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Suboptimal diet is a major modifiable risk factor in cardiovascular disease. Governments, individuals, educational institutes, healthcare facilities and the industry all share the responsibility to improve dietary habits. Healthcare facilities in particular present a unique opportunity to convey the importance of healthy nutrition to patients, visitors and staff. Guidelines on cardiovascular disease do include policy suggestions for population-based approaches to diet in a broad list of settings. Regrettably, healthcare facilities are not explicitly included in this list. The authors propose to explicitly include healthcare facilities as a setting for policy suggestions in the current and future ESC Guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare clinical outcomes of clamping devices and linear nonclamping devices for isolation of the posterior left atrium (box) in thoracoscopic ablation of long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation. Eighty patients who underwent thoracoscopic pulmonary vein and box isolation using a bipolar clamping device (42 patients) or bipolar nonclamping device (38 patients) to create the roof/inferior lesions for box isolation were included from 2 centers. Follow-up consisted of 24-hour Holter at regular intervals. Freedom from AF during 1-year follow-up and catheter repeat interventions were compared between groups. Acute intraoperative electrical isolation of the box compartment was significantly higher in the clamping group than in the nonclamping group (100% and 79%, respectively, P <.01). At 1-year follow-up, 91% of the clamping group and 79% of the nonclamping group were in sinus rhythm. During 1-year follow-up, recurrence rates did not significantly differ between the 2 groups (P =.08). Repeat catheter interventions were required in 10% of the clamping group and 21% of the nonclamping group (P =.15). Conduction gaps in the roof or inferior lesions were found in 1 patient (2%) in the clamping group versus 4 patients (11%) in the nonclamping group (P =.13). Thoracoscopic pulmonary vein and box isolation are highly effective in restoring sinus rhythm in long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation on short-term follow-up. Comparison of clamping and nonclamping devices revealed lower rates of intraoperative exit block of the box in the nonclamping group. However, this did not translate into a significant difference in atrial fibrillation freedom at short-term (1-year) follow-up. Main outcomes when comparing clamping versus nonclamping ablation devices for box ablation in the treatment of long-standing persistent AF. AF , Atrial fibrillation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing body of evidence suggests an association between cancer and atrial fibrillation (AF). The exact magnitude and underlying mechanism of this association are however unclear. Cancer-related inflammation, anti-cancer treatment and other cancer-related comorbidities are proposed to affect atrial remodelling, increasing the susceptibility of cancer patients for developing AF. Moreover, cancer is assumed to modify the risk of thromboembolisms and bleeding. A thorough and adequate understanding of these risks is however lacking, as current literature is scarce and show ambiguous results in AF patients. The standardized risk-models that normally aid the clinician in the decision of initiating anticoagulant therapy do not take the presence of malignancy into account. Other factors that complicate risk assessment in AF patients with cancer include drug-drug interactions and other cancer-related comorbidities such as renal impairment. In this review, we highlight the available literature regarding epidemiological association, risk assessment and anticoagulation therapy in AF patients with cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Noninducibility of ventricular tachycardia (VT) with an equal or longer cycle length (CL) than that of the clinical VT is considered the minimum ablation endpoint in patients with structural heart disease. Because their clinical relevance remains unclear, fast nonclinical VTs are often not targeted. However, an accepted definition for fast VT is lacking. The shortest possible CL of a monomorphic reentrant VT is determined by the ventricular refractory period (VRP).Objective: The purpose of this study was to propose a patient-specific definition for fast VT based on the individual VRP (fVTVRP) and assess the prognostic significance of persistent inducibility after ablation of fVTVRP for VT recurrence.Methods: Of 191 patients with previous myocardial infarction or with nonischemic cardiomyopathy undergoing VT ablation, 70 (age 63 ± 13 years; 64% ischemic) remained inducible for a nonclinical VT and composed the study population. FVTVRP was defined as any VT with CL ≤VRP400 + 30 ms. Patients were followed for VT recurrence.Results: After ablation, 30 patients (43%) remained inducible exclusively for fVTVRP and 40 (57%) for any slower VT. Patients with only fVTVRP had 3-year VT-free survival of 64% (95% confidence interval [CI] 46%-82%) compared to 27% (95% CI 14%-48%) for patients with any slower remaining VT (P = .013). Inducibility of only fVTVRP was independently associated with lower VT recurrence (hazard ratio 0.38; 95% CI 0.19-0.86; P = .019). Among 36 patients inducible for any fVTVRP, only 1 had recurrence with fVTVRP.Conclusion: In patients with structural heart disease, inducibility of exclusively fVTVRP after ablation is associated with low VT recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), outcome after catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) is modest, compared with ischemic heart disease (IHD). Pleomorphic VT (PL-VT) has been associated with fibrotic remodeling and end-stage heart failure in IHD. The prognostic role of PL-VT in DCM is unknown. Methods: Consecutive IHD (2009–2016) or DCM (2008–2018) patients undergoing ablation for monomorphic VT were included. PL-VT was defined as ≥1 spontaneous change of the 12-lead VT-morphology during the same induced VT episode. Patients were followed for VT recurrence and mortality. Results: A total of 247 patients (86% men; 63±13 years; IHD n=152; DCM n=95) underwent ablation for monomorphic VT. PL-VT was observed in 22 and 29 patients with IHD and DCM, respectively (14% versus 31%, P =0.003). In IHD, PL-VT was associated with lower LVEF (28±9% versus 34±12%, P =0.02) and only observed in those with LVEF<40%. In contrast, in DCM, PL-VT was not related to LVEF and induced in 27% of patients with LVEF>40%. During a median follow-up of 30 months, 79 (32%) patients died (IHD 48; DCM 31; P =0.88) and 120 (49%) had VT recurrence (IHD 59; DCM 61; P <0.001). PL-VT was associated with mortality in IHD but not in DCM. In IHD, VT recurrence was independently associated with LVEF, number of induced VTs, and procedural noncomplete success. Of note, in DCM, PL-VT (HR, 2.62 [95% CI, 1.47–4.69]), pathogenic mutation (HR, 2.13 [95% CI, 1.16–3.91]), and anteroseptal VT substrate (HR, 1.75 [95% CI, 1.00–3.07]) independently predicted VT recurrence. Conclusions: In IHD, PL-VT was associated with low LVEF and mortality. In DCM, PL-VT was not associated with mortality but a predictor of VT recurrence independent from LVEF. PL-VT in DCM may indicate a specific arrhythmic substrate difficult to control by current ablation techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Specific 12-lead ECG criteria have been reported to predict an epicardial site of origin (SoO) of induced ventricular tachycardias (VTs) in left ventricular nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Objective: The purpose of this study was to (1) determine the value of ECG criteria to predict an epicardial SoO of clinically documented VTs, (2) analyze the effect of VT cycle length (CL) and antiarrhythmic drugs on the accuracy of ECG criteria, and (3) assess interobserver variability. Methods: In 36 consecutive patients with nonischemic left ventricular cardiomyopathy (age 58 ± 16 years, 75% male) who underwent combined endocardial/epicardial VT ablation, all clinically documented and induced right bundle branch block VTs were analyzed for previously reported ECG criteria to determine the SoO, as defined by ≥11/12 pace-map, concealed entrainment, and/or VT termination during ablation. Results: In 21 patients with clinically documented (25 mm/s) right bundle branch block VT, none of the ECG criteria differentiated between patients with and those without an epicardial SoO. In induced VTs (100 mm/s), 2 of 4 interval criteria differentiated between an endocardial and epicardial SoO for slow VTs (CL >350 ms) and 2 of 4 criteria in patients on amiodarone, but none for fast VTs (CL ≤350 ms) or patients off amiodarone. The Q wave in lead I was the most accurate criterion for an epicardial SoO (sensitivity 88%, specificity 80%). In both clinically documented and induced VTs, interobserver agreement was poor for pseudodelta wave and moderate for other criteria. Conclusion: When applied to clinically documented VTs, no ECG criterion could differentiate between patients with and those without an epicardial SoO. Published interval-based ECG criteria do not apply to fast VTs and patients off amiodarone. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Cardiac device infections (CDIs) are a serious complication associated with the implantation of cardiac rhythm devices. However, the effect of CDI on the subsequent risk of mortality is unknown. Objective: To assess the prognostic importance of CDI in recipients of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and cardiac resynchronization therapy – defibrillator. Methods: All patients who received their initial implantable cardioverter-defibrillator/cardiac resynchronization therapy – defibrillator between January 2000 and September 2009 were included. During follow-up, the occurrence of CDI and all-cause mortality were noted. The prognostic importance of the first CDI on mortality was assessed by modeling CDI as a time-dependent covariate in the Cox proportional hazards model. Results: A total of 2476 patients (79% men; mean age 62 ± 13 years) were included in this analysis. During follow-up, CDI occurred in 64 (2.6%) patients. The 1-year mortality following first CDI was 16.9% (95% confidence interval 6.7%–27.1%). Experiencing the first CDI was associated with a 1.9-fold (hazard ratio 1.87; 95% confidence interval 1.07–3.26) increased risk of mortality compared to patients who did not experience CDI. After controlling for possible confounders, this increased to a 2.4-fold (hazard ratio 2.40; 95% confidence interval 1.35–4.28) increased risk of mortality. Conclusions: In a large cohort of patients who receive implantable cardioverter-defibrillator/cardiac resynchronization therapy – defibrillator after their initial implant, the 3-year incidence of CDI was 2.6%. The occurrence of CDI was associated with substantial 1-year mortality, and patients experiencing CDI had a more than 2-fold increased risk of mortality compared with patients who remained free from CDI. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: The presence of atrial fibrillation (AF) is related to increased levels of natriuretic peptides. In addition, increased natriuretic peptide levels are predictive of the development of AF. However, the role of natriuretic peptides to predict recurrence of AF after radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) is controversial. Objective: The study aimed to investigate the role of natriuretic peptides in the prediction of AF recurrence after RFCA for AF. Methods: Pre-procedural amino-terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (NT-proANP) and amino-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) plasma levels were determined in 87 patients undergoing RFCA for symptomatic drug-refractory AF. In addition, a comprehensive clinical and echocardiographic evaluation was performed at baseline. Left atrial volumes, left ventricular volumes, and function (systolic and diastolic) were assessed. During a 6-month follow-up period, AF recurrence was monitored and defined as any registration of AF on electrocardiogram or an episode of AF longer than 30 seconds on 24-hour Holter monitoring. The role of natriuretic peptide plasma levels to predict AF recurrence after RFCA was studied. Results: During follow-up, 66 patients (76%) maintained sinus rhythm, whereas 21 patients (24%) had AF recurrence. Patients with AF recurrence had higher baseline natriuretic peptide levels than patients who maintained sinus rhythm (NT-proANP 3.19 nmol/L [2.55-4.28] vs 2.52 nmol/L [1.69-3.55], P = .030; NT-proBNP 156.4 pg/mL [64.1-345.3] vs 84.6 pg/mL [43.3-142.7], P = .036). However, NT-proBNP was an independent predictor of AF recurrence, whereas NT-proANP was not. Moreover, NT-proBNP had an incremental value over echocardiographic characteristics to predict AF recurrence after RFCA. Conclusion: Baseline NT-proBNP plasma level is an independent predictor of AF recurrence after RFCA. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Chronic right ventricular (RV) apical pacing has a detrimental effect on left ventricular (LV) function. However, the acute effects of RV apical pacing on LV mechanics remain unclear. The purpose of the study was to assess the acute impact of RV apical pacing on global LV function, evaluating LV contraction synchrony and LV shortening and twist, using 2D speckle-tracking strain imaging. Methods and Results: A group of 25 patients with structural normal hearts referred for electrophysiological study were studied. Two-dimensional echocardiography was performed at baseline and during RV apical pacing at the time of the electrophysiological study. Changes in LV synchrony and mechanics (longitudinal shortening and twist) were assessed using speckle-tracking strain imaging. In addition, 25 controls matched by age, sex, and LV function were studied during sinus rhythm. The group of patients (44+/-12 years, 10 men) and the group of controls (48+/-3 years, 8 men) showed comparable LV synchrony, LV longitudinal shortening, and LV twist at baseline. However, during RV apical pacing, a more dyssynchronous LV contraction was observed in the patients (from 21 ms [Q(1):10, Q(3):53] to 91 ms [Q(1):40, Q(3):204], P<0.001) together with an impairment in LV longitudinal shortening (from -18.3+/-3.5% to -11.8+/-3.6%, P<0.001) and in LV twist (from 12.4+/-3.7 degrees to 9.7+/-2.6 degrees , P=0.001). Conclusions: During RV apical pacing, an acute induction of LV dyssynchrony is observed. In addition, LV longitudinal shortening and LV twist are acutely impaired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study that determines the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) among patients with paroxysmal or persistent artrial fibrillation (AF), observed through multislice computed tomography coronary angiography. The researchers compared patients with persistent AF and patients without history of CAD using multislice computed tomography. The study reveals that there is a higher prevalence of obstructive CAD among patients with AF.

Background: Multislice computed tomography (MSCT) integration is commonly used to guide radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) for atrial fibrillation (AF). MSCT provides detailed anatomical information but lacks the ability to provide real-time anatomy during RFCA. Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) allows real-time visualization of cardiac structures. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of three-dimensional (3D) anatomical mapping of the left atrium (LA) with ICE and integrating the 3D map with MSCT to facilitate RFCA for AF. Methods: In 17 patients undergoing RFCA for AF, 3D mapping of the LA was performed with ICE using a new mapping system that allows tracking of a new ICE probe. On each ICE image, endocardial contours were traced and used to generate a 3D map of the LA and pulmonary veins (PVs). A preprocedurally acquired MSCT image of the LA was then integrated with the 3D map. Additionally, PV assessment with ICE was compared with MSCT. Results: Accurate 3D mapping could be performed in all patients with a mean number of 31.1 ± 8.5 contours. Integration with MSCT resulted in a mean distance between the MSCT and ICE contours of 2.2 ± 0.3 mm for the LA and PVs together and of 1.7 ± 0.2 mm around the PV ostia specifically. Agreement in the assessment of PV anatomy and diameters between ICE and MSCT was excellent. Conclusion: Three-dimensional ICE mapping of the LA is feasible. The 3D map created with ICE can be merged with MSCT to facilitate RFCA for AF. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A letter to the editor is presented which is concerned with electroconvulsive therapy which was used in a 95 year old patient with a pacemaker.