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The flipped classroom has generated considerable interest in nursing education in the last few years, especially in higher education in China. However, research to date has been insufficient to confirm the effectiveness of the flipped classroom approach. Since most of the Chinese studies are published in Chinese journals, they may not be easily accessible to international researchers. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to review the effectiveness of a flipped classroom in nursing education both in English and Chinese databases.

In this study, the input and output parameters of potassium (K) for wheat season were collected from 2000 to 2011 to evaluate the nutrient cycling and balance in North Central China, the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River and Northwest China. The results showed that the K fertilizer application rates for each region were 74.7, 102.9 and 50.6 kg K/ha, the K brought from previous crop were 99.5, 19.8 and 23.4 kg K/ha, and brought from seeding were 1.0, 0.8 and 0.7 kg K/ha, respectively. The K input from atmospheric deposition and irrigation were all considered zero. The K uptake by harvest in above-ground plant in North Central China, the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River and Northwest China were 131.8, 159.9 and 119.8 kg K/ha. As a result, The K balance in North Central China showed surplus by 43.6 kg/ha, while in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River and Northwest China, the K balance were both deficiency by 36.4 and 45.1 kg/ha, even though it did not affect the crop yield. While it is suggested that we need to adjust the K fertilizer application in a long term, in order to maintain the sustainable soil fertility.

In this study, the input and output parameters of Phosphorus (P) for wheat production system were collected from the year 2000 to 2011 to evaluate the nutrient cycling and balances in North Central China, the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River and Northwest China. The results showed that the P fertilizer application rates for each region were 44.5, 39.7 and 42.3 kg P/ha, the P brought from previous crop were 14.8, 1.6 and 2.6 kg/ha, and brought from seeding were 1.5, 1.0 and 0.9 kg/ha, respectively. The P input from atmospheric deposition and irrigation were considered zero. The P uptake by harvest in above-ground plant in North Central China, the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River and Northwest China were 41.2, 53.2 and 17.0 kg/ha. As a result, the P balance in North Central China and Northwest China were both showing surplus by 19.6 and 28.8 kg/ha, and in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River showed deficiency. It is suggested that we need to adjust the P fertilizer input in China, in order to maintain the sustainable soil fertility and avoid the negative impact on the environment.

Directed at the working conditions of waste discharging hall in a waste incineration power plant, put forward the design scheme of the horizontal scrubbing tower, used Eckert's current correlative graph and the Bain-Hogan correlation, determined the wind needed for treatment and size parameters of washing tower, worked out at the flooding point gas velocity and the wind resistance. Based on CREO, modeled a washing tower model, and established the analysis model of scrubbing tower bodies by using ANSYS. The calculation results indicate that the maximum deformation and stress are 1.9623mm and 87.7.7MPa, and all the main parameters meet the design requirements.

Pressure-induced unfolding of 23-kDa protein from spinach photosystem II has been systematically investigated at various experimental conditions. Thermodynamic equilibrium studies indicate that the protein is very sensitive to pressure. At 20°C and pH 5.5, 23-kDa protein shows a reversible two-state unfolding transition under pressure with a midpoint near 160MPa, which is much lower than most natural proteins studied to date. The free energy (ΔGu) and volume change (ΔVu) for the unfolding are 5.9kcal/mol and −160ml/mol, respectively. It was found that NaCl and sucrose significantly stabilize the protein from unfolding and the stabilization is associated not only with an increase in ΔGubut also with a decrease in ΔVu. The pressure-jump studies of 23-kDa protein reveal a negative activation volume for unfolding (−66.2ml/mol) and a positive activation volume for refolding (84.1ml/mol), indicating that, in terms of system volume, the protein transition state lies between the folded and unfolded states. Examination of the temperature effect on the unfolding kinetics indicates that the thermal expansibility of the transition state and the unfolded state of 23-kDa protein are closer to each other and they are larger than that of the native state. The diverse pressure-refolding pathways of 23-kDa protein in some conditions were revealed in pressure-jump kinetics.

