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Phytochemical studies of the 70 % ethanol extract of Tinospora cordifolia stems led to the isolation of two new neo -clerodane diterpenoids, including tinocordifoliols C (1) and D (2). Their structures were determined by experimental 1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS, ECD, and statistical analyses, including DP4+ probability based on DFT calculations of NMR chemical shifts. According to the previous report for two neo -clerodane diterpenoids, tinocordifoliols A and B, the inhibitory activities of 1 and 2 against human arginases I and II were also evaluated. In contrast to the previously reported two neo -clerodane diterpenoids, 1 and 2 did not show inhibitory activities against human arginases I and II. These results provide insight into the structure-activity relationship of neo -clerodane diterpenoids. [Display omitted] • Two new neo -clerodane diterpenoids were isolated from Tinospora cordifolia. • The structures of the two new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses. • The inhibitory activities of the two new compounds against arginases-I and -II were evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indian Tinospora (Tinospora cordifolia), a climbing shrub of medicinal importance belonging to the Menispermaceae family, is native to the Indian subcontinent and China. During May 2022, a rapid spread of typical leaf spot infection was observed on T. cordifolia foliage at Bangalore, India. The mean disease index of leaf spot at all surveyed locations was observed to be 50.66% (range: 42.00–52.00%). Subsequent isolation and purification of the associated fungal pathogen, followed by cultural and micro-morphological characterization unveiled the association of fungal pathogen as Colletotrichum sp. Species delimitation using multigene phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and histone (H3) genes confirmed distinct grouping with C. sydowii. Cultural, morphological and molecular characterization collectively confirmed Colletotrichum sydowii as responsible fungal pathogen causing leaf spot in T. cordifolia. The pathogenicity of the fungal isolate was validated by proving Koch's postulates. To the best of our knowledge, this is a novel report on the occurrence of leaf spots caused by C. sydowii on Tinospora cordifolia in India. • In May 2022, high incidence (DI = 50.66%) of leaf spot was observed on the leaves of Indian Tinospora at several locations in Karnataka, India. • Preliminary evaluation based on disease symptoms and morphological characterisation validated that the pathogen associated with leaf spot disease belongs to the genus Colletotrichum. • Multi-locus [ITS, GAPDH, and H3 genes] concatenated phylogenetic analysis confirmed the causal organism as Colletotrichum sydowii. • This is the first report of leaf spot disease caused by Colletotrichum sydowii on Indian Tinospora (Tinospora cordifolia) from India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation aims to explore therapeutic potential of biogenic synthesised silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) mediated using endophytic fungus extract isolated from Tinospora cordifolia. The synthesised AgNPs characterised using various physicochemical analyses. In FTIR, amide I and II bands of protein and hydroxyl groups of phenolic hydroxyl confirming bioactive metabolites presence over AgNPs surface. The mean size of AgNPs found 25–35 nm spherical in size. Further, AgNPs demonstrated higher antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity than endophyte fungal extract. Such high activity of AgNPs might be a resultant of the propounding synergistic activity of silver nanoparticle and endophyte bioactive metabolites over AgNPs surface that is confirmed by FTIR. Moreover, antiproliferative activity in cervical and breast cancer cells was demonstrated. Finally, AgNPs found cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility. Thus, the results obtained provide apparent and multiple biological activities of biogenic silver nanoparticles synthesised as possible multipurpose therapeutic material with little systemic toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the discovery of active components of the Tinospora cordifolia plant and their biological function in disease control has piqued the curiosity of scientists all over the world. As a result, the current study sought to assess the nutritional and biological efficacy of T. cordifolia stem. The proximate composition, mineral profile, total phenolic content, antioxidant, anti-microbial and in silico analysis of T. cordifolia stem were all investigated. A DPPH assay was used to assess T. cordifolia 's antioxidant properties. Endodontic pathogens like Enterococcus faecalis , Shigella boydii , and Escherichia coli were tested for antimicrobial effectiveness. The presence of moisture (5.48%), proteins (6.86%), carbs (79.63%), fibers (21.75%), and ash (6.44%) was found in the proximate composition. The energy value per gram was 360.23 kcal. T. cordifolia stem minerals were detected in trace levels. At 0.4 mg/mL, the DPPH scavenging activity of the ethanol and aqueous extracts was 55.7% and 10.2%, respectively, and 27.6% and 6.5% at 0.1 mg/mL, respectively. Both extracts inhibited pathogenic strains of E. coli , E. faecalis, and S. boydii. T. cordifolia stem extracts treated in ethanol appear to be less efficient against E. coli and E. faecalis infections. In silico analysis revealed that the majority of alkaloids found in T. cordifolia have binding affinities ranging from −5 to −8.4 kcal/mol for dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP-4), a key enzyme responsible for inhibiting insulin secretion and causing a high blood glucose level. Tinosporin