socioeconomic status (SES; household income and parental education) and objectively measured sleep patterns (sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and bedtime) among children from around the world and explore how the relationships differ across country levels of human development.

BackgroundCadence (steps/min) may be a reasonable proxy-indicator of ambulatory intensity. A summary of current evidence is needed for cadence-based metrics supporting benchmark (standard or point of reference) and threshold (minimums associated with desired outcomes) values that are informed by a systematic process.ObjectiveTo review how fast, in terms of cadence, is enough, with reference to crafting public health recommendations in adults.MethodsA comprehensive search strategy was conducted to identify relevant studies focused on walking cadence and intensity for adults. Identified studies (n=38) included controlled (n=11), free-living observational (n=18) and intervention (n=9) designs.ResultsThere was a strong relationship between cadence (as measured by direct observation and objective assessments) and intensity (indirect calorimetry). Despite acknowledged interindividual variability, ≥100 steps/min is a consistent heuristic (e.g, evidence-based, rounded) value associated with absolutely defined moderate intensity (3 metabolic equivalents (METs)). Epidemiological studies report notably low mean daily cadences (ie, 7.7 steps/min), shaped primarily by the very large proportion of time (13.5 hours/day) spent between zero and purposeful cadences (<60 steps/min) at the population level. Published values for peak 1-min and 30-min cadences in healthy free-living adults are >100 and >70 steps/min, respectively. Peak cadence indicators are negatively associated with increased age and body mass index. Identified intervention studies used cadence to either prescribe and/or quantify ambulatory intensity but the evidence is best described as preliminary.ConclusionsA cadence value of ≥100 steps/min in adults appears to be a consistent and reasonable heuristic answer to ’How fast is fast enough?' during sustained and rhythmic ambulatory behaviour.Trial registration numberNCT02650258

Analisar as associações entre indicadores de nível socioeconômico (NSE) e atividade física e sobrepeso/obesidade em crianças.

To analyze the associations between socioeconomic status (SES) indicators and physical activity and overweight/obesity in children.

Purpose. Descriptive physical activity epidemiology of the U.S. population is critical for program development and resource allocation. The purpose of this project was to describe step-defined categories (as measured by accelerometer) of U.S. adults and to determine predictors of sedentary classification (<5000 steps/d).Design. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is an annual, nationally representative survey used to determine the health status of the U. S. populace.Setting. In-home interviews and physical examination components of NHANES.Participants. Overall, 4372 eligible adults wore accelerometers in the 2005–2006 NHANES; 628 were excluded, which yielded 3744 adults (of which 46.8% were men).Measures. Steps per day; body mass index (BMI); demographic, household and behavioral variables.Analysis. Means and frequencies were calculated. Logistic regression was utilized to determine predictors of sedentary classification.Results. Overall, 36.1% were sedentary (i.e., <5000 steps/d); 47.6% were low to somewhat active (5000–9999 steps/d); 16.3% were active to highly active (≥ 10,000 steps/d). Advancing age (odds ratio [OR], 1.95; confidence intervals [CIs], 1.78, 2.13), higher BMI (OR, 1.40; CIs, 1.23, 1.59), female sex (OR, 1.86; CIs, 1.46, 2.36), African-American versus European-American ethnicity (OR, 1.36; CIs, 1.13, 1.65), household income versus ≥ $45,000 (<$25,000: OR, 1.94; CIs, 1.40, 2.69; $25,000–$44,000: OR, 1.51; CIs, 1.23, 1.85), and current versus never smoker (OR, 1.53; CIs, 1.26, 1.86) variables had higher odds of sedentary classification. Usual daily occupational/domestic physical activity categories of standing/walking (OR, .51; CIs, .38, .69); lifting/climbing (OR, .26; CIs, .17, .38); and heavy loads/labor (OR, .16; CIs, .10, .26) had lower odds of sedentary classification than sitting.Conclusions. Over one-third of the U.S. population was classified as sedentary by accelerometer-determined steps per day, and several characteristics predicted sedentary classification.

