14 results on '"Tingley, Reid"'
Search Results
2. Context is Key: Social Environment Mediates the Impacts of a Psychoactive Pollutant on Shoaling Behavior in Fish
- Author
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Mason, Rachel T., Martin, Jake M., Tan, Hung, Brand, Jack A., Bertram, Michael G., Tingley, Reid, Todd-Weckmann, Andrew, and Wong, Bob B. M.
- Abstract
Behavior-modifying drugs, such as antidepressants, are increasingly being detected in waterways and aquatic wildlife around the globe. Typically, behavioral effects of these contaminants are assessed using animals tested in social isolation. However, for group-living species, effects seen in isolation may not reflect those occurring in realistic social settings. Furthermore, interactions between chemical pollution and other stressors, such as predation risk, are seldom considered. This is true even though animals in the wild are rarely, if ever, confronted by chemical pollution as a single stressor. Here, in a 2 year multigenerational experiment, we tested for effects of the antidepressant fluoxetine (measured concentrations [±SD]: 42.27 ± 36.14 and 359.06 ± 262.65 ng/L) on shoaling behavior in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) across different social contexts and under varying levels of perceived predation risk. Shoaling propensity and shoal choice (choice of groups with different densities) were assessed in a Y-maze under the presence of a predatory or nonpredatory heterospecific, with guppies tested individually and in male–female pairs. When tested individually, no effect of fluoxetine was seen on shoaling behavior. However, in paired trials, high-fluoxetine-exposed fish exhibited a significantly greater shoaling propensity. Hence, effects of fluoxetine were mediated by social context, highlighting the importance of this fundamental but rarely considered factor when evaluating impacts of environmental pollution.
- Published
- 2021
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3. A field ecologist's guide to environmental DNA sampling in freshwater environments.
- Author
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McColl-Gausden, Emily F., Weeks, Andrew R., and Tingley, Reid
- Abstract
Environmental DNA, or eDNA—DNA shed from organisms and extracted from environmental samples—is an emerging survey technique that has the potential to transform biodiversity monitoring in freshwater ecosystems. We provide a brief overview of the primary methodological aspects of eDNA sampling that ecologists should consider before taking environmental samples in the field. We outline five key methodological considerations: (i) targeting single species vs multiple species; (ii) where and when to sample; (iii) how much water to collect; (iv) how many samples to take; and (v) recognising potential sources of false positives. The need to account for false negatives and false positives in eDNA surveys, and the power of species occupancy detection models in accounting for imperfect detection, is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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4. Alien Smooth Newts (Lissotriton vulgaris) in Australia Are Infected with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis but Test Negative for Ranaviruses.
- Author
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Whinfield, Jessica, Tingley, Reid, Tweedie, Alison, Hufschmid, Jasmin, and Hick, Paul
- Abstract
Smooth newts (Lissotriton vulgaris) established recently in Melbourne, Australia. Previously, the population's disease status was unknown. Samples from 34 adults and 78 larvae, collected 2011–16, were tested for two pathogens driving the global amphibian extinction crisis. The fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis was identified (6.3% quantitative PCR positive); ranaviruses were not detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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5. Image background assessment as a novel technique for insect microhabitat identification.