exhibited the highest binding affinity for the DPP-4 enzyme, followed by palmarin with affinities of −8.4 and −8.3 kcal/mol, respectively. The findings of this study will provide exciting prospects for researchers, scientists, and professionals in the food and pharmaceutical sectors who are eager to explore new avenues for groundbreaking work. [Display omitted] • Giloy bioactives have a significant impact on human health and medicine. • Extraction yield is higher in ethanolic extract than in aqueous. • TPC and DPPH scavenging activity were also higher in ethanolic extract. • Less steric hindrance in DPP4 confirms α-helical and β-sheet for ligand interaction. • Giloy bioactive has a higher binding affinity for DPP4 involved in diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as a global pandemic. Till now, a diverse array of drugs failed to combat. There is an immense need of novel lead molecules on a urgent basis. Medicinal plants are the reservoir of secondary metabolites. In silico approach has been carried out to dock the ligands (various secondary metabolites from Tinospora cordifolia) to the target (SARS-CoV-2 main protease) and compared its efficacy against standard drugs (Azithromycin, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, Favipiravir, Remdesivir). In silico molecular docking approach provides insight into the screened molecules that might prove to be an effective inhibitor for SARS-CoV-2. Out of five standard drug molecules, two widely used antiviral drugs (Favipiravir and Remdesivir) are ascribed as the most potent molecules based on their highest docking score in the present study. Columbin, Tinosporide, N-trans-feruloyl-tyramine-diacetate, Amritoside C, Amritoside B, Amritoside A, Tinocordifolin, Palmatoside G, Palmatoside F, and Maslinic acids are other molecules considered to be the key molecules based on their docking score (range between -5.02 to −5.72). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurodegenerative diseases negatively affect the various neuronal populations of the central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, conventional treatment strategies are inefficient and have considerable side effects. Since Ayurveda has always been considered an effective alternative to synthetic drugs, Tinospora cordifolia , an age-old renowned herb in Ayurveda with great medicinal importance, is drawing the attention of many researchers. The effect of the crude extract of T. cordifolia and its constituents in alleviating neurodegenerative diseases has been reported previously and recently. This study followed thorough research on scientific databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect regarding the practical implications of T. cordifolia extracts and compounds in alleviating neurodegeneration. Various search terms like 'neurodegenerative diseases', ' T. cordifolia and neurodegeneration', 'signalling mechanisms of neurodegeneration', and 'neuroprotective effect of T. cordifolia ' have been used. Several in vitro studies have suggested that T. cordifolia extracts and compounds can improve memory, cognition, and learning deteriorated by various neurodegenerative diseases. They also enhance the potential of the antioxidant system by restoring Glutathione (GSH) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels and scavenging the free radicals that cause neuronal oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. This review article summarises the various aspects of T. cordifolia against different neurodegenerative diseases and its future potential therapeutic values. It also emphasises the need to investigate other compounds present in T. cordifolia. Exploring anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties proved T. cordifolia to be a life saviour. Despite this, extensive clinical and pharmacological studies are required to evaluate the precise dosage and formulation of its constituents. • Neurodegenerative diseases are generally proteinopathies. • Disarrangement and accumulation of a specific protein is the characteristic of most neurodegenerative diseases. • Neurodegeneration proceeds through PI3K/Akt/mTOR, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase, nuclear factor-κB, and transforming growth factor-β pathways. • Kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity, Lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation, and 6-hydroxydopamine and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced parkinsonism are the models of neurodegeneration. • Neuroprotective effect of Tinospora cordifolia extract and its compounds is determined through these models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Species of Tinospora are used as herbal remedies for the treatment of various diseases with very few toxic effects having been reported. Tinospora cordifolia (TCF) has been reported to effectively prevent hepatotoxicity. However, there are an increasing number of cases revealing that Tinospora crispa (TCP) might have the negative effect of inducing hepatotoxicity. Because of the similar leaves, people may mistake TCP for TCF, and consume it with the purpose of protecting liver function.Objective: Find out the misusing level of TCP and TCF and which chemical compound in TCP might induce hepatotoxicity.Methods: We report two cases of acute fulminant hepatitis associated with chronic use of TCP. Given that the two herbs were misidentified in these two reports, we investigated the frequency of erroneous identification by using three keywords ("Guduchi", "Tinospora cordifolia", "Tinospora crispa") to search images from the Google Images database. To further clarify the influence of liver function between TCP and TCF, we searched PubMed (up to 29 July 2018) for relevant publications on clinical trials