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Recovery-oriented practice promotes the strengths and recovery potential of individuals. We aimed to establish whether individuals who access mental health services where staff have received the REFOCUS-PULSAR intervention, an adaptation of the UK's REFOCUS recovery-oriented staff intervention for use in Australia, show increased recovery compared with people using non-intervention services.

Fluorescent Timer, or DsRed1-E5, is a mutant of the red fluorescent protein, dsRed, in which fluorescence shifts over time from green to red as the protein matures. This molecular clock gives temporal and spatial information on protein turnover. To visualize mitochondrial turnover, we targeted Timer to the mitochondrial matrix with a mitochondrial-targeting sequence (coined “MitoTimer”) and cloned it into a tetracycline-inducible promoter construct to regulate its expression. Here we report characterization of this novel fluorescent reporter for mitochondrial dynamics. Tet-On HEK 293 cells were transfected with pTRE-tight-MitoTimer and production was induced with doxycycline (Dox). Mitochondrial distribution was demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy and verified by subcellular fractionation and western blot analysis. Dox addition for as little as 1 h was sufficient to induce MitoTimer expression within 4 h, with persistence in the mitochondrial fraction for up to 6 d. The color-specific conformation of MitoTimer was stable after fixation with 4% paraformaldehyde. Ratiometric analysis of MitoTimer revealed a time-dependent transition from green to red over 48 h and was amenable to analysis by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry of whole cells or isolated mitochondria. A second Dox administration 48 h after the initial induction resulted in a second round of expression of green MitoTimer. The extent of new protein incorporation during a second pulse was increased by administration of a mitochondrial uncoupler or simvastatin, both of which trigger mitophagy and biogenesis. MitoTimer is a novel fluorescent reporter protein that can reveal new insights into mitochondrial dynamics within cells. Coupled with organelle flow cytometry, it offers new opportunities to investigate mitochondrial subpopulations by biochemical or proteomic methods.

The possible association between heavy drinking and intoxication with aggression and violence has been debated for centuries. A select and concise review of some of the evidence on this topic will be presented. This seeks to draw some general conclusions from an extensive, flawed and often contradictory literature. The main focus of this review is on social and contextual factors. Experimental evidence suggests that alcohol consumption probably does increase the propensity for aggression in men, but less so for women. The effects of drinking depend upon the alcohol consumed, the drinker and the setting in which consumption occurs. Most drinking occasions do not result in aggression or violence, and drinking is neither necessary nor sufficient to cause violence. Heavy and inappropriate drinking is associated with both violent and nonviolent crimes; heavy and problem drinkers are at risk of being violent or of being the victims of violence. Experience of violence (including sexual abuse) in childhood or later in life are associated with the development of heavy or problem drinking. The risk of exposure to violence is influenced by a host of demographic, lifestyle and contextual factors. Responses to alcohol-related violence at the societal level involve a number of harm minimization strategies. At an individual level it has been shown that treatment for problem drinking can lead to reduced risk levels (for both perpetrators and victims of violence).

This paper presents findings from a European collaborative study. A common framework for reanalysis of existing data was devised. Alcohol‐related problems encountered were classified as “internal”; and “external.”; Logistic regression analyses were then conducted to predict lifetime presence of any internal problem, any external problem, and any problem at all. The predictor variables were gender, life stage (corresponding roughly to young, middle and older age), past year's drinking level in four categories of grams of alcohol per month, and past year's “binge”; drinking. All four predictor variables were associated with the presence of alcohol‐related problems, with women and retired people having fewer problems and heavy drinkers and binge drinkers having more. At all levels of alcohol consumption, men were more likely than women to experience at least one adverse consequence. Internal problems were more common than external problems. Country differences are discussed and recommendations are made for further studies.

This paper presents findings from a European collaborative study. A common framework for reanalysis of existing data was devised. Alcohol-related problems encountered were classified as “internal”; and “external.”; Logistic regression analyses were then conducted to predict lifetime presence of any internal problem, any external problem, and any problem at all. The predictor variables were gender, life stage (corresponding roughly to young, middle and older age), past year's drinking level in four categories of grams of alcohol per month, and past year's “binge”; drinking. All four predictor variables were associated with the presence of alcohol-related problems, with women and retired people having fewer problems and heavy drinkers and binge drinkers having more. At all levels of alcohol consumption, men were more likely than women to experience at least one adverse consequence. Internal problems were more common than external problems. Country differences are discussed and recommendations are made for further studies.

1. Venous occlusion plethysmography has been used to measure the blood flow in the calves of nineteen patients with fractures of the lower limb and in six normal control subjects. 2. The resting blood flows were significantly higher in the injured legs than in uninjured legs, irrespective of the site of injury. Flows in the uninjured limbs were similar to those of the control subjects. 3. During reactive hyperaemia after 10 min arterial occlusion, the increase of flows in both legs of the patients was significantly lower than in the control subjects. Because of the increased resting flow, the maximal flow in the injured leg was similar to that in the control subjects, whereas the maximal flow in the uninjured leg was significantly lower than in the control group. 4. The changes in resting flow cannot be accounted for by a change in the proportions of tissues in the limb but they may be explained by an increase of the flow through muscle secondary to a relative increase in the mass of slow to fast muscle fibres.

The effect of (-)-deprenyl, a rapidly acting selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) B inhibitor, on the sleep and mood of six healthy young male adults was investigated. The drug was administered double-blind in a balanced cross-over design. The dose (5–10 mg/day for 3 days) was chosen to cause complete inhibition of MAO, a process which usually takes 1–2 weeks with conventional MAO inhibitors. The inhibition was monitored by measuring platelet MAO activity and phenylethylamine excretion. Urinary phenylethylamine concentration was raised in all subjects. Subjects were unaware of any sleep disturbance due to the drug although the electroencephalogram (EEG) showed increased wakefulness. The onset of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep was delayed and the total amount reduced; the amount of stage 2 sleep was increased. The only effect of the drug on mood was to decrease the level of alertness prior to sleep. There was a slight but significant increase in the pre-sleep systolic blood pressure. There were no effects due to drug withdrawal.