- Author
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Singha Roy, Sesa, Tingley, Reid, and Dorin, Alan
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ECOLOGICAL niche ,IMAGE recognition (Computer vision) ,INSECTS ,HONEYBEES ,CLASSIFICATION of insects ,BEES ,FRAGMENTED landscapes ,COMPUTER vision - Abstract
• Background of insect images can reveal microhabitat information of species. • Machine learning approaches benchmarked against manual algorithm for microhabitat classification. • Insect image backgrounds classified as natural or anthropogenic microhabitats. • Thorough experimentations with three insect species are performed. • Automated algorithms proved to be better approach with 97.4% accuracy. Habitat fragmentation under increased urbanisation, industrial agriculture and land clearing, are changing the way insects occupy habitat. Some species are highly adaptable and may occupy urbanised areas, utilising anthropogenic microhabitat-scale features. Other species are dependent on natural elements of their habitats, having to locate small regions of natural microhabitat within increasingly hostile landscapes. Consequently, humans are encountering insects in new settings. Identifying and analysing insects' use of natural and anthropogenic microhabitats is therefore important to assess their responses to a changing environment, for instance to improve pollination or manage invasive pests. But such studies are labour-intensive. Traditional studies of insect microhabitat use can now be supplemented by machine learning-based insect image analysis. Typically, research has focused on automatic insect classification, but valuable data appearing in image backgrounds has been ignored. In this research, we analysed the backgrounds of insect images available in the Atlas of Living Australia database to determine the microhabitats in which they were commonly photographed. We analysed the image backgrounds of three globally distributed insect species that are common across Australia: Drone flies (Eristalis tenax), European honey bees (Apis mellifera), and European wasps (Vespula germanica). Image backgrounds were classified broadly as either natural or anthropogenic using computer vision and machine learning tools benchmarked against a manual classification algorithm. Our automated image background classification achieved 97.4 % accuracy when compared against manual classification. Mis-classifications were scarce, usually less than 1 % , and primarily for backgrounds of wood and soil or bare ground. Our results indicate that drone flies and European honey bees were predominantly photographed against natural backgrounds (flies manual classifier 95 ± 3 % , automated classifier 94 % , bees 89 ± 2 % , 87 %), implying frequent observations by humans in natural microhabitat. European wasps were less frequently photographed against natural backgrounds (70 ± 6 % , 63 %). Within this data set, observations of the wasps in anthropogenic microhabitats were more common than for flies and bees. Our results are aligned with the expectation that the wasps are relatively well-suited to urban environments, and that European honey bees and drone flies utilise natural features of their environment. In general, although biases in data collected without formal protocols limits their application, our new automated approach for image background analysis can provide valuable data about insects' interactions with humans, our artefacts, and natural features of their environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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6. Reptiles on the brink: identifying the Australian terrestrial snake and lizard species most at risk of extinction
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Geyle, Hayley M., Tingley, Reid, Amey, Andrew P., Cogger, Hal, Couper, Patrick J., Cowan, Mark, Craig, Michael D., Doughty, Paul, Driscoll, Don A., Ellis, Ryan J., Emery, Jon-Paul, Fenner, Aaron, Gardner, Michael G., Garnett, Stephen T., Gillespie, Graeme R., Greenlees, Matthew J., Hoskin, Conrad J., Keogh, J. Scott, Lloyd, Ray, Melville, Jane, McDonald, Peter J., Michael, Damian R., Mitchell, Nicola J., Sanderson, Chris, Shea, Glenn M., Sumner, Joanna, Wapstra, Erik, Woinarski, John C. Z., and Chapple, David G.
- Abstract
Australia hosts approximately 10% of the world’s reptile species, the largest number of any country. Despite this and evidence of widespread decline, the first comprehensive assessment of the conservation status of Australian terrestrial squamates (snakes and lizards) was undertaken only recently. Here we apply structured expert elicitation to the 60 species assessed to be in the highest IUCN threat categories to estimate their probability of extinction by 2040. We also assessed the probability of successful reintroduction for two Extinct in the Wild (EW) Christmas Island species with trial reintroductions underway. Collation and analysis of expert opinion indicated that six species are at high risk (>50%) of becoming extinct within the next 20 years, and up to 11 species could be lost within this timeframe unless management improves. The consensus among experts was that neither of the EW species were likely to persist outside of small fenced areas without a significant increase in resources for intense threat management. The 20 most imperilled species are all restricted in range, with three occurring only on islands. The others are endemic to a single state, with 55% occurring in Queensland. Invasive species (notably weeds and introduced predators) were the most prevalent threats, followed by agriculture, natural system modifications (primarily fire) and climate change. Increased resourcing and management intervention are urgently needed to avert the impending extinction of Australia’s imperilled terrestrial reptiles.
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- 2021
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7. Using hierarchical models to compare the sensitivity of metabarcoding and qPCR for eDNA detection.