or case reports.Results: Based on web review, over 35 percent of websites failed to accurately identify these two herbs. The different effects on liver function between TCP and TCF were compared through literature review. It indicated that TCF exerted liver protection, TCP had a contrary effect, suggesting its cis-Clerodane-type furano-diterpenoids might be an important factor of inducing hepatotoxicity.Conclusions: We concluded that people might cause hepatic injury or even death without correctly identifying these two Tinospora species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquatic pollution refers to any water that has been used and discarded in different water bodies by industrial and commercial activities which contains a wide range of toxic substances and required treatment so that water can be safely reused for various purposes. In present paper, polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and plant Tinospora Cordifolia (T. Cordifolia) encapsulated dual doped cobalt-copper titanium dioxide nanoparticles (Co–Cu TNPs) has been synthesized via microwave-assisted method for the degradation aquatic pollutant dyes: Methyl Orange (MO) & Methylene Blue (MB). Using the encapsulated dual doped Co–Cu TNPs, free radical assays (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl: DPPH; Hydrogen peroxide: HP & Nitric oxide: NO) were also performed. Several physicochemical properties of encapsulated TNPs were examined using a variety of characterization techniques that helps in photocatalytic and antioxidant activity. The encapsulated TNPs exhibit tetragonal crystal lattice having average particles size between 25 and 38 nm with spherical shape morphology. The bandgap of encapsulated dual doped Co–Cu TNPs was found in the range of 3.25–3.29 eV. The binding of encapsulated dual doped Co–Cu TNPs were also calculated by using XPS which confirms the presence of dopants. The photocatalytic activity was performed with using control experiment and using encapsulated dual doped Co–Cu TNPs against MO and MB dyes. The results revealed that the degradation was observed up to 100% for the both MO and MB dyes. Also, antioxidant activity of encapsulated dual doped Co–Cu TNPs was observed against the DPPH, HO and NO assays. [Display omitted] • Dual doped Co–Cu TNPs were encapsulated by polymer PVP and plant T. Cordifolia. • Microwave-assisted method was used for the encapsulation. • Encapsulated TNPs exhibited spherical shapes. • T. Cordifolia encapsulated TNPs showed higher photocatalytic and scavenging performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The effects of Tinospora cordifolia as an immunomodulatory agent were evaluated using a combined approach of network pharmacology and in-vivo study. • Animals were immunized with JEEV, an inactivated Japanese encephalitis SA-14-14-2 strain vaccine. • Preconditioning of Tinospora cordifolia exhibited induction of protective immunity in response to the JE vaccine. • The levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-17 and IFN-gamma) were induced in preconditioned mice immunized with the vaccine. Tinospora cordifolia Miers. (TC) (Giloya/Guduchi) is a native Indian herb, reported for its wide array of medicinal activities including immunomodulatory activity. However, the exact pharmacological mechanism of TC as an immunomodulatory agent remains unclear. Central to this, to the best of our knowledge, no study has explored the immunoadjuvant potential of TC in response to the Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccines. The study aims to explore the immunoadjuvant potential of TC ethanolic extract in response to the JE vaccine and illustrates its potential mechanism of immunomodulation using an integrated approach of network pharmacology and in-vivo experimental study. Initially, the extract was prepared and the components of TC were identified through high-resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HR-LC/MS). The compounds were then screened for network pharmacology analysis. Next, the drug and disease targets were identified and the network was constructed using Cytoscape 3.7.2 to obtain different signalling pathways of TC in JEV. We then evaluated the immunoadjuvant potential of TC ethanolic extract in mice immunized with inactivated JE vaccine (SA-14–14–2 strain). BALB/c mice were supplemented with TC extract (30 and 100 mg/kg , i.g.), daily for 56 days, marked with immunization on 28th day of the study, by JE vaccine. Blood was collected for flow cytometry and haematological analysis (total and differential cell counts). The surface expression of immune-cell markers (CD3+, CD4+, CD19+, CD11c+, CD40+) were evaluated on day 0 (pre-immunization), day 14 and 28 post-immunization. Additionally, inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ+/IL-17A+) were evaluated post-14 and 28 days of immunization. The HR-LC/MS analysis identified the presence of glycosides, terpenoids, steroids and alkaloids in the TC extract. Through network analysis, 09 components and 166 targets were obtained, including pathways that involve toll-like receptor signalling, pattern-recognition receptor signalling, cytokine receptor and cytokine mediated signalling, etc. The in-vivo results showed that preconditioning with TC ethanolic extract significantly elevated the haematological variables (leucocyte count) as well as the surface expression of CD markers (B and T cell subsets) on day 0 (pre-immunization), day 14 and 28 post-immunization. Furthermore, preconditioning of TC demonstrated a dose-dependant augmentation of immune cells (CD3+, CD4+, CD19+, CD11c+) and inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ+/IL-17A+) on day 14 and 28 post-immunization when compared to vaccine alone group. Results showed that preconditioning with TC extract before immunization might play a potential role in enhancing the cell-mediated as well as humoral immunity. Altogether, the combinatorial approach of network pharmacology and in-vivo animal experimentation demonstrated the immunoadjuvant potential of TC in response to JEV vaccine. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tinospora genus is widely utilized because of its numerous bioactive compounds. This work aimed to isolate the bioactive constituents and antibacterial activities of the T. cordifolia plant. Maceration, column chromatography, and thin-layer chromatography plates were utilized to identify and visualize the extracted and isolated compounds. Total phenolics and flavonoids in the extracts and active fractions were also analysed. Substances were identified through their molecular structure and molecular mass. The names, molecular weights, and structures of the components of the test materials were verified using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR, 13C NMR, HMQC, and HMBC). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were 3294, 156, and 32 µg/mL for the crude extract, active fraction, and isolate of T. cordifolia , respectively. The total phenol active fraction was 38.44 mg GAE/g, while the total flavonoid content was 79.46 mg QE/g. N- trans -Feruloyltyramine or Moupinamide, a phenol group compound with a molecular ion weight of 314 m / z (M + H)+, was successfully isolated as the bioactive compound. The moupinamide isolate may be responsible for the antibacterial activity of T. cordifolia in this work. Our findings indicate that the bioactive isolate from T. cordifolia is a potential source of green material and exhibits the potential to inhibit P. aeruginosa biofilm, which is responsible for microbial corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study describes the antimicrobial activity of Tinospora cordifolia (stem), Azadirachta indica (leaves) and Andrographis paniculata (aerial parts). Extracts of plants were obtained by Soxhlet's extraction in the mixture of 50%methanol and 50% water. The antibacterial activities were assessed by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zonesand MIC values and reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cancer has emerged as a systemic disease which targets various organs thus challenging the overall physiology of the host. Recently, we have shown that hyperactive neutrophils infiltrate various organs of tumor bearing host and contribute to gradual systemic deterioration. Therefore, taming neutrophils via potent immunomodulators could be an appropriate therapeutic approach in regulating systemic damage. Tinospora cordifolia (TC), an Ayurvedic panacea, is known for its immense medicinal values in traditional literature and recent reports have also documented its immunomodulatory potential. However, whether TC can regulate neutrophils to exert its therapeutic effectiveness has not been deciphered so far.Methods: For the in vivo study, we utilized murine model of Dalton's Lymphoma (DL). T. cordifolia extract (TCE) treatment was scheduled at early, mid and advanced stages of tumor growth at a dose of 400 mg/kg b.w for 30 consecutive days. Effect of TCE on neutrophil infiltration was examined by immunostaining. Neutrophil elastase (NE) level in serum, ascitic fluid and various tissues was monitored by ELISA. Further, qPCR was performed to assess transcripts levels of NE, myeloperoxidase (MPO), metalloproteinases (MMP-8, MMP-9) and cathepsin G (CSTG) in various tissues. ROS level in tissue was assessed by DHE staining and organ function was assessed by histology post TCE treatment.Results: Our findings showed that TC treatment significantly reduced neutrophil count in peripheral blood and their infiltration in vital organs of tumor-bearing host. Further, it ameliorated neutrophil hyperactivation by down regulating the expression of its key cargoes including NE, MPO, MMP-8, MMP-9 and CSTG at early and mid stage of tumor growth. In addition, TC treatment prevented histopathological alterations and restored the normal serum enzyme levels at different stages of tumor growth. Importantly, TC treatment also showed significant reduction in tumor burden which was accompanied by a remarkable increase in survival of the tumor-bearing mice.Conclusions: We conclude that T. cordifolia could limit systemic damage via regulating neutrophil infiltration and hyperactivation which can further lead to cancer control at both prophylactic and therapeutic level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary addition of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root powder and guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) stem powder on growth performance, feed conversion ratio and economics of feeding in broilers. In experiment 1, treatments were T1: basal diet; T2: basal diet + ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root powder @ 1 g/kg of feed; T3: basal diet + ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root powder @ 2 g/kg of feed. In experiment 2, treatments were T1: basal diet; T2: basal diet + guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) stem powder @ 1 g/kg of feed; T3: basal diet + guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) stem powder @ 2 g/kg of feed. The chicks were fed with standard basal diets in three different growth phases i.e. pre-starter (0-10d), starter (11-21d) and finisher (22-42d). Supplementation of Withania somnifera and Tinospora cordifolia significantly increased the overall body weights, weekly gain in body weight of broilers compared to the control group. However, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and feed cost per kilogram of live broiler production were similar among the