Objective: Despite increased participation in leisure-time physical activity, inactivity remains an important public health problem. This study examines the immediate impact of the Canada on the Move initiative to promote walking through pedometer use among adult Canadians. Methods: Data from a rolling monthly sample were collected via the Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute’s Physical Activity Monitor between November 2003 and September 2004. Prevalence rates were compared using Bonferroni-adjusted confidence intervals. Correlates of campaign recall and pedometer ownership were estimated using odds ratios adjusted for age, sex, income and education. Results: Message recall and awareness as well as ownership and use of pedometers increased over the campaign and coincided with promotional activity. There was some evidence of a dose response between the number of messages recalled and pedometer use. Discussion: The increased awareness and usage of pedometers among adult Canadians is encouraging; it indicates that these proximal targets are realistic and achievable for health promotion campaigns and contribute to opportunities for increasing physical activity behaviours.

Background: The purpose of this study was to: 1) evaluate the quality of promotional pedometers widely distributed through cereal boxes at the time of the 2004 Canada on the Move campaign; and 2) establish a battery of testing protocols to provide direction for future consensus on industry standards for pedometer quality. Methods: Fifteen Kellogg’s* Special K*Step Counters (K pedometers or K; manufactured for Kellogg Canada by Sasco, Inc.) and 9 Yamax pedometers (Yamax; Yamax Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) were tested with 9 participants accordingly: 1) 20 Step Test; 2) treadmill at 80m.min−1)(3 miles.hr−1)and motor vehicle controlled conditions; and 3) 24-hour freeliving conditions against an accelerometer criterion. Results:: Fifty-three percent of the K pedometers passed the 20 Step Test compared to 100% of the Yamax. Mean absolute percent error for the K during treadmill walking was 24.2±33.9 vs. 3.9±6.6% for the Yamax. The K detected 5.7-fold more non-steps compared to the Yamax during the motor vehicle condition. In the free-living condition, mean absolute percent error relative to the ActiGraph was 44.9±34.5% for the K vs. 19.5±21.2% for the Yamax. Conclusions:: K pedometers are unacceptably inaccurate. We suggest that research grade pedometers: 1) be manufactured to a sensitivity threshold of 0.35 Gs; 2) detect ±1 step error on the 20 Step Test (i.e., within 5%); 3) detect ±1% error most of the time during treadmill walking at 80m.min−1(3 miles.hr−1); as well as, 4) detect steps/day within 10% of the ActiGraph at least 60% of the time, or be within 10% of the Yamax under free-living conditions.

Purpose. To determine the biking suitability (i.e., bikeability) of and prevalence of biking in 14 elementary schools representing two extremes of bused students (2.4% vs. 53.6%).Methods. Street segments (within 0.25-mile radius of school) were scored for bikeability. Bikes in racks per school student population established biking prevalence. Mann-Whitney U-test compared bikeability and prevalence of biking between groups.Results. A total of 12.5 ±2.2 streets per school were assessed. Thirteen schools scored very good (<3.0) and one scored fair (4.0–4.9). Median bikeability score was 0.69 for the low-busing schools and 0.53 for the high-busing schools (nonsignificant). Median biking prevalence was 3.1% in the low-busing schools and 1.3% in the high-busing schools (p < .05).Conclusion. Streets surrounding schools were adequate for biking. Biking prevalence was significantly higher in low-busing schools but was relatively low in both low- and high-busing schools. Other factors, including intraindividual, social, school, and community, likely contribute to choice of biking to school.

The majority of studies that have examined the association between physical activity and mortality have referred to physical activity in the context of aerobic exercise. Recent evidence indicates that stronger persons live longer independent of aerobic fitness level, and that the greatest health-protective benefits are evident when progressing from low to moderate strength levels.