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McColl-Gausden, Emily F., Weeks, Andrew R., Coleman, Rhys, Song, Sue, and Tingley, Reid
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GENETIC barcoding ,ENVIRONMENTAL sampling ,WATER sampling ,PLATYPUS ,AMPHIBIANS ,SPECIES - Abstract
Environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling—the detection of intra- or extra-cellular DNA in environmental samples—is a rapid and sensitive survey method for detecting aquatic species. Single-species detection methods (typically based on PCR or LAMP) have been shown to be more sensitive for detecting target species than multi-species detection methods, such as metabarcoding. However, previous studies have generally only compared these two eDNA detection approaches for a single target species and have used different methodological and statistical approaches. Here we present a comparison of single- and multi-species eDNA detection methods, drawing on two published case studies (one fish, one amphibian) and two new extensive datasets on a freshwater mammal (the platypus). To ensure consistent conclusions regarding the sensitivity of each eDNA method, we use the same hierarchical site occupancy-detection model for each dataset, incorporating uncertainty at the site, water sample, and technical replicate level. Overall, qPCR achieved higher detection probabilities than metabarcoding across species and datasets. However, differences in sensitivity between detection methods varied depending on methodological decisions concerning what constitutes a true positive detection (i.e., qPCR and metabarcoding thresholds). The decision as to which eDNA detection method to use should always be influenced by the study aims, but our results suggest that single-species detection methods based on qPCR may be preferable when the aim is to achieve a high detection probability for target species. • A hierarchical Bayesian approach to consistently compare eDNA detection methods. • Detection probability was compared between qPCR and metabarcoding. • qPCR was more sensitive compared to metabarcoding across 3 species and 4 study designs. • Methodological decisions such as thresholds impacted detection probability. • There are trade-offs between the need for multi-species information and sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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8. Quantifying extinction risk and forecasting the number of impending Australian bird and mammal extinctions
- Author
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Geyle, Hayley M., Woinarski, John C. Z., Baker, G. Barry, Dickman, Chris R., Dutson, Guy, Fisher, Diana O., Ford, Hugh, Holdsworth, Mark, Jones, Menna E., Kutt, Alex, Legge, Sarah, Leiper, Ian, Loyn, Richard, Murphy, Brett P., Menkhorst, Peter, Reside, April E., Ritchie, Euan G., Roberts, Finley E., Tingley, Reid, and Garnett, Stephen T.
- Abstract
A critical step towards reducing the incidence of extinction is to identify and rank the species at highest risk, while implementing protective measures to reduce the risk of extinction to such species. Existing global processes provide a graded categorisation of extinction risk. Here we seek to extend and complement those processes to focus more narrowly on the likelihood of extinction of the most imperilled Australian birds and mammals. We considered an extension of existing IUCN and NatureServe criteria, and used expert elicitation to rank the extinction risk to the most imperilled species, assuming current management. On the basis of these assessments, and using two additional approaches, we estimated the number of extinctions likely to occur in the next 20 years. The estimates of extinction risk derived from our tighter IUCN categorisations, NatureServe assessments and expert elicitation were poorly correlated, with little agreement among methods for which species were most in danger – highlighting the importance of integrating multiple approaches when considering extinction risk. Mapped distributions of the 20 most imperilled birds reveal that most are endemic to islands or occur in southern Australia. The 20 most imperilled mammals occur mostly in northern and central Australia. While there were some differences in the forecasted number of extinctions in the next 20 years among methods, all three approaches predict further species loss. Overall, we estimate that another seven Australian mammals and 10 Australian birds will be extinct by 2038 unless management improves.
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- 2018
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9. Risk of biological invasions is concentrated in biodiversity hotspots.
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Li, Xianping, Liu, Xuan, Kraus, Fred, Tingley, Reid, and Li, Yiming
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BIOLOGICAL invasions ,REPTILES ,AMPHIBIANS ,BIODIVERSITY conservation ,INTRODUCED animals ,PREVENTION - Abstract
Understanding the locations of potential invasion hotspots and the extent to which they overlap with biodiversity hotspots is crucial for prioritizing efforts to reduce the impacts of alien species on global biodiversity. Using ensembles of species distribution models based on climate, anthropogenic predictors, vegetation, and water resources, we predict global potential invasion hotspots for alien herpetofauna (reptiles and amphibians). On average, when subjected to current and future climate scenarios, potential richness of alien herpetofauna per grid cell (the minimum unit of our spatial variables for modeling and projecting) in biodiversity hotspots is nearly 1.4 times higher than in other regions. Furthermore, potential invasion hotspots are projected to occupy a large proportion of the total area within biodiversity hotspots. These results suggest that biodiversity hotspots are at greater risk from alien herpetofaunal invasions than are other regions. Our results provide key information for globally targeting early detection and rapid-response programs to help prevent or mitigate future impacts of alien herpetofauna on biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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10. Environmental DNA sampling is more sensitive than a traditional survey technique for detecting an aquatic invader.
- Author
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Smart, Adam S., Tingley, Reid, Weeks, Andrew R., van Rooyen, Anthony R., and McCarthy, Michael A.
