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An access control mechanism plays a critical role in new node deployment within a resource-constrained Wireless Sensor Networks. The deployment of a new node is inevitable either due to the outage of power or nodes getting compromised due to the adversary's attacks. The access control scheme prevents malicious node deployment and also allows a new node to establish a shared key with its neighbors for secure communication. Besides having low communication and computational overheads, an access control mechanism must suffice to specific security and functional requirements for their practical implementations. In this paper, a provable and practical access control scheme based on Elliptical Curve Cryptography (ECC) has been presented. The proposed access control scheme supports node privacy while addressing all other major functional and security requirements. The formal validation of the proposed scheme has been carried out using automated validation of internet security protocols and applications (AVISPA) and Scyther tools. A comparative study of the proposed scheme with the existing schemes has been carried out on various security and functional requirements suggesting a better trade-off. Finally, practical experimentation on TinyOS and MICAz motes has been carried out to provide detailed energy analysis and test-bed implementation of the proposed scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve the problem of the priorities of network traffic and improve the applicability of multi-access for communication systems, a two-level asymmetric polling control system was proposed, in which the central node adopts an exhaustive access policy and the normal nodes adopt an asymmetric 1-limited (K = 1) access policy. This model can distinguish network traffic priorities as well as guarantee fairness of the system. Using a probability generating function and embedded Markov chain, the system model was established. Through the accurate mathematical analysis of the system model, the mathematical analytical formulas of important system performance parameters, such as the mean queue length of nodes and the mean delay of information packets, were obtained. The model provides high-quality services for high-priority nodes while maintaining the quality of service at low-priority nodes. Finally, the polling access control strategy was implemented by Tinyos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, we propose a lightweight, application independent transport protocol for communication of the nodes belonging to a wireless sensor network (WSN) with the nodes belonging to a local area network. The framework consists of a novel downstream routing scheme and a well-known tree based upstream routing protocol for WSNs. The downstream routing protocol leverages Post-order Numbering (PN) of sensor nodes in the collection tree network formed and maintained by the upstream routing protocol. Through the proposed transport framework, using a technique similar to NATing, we achieve a seamless integration of WSNs and IP networks. The proposed protocol was not only evaluated by extensive simulations, but also implemented on a real test bed to show its practical deployability. We built our test bed around a small Wireless Distribution System (WDS) consisting of two laptop computers and eight Micaz motes attached with MTS300 sensor boards. We connected one of the computers in WDS via Ethernet to the LAN while the other operated as a server with a serial forwarder. A gateway board was attached to the second computer via a USB port which enabled it to function also as a base station for the WSN. A distinct advantage of the proposed framework is that an IP client can directly communicate with a sensor node through its base station. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Autonomic and customized behavior in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) can be facilitated through the support of policy-based programming. Currently, a facility for policy debugging and execution trace does not exist. The state of the art assumes that developers will use other methods such as static analysis, batch scripts, and the emulators/simulators to achieve debugging and testing through unsustainably complex gauntlets of manual tests. In this paper, a new approach for controlling the policy-based WSN application simulation is proposed by creating a Policy Integrated Development Environment (Policy IDE) to work interactively with the TOSSIM simulation software using a packet communication mechanism. The benefits of this approach are truly interactive simulation, granular unit testing, interactive debugging, execution trace to validate application logic, and a simplified debugging process for applications that involve policy programming. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: One of the most significant challenges in wide-scale Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is to achieve energy efficiency in order to increase their lifetime and ensuring responsiveness. A very widely applied approach in this regard is to overload the region with numerous low-cost sensing devices that can communicate with each other wirelessly and coordinate amongst themselves in developing schedules for being asleep or active. The literature has numerous research works in this regard which aim to develop efficient sleep scheduling schemes. In this paper, we present an implementation of a grid-topology based cooperative Rank Based Sleep Scheduling (RBSS) protocol in which the nodes of every cell coordinate in a distributive manner, the decision making process of selecting the nodes that should stay active, while others sleep. The proposed protocol guarantees the WSN connectivity as well as the required coverage. Finally, we implement RBSS on a small scale grid using TelosB motes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Wireless sensor network (WSN) is drawing interest in various areas as they have great potential for many distributed applications in different scenarios. This paper demonstrates