This study is the preliminary evaluation of acceptability and feasibility of physical activity self-monitoring survey by pedometer. The authors recruited 375 people from a possible 1,200 who completed a randomized, population-based telephone survey administered in 2001 to individuals living in Sumter Co3unty, South Carolina. Mailed kits included pedometer, instructions, a recording calendar, and a postage-paid return envelope. Participants wore the pedometer during waking hours and recorded day-end steps taken for seven days. Up to three telephone prompts were made to get participants to return data. Despite the limitations of initial recruitment, this study provides preliminary information on the acceptability and feasibility of a pedometer-assessed physical activity self-monitoring survey.

Objective: To describe the cross‐sectional relationship between an objective measure of walking (pedometer‐determined steps/day) and general indicators of health, a prior diagnosis of one or more components of the metabolic syndrome, and self‐reported occupational activity in a generally sedentary working population. Research Methods and Procedures: Steps/day were compared with previous diagnosis of one or more components of the metabolic syndrome (by self‐administered questionnaire) and with general health indicators including BMI, waist circumference, resting heart rate, and blood pressure in 182 subjects in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Study participants were volunteer employees recruited from five workplaces where, in general, the job types were moderately or highly sedentary. Results: Steps/day were 7230 ± SD 3447 for women (n= 153) and 8265 ± 2849 (n= 21) for men. Pedometer‐determined steps/day were associated inversely with BMI (r= −0.4005, p< 0.0001) in all participants and waist circumference in females only (r= −0.4303, p< 0.0001). There was a low correlation between steps/day and diastolic blood pressure in the whole sample (r= −0.2140, p= 0.0383). Participants who reported a prior diagnosis of one or more components of the metabolic syndrome (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, heart disease, or type 2 diabetes) took fewer steps/day than healthy participants (p= 0.0254). Pedometer‐determined steps/day were positively associated with self‐reported occupational activity (p= 0.0002). Discussion: Fewer steps/day are associated with increased BMI, waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure, and components of the metabolic syndrome. Low occupational activity is a contributing factor to low total ambulatory activity.

TUDOR-LOCKE, C., B. E. AINSWORTH, L. S. ADAIR, and B. M. POPKIN. Objective Physical Activity of Filipino Youth Stratified for Commuting Mode to School. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 465–471, 2003.

TUDOR-LOCKE, C., B. E. AINSWORTH, W. W. THOMPSON, and C. E. MATTHEWS. Comparison of pedometer and accelerometer measures of free-living physical activity, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 34, No. 12, pp. 2045–2051, 2002.

PURPOSEThis article describes a theory-driven approach to developing a physical activity intervention for sedentary individuals with type 2 diabetes.METHODSDevelopment of the intervention was based on 6 essential elements of program theory: problem definition, critical inputs, mediating processes, expected outcomes, extraneous factors, and implementation issues. Each element was formulated based on available literature and in collaboration with both intended service deliverers (diabetes educators) and recipients (sedentary persons with type 2 diabetes).RESULTSDiabetes education requires a simple physical activity intervention template that is feasible, acceptable, and effective in a variety of settings. Successful programs are individualized, specific, flexible, and based on walking. Pedometers have potential as self-monitoring and feedback tools. The primary expected outcome is an increase in physical activity, specifically walking. Behavior modification and social support are critical to adoption and adherence.CONCLUSIONSTheory-driven interventions specify what works for whom and under what conditions of delivery. The underlying theoryguides the evaluation, refinement, and clinical replication of an intervention. Recruitment, delivery, and follow-up are realworld implementation issues.

Provides information on a pedometer, which motivates older adults with Type 2 diabetes to walk. Description of a pedometer; Steps needed by Type 2 diabetes patients; Walking tips.

The author discusses the prevalence of low physical activity among U.S. children and youth based on an analysis that she conducted with colleagues. The 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) Physical Activity Monitor (PAM) component was used as a basis for the analysis. They observed that the number of walking steps by children decline steadily until they reach the age of 18. The author notes that low physical activity may contribute to greater risk for obesity and cardiometabolic diseases.