- Subjects
INTRODUCED species ,DNA analysis ,SPATIO-temporal variation ,LISSOTRITON vulgaris ,INTRODUCED amphibians - Abstract
Effective management of alien species requires detecting populations in the early stages of invasion. Environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling can detect aquatic species at relatively low densities, but few studies have directly compared detection probabilities of eDNA sampling with those of traditional sampling methods. We compare the ability of a traditional sampling technique (bottle trapping) and eDNA to detect a recently established invader, the smooth newt Lissotriton vulgaris vulgaris, at seven field sites in Melbourne, Australia. Over a four-month period, per-trap detection probabilities ranged from 0.01 to 0.26 among sites where L. v. vulgaris was detected, whereas per-sample eDNA estimates were much higher (0.29-1.0). Detection probabilities of both methods varied temporally (across days and months), but temporal variation appeared to be uncorrelated between methods. Only estimates of spatial variation were strongly correlated across the two sampling techniques. Environmental variables (water depth, rainfall, ambient temperature) were not clearly correlated with detection probabilities estimated via trapping, whereas eDNA detection probabilities were negatively correlated with water depth, possibly reflecting higher eDNA concentrations at lower water levels. Our findings demonstrate that eDNA sampling can be an order of magnitude more sensitive than traditional methods, and illustrate that traditional- and eDNA-based surveys can provide independent information on species distributions when occupancy surveys are conducted over short timescales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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11. Tag Frequency Difference: Rapid estimation of image set relevance for species occurrence data using general-purpose image classifiers.
- Author
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Burke, Hannah M., Tingley, Reid, and Dorin, Alan
- Abstract
iEcology is used to supplement traditional ecological data by sourcing large quantities of media from the internet. Images and their metadata are widely available online and can provide information on species occurrence, behaviour and visible traits. However, this data is inherently noisy and data quality varies significantly between sources. Many iEcology studies utilise data from a single source for simplicity and efficiency. Hence, a tool to compare the suitability of different media sources in addressing a particular research question is needed. We provide a simple, novel way to estimate the fraction of images within multiple unverified datasets that potentially depict a specified target fauna. Our method, the Sum of Tag Frequency Differences (STFD), uses any pretrained, general-purpose image classifier. One of the method's innovations is that it does not require training the classifier to recognise the target fauna. Instead, STFD analyses the frequency of the generic text-tags returned by a classifier for multiple datasets and compares them to the corresponding frequencies of an authoritative image dataset that depicts only the target organism. From this comparison, STFD allows us to deduce the fraction of images of the target in unverified datasets. To validate the STFD approach, we processed images from five sources: Flickr, iNaturalist, Instagram, Reddit and Twitter. For each media source, we conducted an STFD analysis of three fauna invasive to Australia: Cane toads (Rhinella marina), German wasps (Vespula germanica), and the higher-level colloquial taxonomic classification, "wild rabbits". We found the STFD provided an accurate assessment of image source relevance across all data sources and target organisms. This was demonstrated by the consistent, very strong correlation (toads r ≥0.97, wasps r ≥0.95, wild rabbits≥ 0.95) between STFD predictions, and the fraction of target images in a source dataset observed by a human expert. The STFD provides a low-cost, simple and accurate comparison of the relevance of online image sources to specific fauna for iEcology applications. It does not require expertise in machine learning or training neural-network species-specific classifiers. The method enables researchers to assess multiple image sources to select those warranting detailed investigation for the development of tools for web-scraping, citizen science campaigns, further monitoring or analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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12. X-Ray crystal structure determination of a series of 1-aryl- 2-[3-(3-[2-aryl-1-diazenyl]-1,3-diazepan-1-ylmethyl)-1, 3-diazepan-1-yl]-1-diazenes obtained from the reaction of diazonium salts with mixtures of formaldehyde and 1,4-diaminobutane
- Author