ABSTRACTRetroviruses are highly susceptible to transcriptional silencing and position effects imparted by chromosomal sequences at their integration site. These phenomena hamper the use of recombinant retroviruses as stable gene delivery vectors. As insulators are able to block promoter-enhancer interactions and reduce position effects in some transgenic animals, we examined the effect of an insulator on the expression and structure of randomly integrated recombinant retroviruses. We used the cHS4 element, an insulator from the chicken ß-like globin gene cluster, which has been shown to reduce position effects in transgenic Drosophila. A large panel of mouse erythroleukemia cells that bear a single copy of integrated recombinant retroviruses was generated without using drug selection. We show that the cHS4 increases the probability that integrated proviruses will express and dramatically decreases the level of de novo methylation of the 5' long terminal repeat. These findings support a primary role of methylation in the silencing of retroviruses and suggest that cHS4 could be useful in gene therapy applications to overcome silencing of retroviral vectors.

The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the effects of dietary carbohydrate composition on rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial populations in vitro. The treatments were organized in three different carbohydrate composition diets: the wheat fibre rich diet (WF) (67.2% wheat bran and 25.7% corn grain in concentration), mixed diet (MD) (45.1% wheat bran and 34.3% corn grain) and corn starch rich diet (CS) (2.1% wheat bran and 63.8% corn grain), respectively (n=6). The results showed that consumption of CS diet led to a decrease in NH3-N (ammonia nitrogen) concentration (P<0.05), and microbial protein concentration were increased (P<0.05). They indicated more efficient ruminal NH3-N utilization and microbial protein (MCP) synthesis with increasing corn starch proportion. Compared with WF diet, concentrations of acetate, propionate and TVFA (total volatile fat acid) were increased in MD and CS diets (P<0.01). The results of Real-time PCR technique indicted that the microbes in rumen were sensitive to dietary carbohydrate composition, and the consumption of CS diets increased Protozoapopulation, as well as Streptococcus bovis(P<0.05). Butyrivibrio fibrisolvenspopulation of WF and MD (8 h) was higher than that of CS (P<0.01), while Butyrivibrio fibrisolvenspopulation (24 h) got lower within WF treatment (P<0.01). These results indicated that the microbial community structure and improved ruminal fermentation are affected by the composition of dietary carbohydrate. Maximizing nitrogen utilization and MCP synthesis could be obtained when non-structural carbohydrate rich diet (2.1% wheat bran and 63.8% corn grain) was used.

The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the effects of dietary carbohydrate composition on rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial populations in vitro. The treatments were organized in three different carbohydrate composition diets: the wheat fibre rich diet (WF) (67.2% wheat bran and 25.7% corn grain in concentration), mixed diet (MD) (45.1% wheat bran and 34.3% corn grain) and corn starch rich diet (CS) (2.1% wheat bran and 63.8% corn grain), respectively (n=6). The results showed that consumption of CS diet led to a decrease in NH3-N (ammonia nitrogen) concentration (P<0.05), and microbial protein concentration were increased (P<0.05). They indicated more efficient ruminal NH3-N utilization and microbial protein (MCP) synthesis with increasing corn starch proportion. Compared with WF diet, concentrations of acetate, propionate and TVFA (total volatile fat acid) were increased in MD and CS diets (P<0.01). The results of Real-time PCR technique indicted that the microbes in rumen were sensitive to dietary carbohydrate composition, and the consumption of CS diets increased Protozoapopulation, as well as Streptococcus bovis(P<0.05). Butyrivibrio fibrisolvenspopulation of WF and MD (8 h) was higher than that of CS (P<0.01), while Butyrivibrio fibrisolvenspopulation (24 h) got lower within WF treatment (P<0.01). These results indicated that the microbial community structure and improved ruminal fermentation are affected by the composition of dietary carbohydrate. Maximizing nitrogen utilization and MCP synthesis could be obtained when non-structural carbohydrate rich diet (2.1% wheat bran and 63.8% corn grain) was used.