iSENSE, which provides a web-based sensor monitoring service and a sensor network test-bed. iSENSE uses heterogeneous wireless sensors that are capable of measuring temperature, humidity and light. Gateway nodes collect the sensed data from their respective network area and store the data in MySQL database for analysis and visualization through a portal. Through the test-bed user can remotely submit a sensor application (programs written in NesC) for compiling it using required softwares (TinyOS and NesC) and evaluating the performance of the application by downloading and executing them on dedicated sensing devices which form the test-bed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In Wireless Sensor Networks, the basic element of communication among the sensor nodes is Hello Message protocol, through which a node knows their neighbouring nodes before making communication. We present, HelloMsgC: Implementation of Hello Message Protocol - A practical demonstration with IRIS motes in TinyOS programming with nesC language. A sensor node broadcasts hello message request to know its neighbouring nodes if any, within its radio range. The nodes who listen to this request replies to by sending the request acknowledgement. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A sensor network, unlike a traditional communication network, provides high degree of visibility into environmental physical processes. Therefore its operation is driven by the activities in the environment. In long-term operations, these activities usually show certain patterns which can be learned and utilized to optimize network design. However, this has been almost unexplored in the literature. In this paper we present the design and validation of system, an activity-aware sensor network in smart environments. consists of three components: activity-aware sensing, activity-aware radio duty-cycling, and activity-aware and energy balanced routing. Experimental results from real testbed experiments and sensor network simulator TOSSIM validate that the activity-aware design of outperforms existing methods in terms of resource utilization (energy efficiency, lifetime etc.) and system performance (data delivery throughput, delivery latency etc.). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Structural health monitoring with wireless sensor networks has received much attention in recent years due to the ease of sensor installation and low deployment and maintenance costs. However, sensor network technology needs to solve numerous challenges in order to substitute conventional systems: large amounts of data, remote configuration of measurement parameters, on-site calibration of sensors and robust networking functionality for long-term deployments. We present a structural health monitoring network that addresses these challenges and is used in several deployments for monitoring of bridges and buildings. Our system supports a diverse set of sensors, a library of highly optimized processing algorithms and a lightweight solution to support a wide range of network runtime configurations. This allows flexible partitioning of the application between the sensor network and the backend software. We present an analysis of this partitioning and evaluate the performance of our system in three experimental network deployments on civil structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is an internet standard protocol for managing devices on IP network and is one of the key components of NMS (Network management system). It is also used in a variety of application such as remote monitoring and controlling of the network nodes. Lowpan consist of large number of low-cost devices.lowpan faces several challenging issues such as small packet size, low bandwidth, low power, a large number of devices. In order to, overcome these issues, the 6lowpan was originated. The 6lowpan group has defined encapsulation and header compression mechanism that allow,ipv6 packets to be sent to and received from over lowpan based networks.6lowpan is a severely resource constrained network. Hence, existing SNMP protocol need to be modified. The 6lowpan-snmp is an extended modification of the SNMP.The SNMP is mainly used to manage a sensor node which has allocated IP address. These IP networks can be integrated with the 6lowpan by transmitting the SNMP packets over 6lowpan.this can be achieved by compressing SNMP packet and reduce the number of SNMP message over the network. This paper, tries to show effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed scheme on resource-constraint sensor network. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A cold chain is a temperature controlled supply chain. The chain that brings the temperature-sensitive products from the factory to the consumer through an uninterrupted series of steps under a controlled temperature is usually called the “cold chain.” The goods follow complex logistic paths along this chain, and the final distribution often requires the use of refrigerated vehicles. While the temperature is easily controlled and monitored in the factory plants, the refrigerated vehicles can be a crucial point in the whole chain, since the products may undergo transient conditions during the loading operations or even during the whole transport process with great risk to the integrity of the goods. The refrigerated vehicles have to satisfy some thermal requirements, which are mainly related to the insulation and refrigeration capabilities, but this does not assure product integrity because of the unpredictable condition that may occur during the transportation and that could cause a significant change in the product temperature. The only reliable way of verifying the real integrity of the cold chain consists of monitoring the temperature of the products during their distribution. Application proposed in this paper deals with a wireless sensor network that has been specifically designed to monitor temperature-sensitive products during their distribution, with the aim of conforming to the cold-chain. Here sensors are placed along the cold boxes, such as product nodes communicate through a wireless channel with a base station which collects and processes the data sent by all nodes. This will continuously monitor temperature and multiple level of alert is provided in case of any undesirable condition in the product. The alert messages are forwarded to the vehicle driver and to the producer of the product. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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Abstract: The development of energy-efficient applications for wireless sensor networks requires mechanisms and tools for run-time monitoring of energy consumption. We propose a software framework that supports energy profiling of applications for the TinyOS 2.x platform. Measurements are obtained through the insertion of software probes within the code of the operating system. As a consequence, since the APIs are not changed, the programmer is not forced to modify the code of existing applications. The technique has been validated by comparing its results with the values registered by dedicated hardware. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: As the world is moving towards the “Internet of Things” [1], Internet Protocol enabled Wireless Sensor Network is becoming an important research area. In order to make it possible and to facilitate transmission of IPv6 packets over low powered networks, 6LoWPAN [2,3] has been introduced. In this paper, we study mobility issues and scenarios which may occur in the 6LoWPAN network. We also propose an approach to manage the mobility of nodes efficiently based on received signal strength and link quality. Simple load-balancing technique is also incorporated. The 6LoWPAN based Wireless Sensor Network can be integrated with grid computing establishing a Sensor-Grid which may also be used in various applications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: To evaluate the animal welfare, many ranchers would like to know the pressure on the animals due to the holsters and ropes. In this paper, a wireless real-time pressure monitoring system was designed based on wireless sensor network. The system consists of several pressure sensor nodes and a sink to coordinate the whole network, collect data from pressure sensor nodes and send the data to PC. An ultra-thin pressure sensor was integrated in the smart moteplatform to form the pressure sensor node. TinyOS, an open-source operating system and nesC language, an extension to C were applied for programming. In the lab test, the result of sensor calibration shows it has a good linearity and the packet delivery rate test verify that the system could operate stably and reliably in a better acceptable link quality. For better presenting to users, an information monitoring interface was used based on MATLAB as a simple demonstration of the whole system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper proposed an agricultural application of wirless sensor network. The main work is to implement two types of nodes and building sensor network. The hardware platform is constituted by data process unit, radio module, sensor control matrix, data storage flash, power supply unit, analog interfaces and extended digital interfaces. The software system adopts TinyOS which is composed of system kernel, device drivers and applications. Energy-saving algorithm is implemented in the software system. The monitoring network adopts two networking protocols. The Collection Tree Protocol is a tree-based collection protocol which consists in collecting the data generated in the network into a base station. The dissemination is the complementary operation to collection. The goal of a dissemination protocol is to reliably deliver a piece of control and synchronization instructions to every node in the network. The experimental results show us that the monitoring system is feasible for applications in precision agriculture. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper, the third one in a three-paper sequence, presents the result of TOSSIM simulation of a Hopfield neural network as a static optimizer and configured to solve the maximum independent set (MIS) problem using a wireless sensor network as a fully parallel and distributed computing hardware platform. TinyOS with its default protocol stack along with nesC were used to develop the simulation model. Simulations were realized for mote counts of 10, 50, 100, and 182; messaging complexity, memory and simulation time costs were measured. Results indicated, as the most prominent finding, that the neural optimization algorithm was able to compute solutions to the MIS problem. The memory footprint of the TOSSIM process in Windows XP environment was about 20 MB for the range of sensor networks considered. The messaging complexity as measured by the total number of messages transmitted and the simulation time increased rather quickly indicating a need to optimize and tune certain aspects of the simulation environment if wireless sensor networks with higher mote counts need to be simulated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper, the second one in a three-paper sequence, presents the nesC model of a Hopfield neural network configured for a static optimization problem, the maximum independent set, in fully parallel and distributed mode for TinyOS-based wireless sensor networks. Actual nesC code that implements the required neural computing functionality is presented. The graph representation of the maximum independent set problem is used as the basis for the topology of the Hopfield network as well as the wireless sensor network since each mote is conceived to house one neuron in order to facilitate fully parallel and distributed computation. The nesC implementation of a multitude of phases of computation is detailed including initialization of the neural network, relaxation, convergence detection, and solution detection all while the neural computations are performed on the wireless sensor network. Simulation of the presented nesC-TinyOS model is deferred to the third paper in the sequence. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]