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Tingley, Reid, Bertolasi, Valerio, and Vaughan, Keith
- Abstract
: A new series of bis-triazenes, the 1-aryl-2-[3-(3-[2-aryl-1-diazenyl]-1,3-diazepan-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-diazepan-1-yl]-1-diazenes has been synthesized from the reaction of diazonium salts with a mixture of 1,4-diaminobutane and formaldehyde. The structures of 1-(p-bromophenyl)-2-[3-{3-[2-(p-bromophenyl)-1-diazenyl]-1,3-diazepan-1-ylmethyl}-1,3-diazepan-1-yl]-1-diazene(1), 1-(p-cyanophenyl)-2-[3-{3-[2-(p-cyanophenyl)-1-diazenyl]-1,3-di azepan-1-ylmethyl}-1,3-diazepan-1-yl]-1-diazene(2), and 1-(p-methoxyphenyl)-2-[3-{3-[2-(p-methoxy-phenyl)-1-diazenyl]-1,3-diazepan-1-ylmethyl}-1,3-diazepan-1-yl]-1 diazene(3) have been unequivocally determined by X-ray crystallography. The new bis-triazenes are important since the structure contains the novel saturated heterocycle, 1,3-diazepane. The general conclusion of this study is that alkanediamines with 3 or 4 carbon atoms in the spacer link between the nitrogen atoms give rise to the linear bicyclic molecules of type 5, in contrast to the case of ethylenediamine (spacer link 2 carbon atoms), which affords molecules of type 6, which exemplify the general cage structure of type 4. The crystal structures of 1, 2 and 3 are compared with the previously reported structure of the hexahydropyrimidine analogue 8a(X=CN); compounds 2 and 8a(X=CN) are homologous with respect to the alkane spacer moiety. The structures of 2 and 8a(X=CN) are very different in one respect; in 2 the aryldiazenyl-1,3-diazepanyl groups are in the s-trans orientation around the central methylene group whereas in 8a(X=CN) the arrangement of the aryldiazenyl-hexahydropyrimidinyl groups is the s-cis orientation.Crystal data: 1 C
23 H30 N8 Br2 , triclinic, space group P-1, a=8.3979(2), b=10.7828(3), c=14.4692(5) Å, α=83.670(1), β=78.662(1), γ=78.758(1)°, V=1256.48(6) Å3 , for Z=2. 2 C25 H30 N10 , monoclinic, space group P21 /n, a=13.4046(6), b=9.4482(4), c=10.6913(4)Å, β=103.239(2)°, V=2490.5(2) Å3 , for Z=4. 3 C25 H36 N8 O2 , triclinic, space group P-1, a=8.5223(3), b=10.6913(4), c=14.4034(7)Å, α=85.657(2), β=78.731(2), γ=80.153(1)°, V=1266.88(9) Å3 , for Z=2.- Published
- 2006
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13. X-ray crystal structures of two polymorphic forms, monoclinic and triclinic, of: 1-[(E)-2-(4-bromophenyl)1-diazenyl]-3-({3-[(E)-2-(4-bromophenyl)-1-diazenyl]-6-ethylhexahydro-1-pyrimidinyl}methyl)-4-ethylhexahydropyrimidine
- Author
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Tingley, Reid, Bertolasi, Valerio, and Vaughan, Keith
- Abstract
1-[(E)-2-(4-bromophenyl)-1-diazenyl]-3-({3-[(E)-2-(4-bromophenyl)-1-diazenyl]-6-ethylhexahydro-1-pyrimidinyl}methyl)-4-ethylhexahydropyrimidine (1) has been synthesized by reaction of a mixture of formaldehyde and 1,3-pentanediamine{DYTEK®EPdiamine} with p-bromobenzenediazonium chloride. This compound crystallizes in two polymorphic forms 1-α and 1-β whose crystal structures have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Both polymorphs 1-α and 1-β display crystallographic disorder within the hexahydropyrimidine rings. The molecule of 1 is built up of two equivalent 3-(aryldiazenyl)-6-ethylhexahydro-1-pyrimidinyl groups in the s-trans orientation around the central methylene group (C13). In both structures the triazene moieties adopt the anti configuration around the N=N bonds, displaying significant π-conjugation. The crystal packings are determined only by van der Waals interactions. The crystal structures of 1-α and 1-β are compared with the previously reported structure of the 5,5-dimethylhexahydropyrimidine analogue 3. Compounds 1 and 3 are isomeric with respect to the hexahydropyrimidine moiety. The structures of 1 and 3 are very different in one respect; in 1 the aryldiazenyl-hexahydropyrimidinyl groups are in the s-trans orientation around the central methylene group, whereas in 3 the arrangement of the aryldiazenylhexahydropyrimidinyl groups is the s-cis orientation. Crystal data: 1-α C25H34N8Br2, monoclinic, space group P2(1)/c, a = 9.2150(3), b = 19.4059(6), c = 15.4324(5) Å, β = 98.738(1)∘, V = 2727.7(2) Å3, for Z = 4; 1-β C25H34N8Br2, triclinic, space group P-1, a = 9.6009(3), b = 10.7509(4), c = 14.2169(5) Å, α = 99.830(2), β = 105.973(3), γ = 95.578(1)∘, V = 1373.9(1) Å3, for Z = 2.
- Published
- 2005
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14. The Feasibility of a Cane Toad Barrier.
- Author
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Southwell, Darren and Tingley, Reid
- Abstract
The article focuses on the inhibition in the spreading of cane toads in Australia by constructing leak proof tanks and trough systems and also mentions the water retention incapability in cane toads.
- Published
- 2017
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