treatment groups. The dietary addition of Withania somnifera and Tinospora cordifolia reduced mortality rate compared to the control. Results indicated that ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) and guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) powder improved growth performance and reduced mortality, but did not have any effect on feed conversion ratio and economics of feeding in broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, available conventional options for diabetes mellitus have certain limitations of their own, and options from medicinal plants with antihyperglycemic activities are being searched to meet the need. Antidiabetic properties of Tinospora cordifolia are highly appreciated in Ayurveda and even in recent modern researches. Several studies on its extracts ( viz. immune- modulatory, anti-hyperglycemic, antioxidant, adaptogenic, hepatoprotective, hormone regulator etc. ) and isolated phytoconstituents (like tinosporin, berberine, jatrorrhizine etc. ) have reported that it is a preventive and curative antidiabetic herb, which are substantiated by clinical trials. Scattered information pertaining to antidiabetic potential of Tinospora is reported. Present review encompasses (i) in-depth information of reported antidiabetic activities of the plant in light of available experimental and clinical studies, and (ii) understanding on the possible mechanism of its action in combating the complex pathology of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tinospora cordifolia extract decreased the activity of glycogen phosphorylase in the liver and widely used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. This in silico study aimed to screen the active compound(s) of T. cordifolia which play a role in its hypoglycemic activity as glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor by molecular docking analysis. Thirteen chemical constituents of T. cordifolia were used as ligands for docking study. The glycogen phosphorylase structure was obtained from Brookhaven protein databank (1LWO). Docking analysis was performed using Autodock Vina and PyRx 8. The inhibitory activity was analyzed by comparison the binding energy and binding mode of interaction of T. cordifolia chemical constituents on glycogen phosphorylase. The results indicate that magnoflorine, cordiofolioside A, and syringin exhibited good affinity to glycogen phosphorylase, by interacted at catalytic site of enzyme [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An in vitro study designed to study the effect of aqueous (TAE) and hydro-alcoholic (THAE) extracts of Tinospora cordifolia at three different doses in inducing apoptosis on human mammary tumor cell line MCF-7 was determined by flow cytometry and the results revealed an increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells in the plant extracts treated groups similar to the positive control (Doxorubicin 2 µg/ml) group. Mean values of Live cell, Apoptotic cell and Necrotic cell were compared between TAE and THAE apoptosis induction level which suggest the potential of using these extracts as anticancer agent against mammary tumour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The present study evaluated the gastroprotective effect of epoxy clerodane diterpene (ECD), isolated from Tinospora cordifolia on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Administration of indomethacin exhibits extreme levels of ulcer index (UI) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Indomethacin down regulated PGE2, anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) and pro-angiogenic factors (VEGF and EGF). The ECD pretreatment considerably increased the levels of PGE2, anti-inflammatory cytokines and pro-angiogenic factors. The ulcer-healing activity of ECD was inhibited by pre-administration of the specific COX-1 inhibitor (SC560) and nonspecific NOS inhibitor (l-NAME), which indicates the involvement of PGE2 and NOS in ECD induced ulcer healing activity. These findings suggest that ECD exerts its antiulcer activity by reinforcement of defensive elements and diminishing the offensive elements. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Tinospora cordifolia is a popular medicinal plant containing a variety of phytochemicals including flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and polyphenols, which have shown various pharmacological activities. The present study is aimed at comparing the cytoprotective and antioxidant potential of aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of T. cordifolia stem, in HepG2 cells cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with high concentrations of glucose and fructose, both alone and in combination, to mimic diabetic conditions. The antioxidant potential and free radical scavenging properties of extracts of T. cordifolia were measured by DPPH and ferric ion reducing power (FRAP) assays. The cytoprotective potential of extracts against HepG2 cells cultured in DMEM supplemented with 5 mM, 10 mM and 50 mM of glucose, 1 mM, 5 mM and 20 mM of fructose and their combinations, was measured by MTT and SRB assays and also lactate dehydrogenase release in the culture medium, while the antioxidant potential was evaluated by measuring decrease in oxidative damage of lipids and proteins. Various extracts of T. cordifolia , viz. , aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic, show free radical scavenging properties, thus are also effective in increasing the viability of cells which was decreased by supplementation of excess sugars in the medium. Treatment of extracts also reduced the levels of damaged lipids and proteins in HepG2 cells. The results indicated that the naturally occurring phytoconstituents of T. cordifolia stem are potentially cytoprotective and antioxidant. Furthermore, the constituents show potential in reversing the diabetes-induced changes in HepG2 cells, thus improving their survival and functional integrity. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a commonly used anti-cancer drug which causes toxicity by its reactive metabolites. In this study we investigated the effect of Tinospora cordifolia on urotoxicity induced by acute dose of CP using Swiss albino mice model. Administration of an alcoholic extract of the plant T. cordifolia (Family: Menispermaceae) (200mg/kg i.p.) for 5 days reduced CP (1.5mmol/kg body wt. i.p.) induced urotoxicity as evident from the morphological analysis of bladder, decreased the relative bladder and liver weights and also decreased level of urea nitrogen and protein in blood as well as urine. Severely inflamed and dark coloured urinary bladders of the CP alone treated animals were found to be normalized by the treatment of T. cordifolia. GSH content, which was drastically reduced by CP administration in both bladder and liver was enhanced by treatment with T. cordifolia. Histopathological analysis of the bladder of CP alone-treated group showed severe necrotic damage where as the T. cordifolia-treated group showed normal bladder architecture. The lowered levels of cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2, after CP treatment were found to be increased in treated animals. At the same time the level of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, which was elevated during CP administration, was significantly reduced by extract administration. This study clearly demonstrates uroprotective role of T. cordifolia from CP induced toxicities by modulating GSH and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Antidiabetic potential of Tinospora cordifolia stem is well proven. In the course of screening of useful α-glucosidase inhibitors, we prepared alkaloid fraction (AFTC) and isolated three isoquinoline alkaloids, namely, jatrorrhizine, palmatine and magnoflorine as active candidates for α-glucosidase inhibition. The enzyme kinetics was studied using sucrose and maltose as substrates. Michaelis–Menten constant (K m) and maximal velocity (V max) values were estimated. A significant decrease in V max and unaltered K m was observed in case of jatrorrhizine and palmatine (non-competitive inhibition). Magnoflorine was found to increase apparent K m and shown to be reversible, competitive inhibition. The IC50 value as sucrase inhibitor was 36.25, 23.46 and 9.8μg/mL for jatrorrhizine, palmatine and magnoflorine, respectively, and as maltase inhibitor was 22.05, 38.42 and 7.6μg/mL for jatrorrhizine, palmatine and magnoflorine, respectively. In vivo studies were conducted on rats to determine oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), using different substrates: glucose, sucrose and maltose. The increase in plasma glucose level was significantly suppressed (P <0.01) by all the three alkaloids at 20mg/kg b.w. Magnoflorine possessed the most potential activity as α-glucosidase inhibitor in vitro and in vivo. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Tinospora cordifolia is known as an adaptogen or rejuvenator and is traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine. It has immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antispasmodic and other properties.Recent evidence from animal and human studies underscores the potential antistress properties of Tinospora cordifolia. The antistress action has been shown to be beneficial in depression and in improving cognition and memory. The most likely antidepressant mechanisms involve inhibiting reuptake of amines in the brain. Improved levels of norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT), and dopamine (DA), and decreased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have been demonstrated. Inhibiting the breakdown of amines, particularly norepinehphrine and serotonin has also been demonstrated. GABA-B receptor antagonism and G-protein mediated signalling have been suggested as additional underlying mechanisms. Central antioxidant and protective properties play an important role in improving cognition, concentration and memory. Tinospora cordifolia has also been shown to be beneficial in improving cerebral ischemia. Prevention of oxidative stress injury and regulation of cytokines are possible mechanisms involved in these beneficial effects. Tinospora cordifolia works synergistically with many herbal preparations, which makes it an important component of polyherbal formulations. Lack of evidence for serious toxicity presents Tinospora cordifolia as one of the unique herbal medicines in management of depression, Alzheimer's disease and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Further work on elucidation of mechanisms, selectivity of action and drug interactions with other herbal substances will be helpful in determining the current status of Tinospora cordifolia as a psychopharmacological agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The stem of Tinospora cordifolia (TC) is widely used in the therapy of diabetes in traditional folk medicine of India. In the present study, isoquinoline alkaloid rich fraction (AFTC) derived from stem of TC and three alkaloids viz., palmatine, jatrorrhizine and magnoflorine were evaluated for insulin-mimicking and insulin-releasing effect in vitro and in vivo. Their effect on hepatic gluconeogenesis was examined in rat hepatocytes. Insulin releasing effect was detected in vitro using rat pancreatic β-cell line, RINm5F. Furthermore, effects of AFTC and isolated alkaloids on serum glucose and insulin level were studied in fasted and glucose challenged normal rats. AFTC significantly decreased gluconeogenesis in rat hepatocytes as insulin did and it increases insulin secretion in RINm5F cells similar to tolbutamide. In acute 30min test in vitro, AFTC, palmatine, jatrorrhizine and magnoflorine stimulated insulin secretion from the RINm5F cell line. As in vivo results, administration of AFTC (50, 100, and 200mg/kg), palmatine, jatrorrhizine and magnoflorine (10, 20 and 40mg/kg each) orally significantly decreased fasting serum glucose, and suppressed the increase of blood glucose levels after 2g/kg glucose loading in normal rats. In vivo study further justified their insulin secreting potential by raising the serum insulin level in glucose fed rats. These results demonstrate the alkaloid present in TC contributed for antihyperglycemic activity. AFTC may have hypoglycemic effects via mechanisms of insulin releasing and insulin-mimicking activity and thus improves postprandial hyperglycemia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Aim of the study: Recently, Tinospora cordifolia (TC) was shown to affect prostate growth in rats. It is not known whether this is a direct effect of TC or whether it is induced by altered hormone release. To investigate the actions of TC on the prostate, human LNCaP cells were exposed to an ethanolic extract of TC. Materials and Methods: LNCaP cells were incubated with the test substances for 48h. Proliferation was measured by MTT test and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) secretion was determined with ELISA. Results: TC showed a dose-dependent stimulation of proliferation of LNCaP cells. Co-incubation with the anti-androgen flutamide (FLU) reversed the TC-induced stimulation of PSA secretion. Conclusions: The reference compound dihydrotestosterone (DHT) caused a significant increase of growth of LNCaP cells. Similarly, TC stimulated proliferation of these prostate cells. The anti-androgen FLU reversed the increase of PSA release caused by either DHT or TC. Thus, we suggest that TC may contain androgenic compounds, which appear to act via androgen receptor (AR). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Pepticare, a herbomineral formulation of the Ayurveda medicine consisting of the herbal drugs: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Emblica officinalis and Tinospora cordifolia, was tested for its anti-ulcer and anti-oxidant activity in rats. Effects of various doses (125, 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg, p.o.) of Pepticare were studied on gastric secretion and gastric ulcers in pylorus-ligation and on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. The reduction in ulcer index in both the models along with the reduction in volume and total acidity, and an increase in the pH of gastric fluid in pylorus-ligated rats proved the anti-ulcer activity of Pepticare. It was also found that Pepticare was more potent than G. glabra alone in protecting against pylorus-ligation and ethanol-induced ulcers. The increase in the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione and membrane bound enzymes like Ca2+ATPase, Mg2+ATPase and Na+K+ATPase and decrease in lipid peroxidation in both the models proved the anti-oxidant activity of the formulation. Thus it can be concluded that Pepticare possesses anti-ulcer activity, which can be attributed to its anti-oxidant mechanism of action. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Tinospora cordifolia (giloy), a medicinal plant widely used in Indian system of medicine, is known to cure various ailments owing to its therapeutic values. Milk is considered as an ideal/delivery carrier system for its bioactive molecules. Therefore, in view of 'green milk' concept, and to potentiate the therapeutic benefits of goat milk and giloy juice, pasteurized functional giloy -goat milk beverage was developed using goat milk and debittered giloy juice (90 : 10) and evaluated for its' storage stability at refrigeration temperature (4 ± 1°C). Results revealed that functional beverage prepared with herbal extract treated giloy juice had highest (p < 0.05) total solids, bioactive compounds and anti-oxidant activity as compared to goat milk alone. HMF content showed retardation of browning reaction upon herbal extract application. Viscosity of the beverages was observed to be increasing with increasing shear rate. Fluorescent microscopy indicated polyphenol-milk protein interaction which was well confirmed with FTIR analysis and SEM, thus, supporting the compatibility of giloy juice with goat milk system. Three main principal components were identified for sensory evaluation data using Principal Component Analysis and results revealed beverage acceptability even over the 5 days of storage. • Functional beverage was developed using debittered giloy juice and goat milk (10:90). • Shelf life evaluation of pasteurized giloy -goat milk beverage at cold storage. • Anti-oxidant activity and total phenolics increased due to herbal extract (0.1%). • PCA of sensory scores revealed three principal components with 93.98% relationship. • Polyphenol-protein interactions studied by FT-IR, SEM and fluorescent microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses findings of a study to determine the apoptosis of the human mammary tumor cell MCF-7 induced by Tinospora (T) cordifolia extracts. It notes the use of Acridine orange/Ethidium bromide staining to determine apoptosis in the MCF-7 cells. The study confirms that a decrease in live cells and increase in apoptopic cells was attributable to the effect of T. cordifolia in changing membrane permeability and nuclear bead formation in MCF-7 cells.

Background: Specific treatment for COVID-19 is still an unmet need. Outcomes of clinical trials on repurposed drugs have not been yielding success. Therefore, it is necessary to include complementary approaches of medicine against COVID-19.Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate the impact of traditional Indian Ayurvedic treatment regime on asymptomatic patients with COVID-19 infection.Study Design: It is a placebo controlled randomized double-blind pilot clinical trial.Methods: The study was registered with Clinical Trial Registry-India (vide Registration No. CTRI/2020/05/025273) and conducted at the Department of Medicine in National Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jaipur, India. 1 g of Giloy Ghanvati (Tinospora cordifolia) and 2 g of Swasari Ras (traditional herbo-mineral formulation) and 0.5 g each of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) and Tulsi Ghanvati (Ocimum sanctum) were given orally to the patients in treatment group twice per day for 7 days. Medicines were given in the form of tablets and each tablet weighed 500 mg. While, Swasari Ras was administered in powdered form, 30 min before breakfasts and dinners, rest were scheduled for 30 min post-meals. Patients in the treatment group also received 4 drops of Anu taila (traditional nasal drop) in each nostril every day 1 h before breakfast. Patients in the placebo group received identical-looking tablets and drops, post randomization and double blinded assortments. RT-qPCR test was used for the detection of viral load in the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab samples of study participants during the study. Chemiluminescent immunometric assay was used to quantify serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) on day 1 and day 7 of the study.Results: By day 3, 71.1 % and 50.0 % patients recovered in the treatment and placebo groups, respectively. Treatment group witnessed 100 % recovery by day 7, while it was 60.0 % in the placebo group. Average fold changes in serum levels of hs-CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α in treatment group were respectively, 12.4, 2.5 and 20 times lesser than those in the placebo group at day 7. There was 40 % absolute reduction in the risk of delayed recovery from infection in the treatment group.Conclusions: Ayurvedic treatment can expedite virological clearance, help in faster recovery and concomitantly reduce the risk of viral dissemination. Reduced inflammation markers suggested less severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the treatment group. Moreover, there was no adverse effect observed to be associated with this treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section presents a study on the capacity of Tinospora cordifolia stem extract to enhance the humoral and cell-mediated immune response in broiler chicks. It notes that the chicks were fed with Tinosporal cordifolia extract. Hemagglutination (HA) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests were conducted to determine the maternal antibody level in chicks. The study found promising and significant improvement in the broilers' immune response.

The article examines the immuno-modulation activity of Tinospora cordifolia and autologous blood plasma against genital tract infections in post partum Murrah buffaloes in India. It reports on the relationship between higher levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and lysozyme (LZM) on increased bacterial population in uterine secretions. It cites the decline in activity of all the enzymes on subsequent estrus in uterine secretions of buffaloes treated with T. cordifolia.

Trayodashang guggulu is an important Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation containing babula (stem bark of Acacia nilotica), ashwagandha (roots of Withania somnifera), hapusa (fruits of Juniperus communis), guduchi (stem of Tinospora cordifolia), shatavari (roots of Aspargus recemosus), gokshuara (fruits of Tribulus terrestris), vradadaru (roots of Argyeria nervosa), rasana (roots and leaves of Pluchea lanceolata), satavha (fruits of Anethum sowa), sati (rhizome of Hidichium spicatum), yavani (Trachyspermum ammi fruits), sunthi (rhizome of Zingiber officinale), shuddha officinale guggulu (exudates of Commiphera mukul) and goghrat (ghee). Trayodashang guggulu is used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions such as arthritis and associated pain. Hence, the present study investigated the in-vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of trayodashang guggulu. Trayodashang guggulu was standardized as per standard procedures and TLC profile was carried as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of its aqueous extract (AqTG) (in different concentrations) was evaluated by assaying inhibition of albumin denaturation, membrane stabilization (hypotonicity-induced haemolysis), anti-lipoxygenase and antiproteinase activities. The in-vitro antioxidant effect was evaluated by various in-vitro methods viz. DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) and hydroxyl radical scavenging and reducing power assay and total phenolic and flavonoids contents. Trayodashang guggulu was confirmed as per pharmacopoeial standards. It showed marked scavenging effect on DPPH and hydroxyl radicals and exhibited strong reducing potential. It also showed inhibition of membrane stabilizing, protein denaturation inhibitory, anti-lipoxygenase and anti-proteinase activities. Trayodashang guggulu exhibited in-vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. This preliminary study supports the therapeutic claim of the formulation as an anti-inflammatory drug in the Ayurvedic system of medicine and advocates its use in inflammatory conditions. In view of the in-vitro results, further in-vivo investigations are needed to confirm and strengthen the anti-inflammatory activity of t rayodashang guggulu in pain, inflammation and arthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]