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The purpose of this study is to propose a new concept of primary graft dysfunction (PGD) after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), characterized by delayed functional hyperbilirubinemia (DFH) and a high early graft mortality rate. A total of 210 adult‐to‐adult LDLT grafts without anatomical, immunological or hepatitis‐related issues were included. All of the grafts with early mortality (n = 13) caused by PGD in LDLT had maximum total bilirubin levels >20 mg/dL after postoperative day 7 (p < 0.001). No other factors, including prothrombin time, ammonia level or ascites output after surgery were associated with early mortality. Thus, DFH of >20 mg/dL for >seven consecutive days occurring after postoperative day 7 (DFH‐20) was used to characterize PGD. DFH‐20 showed high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (95.4%) for PGD with early mortality. Among the grafts with DFH‐20 (n = 22), those with early mortality (n = 13) showed coagulopathy (PT‐INR > 2), compared with those without mortality (p = 0.002). Pathological findings in the grafts with DFH‐20 included hepatocyte ballooning and cholestasis, which were particularly prominent in the centrilobular zone. PGD after LDLT is associated with DFH‐20 caused by graft, recipient and surgical factors, and increases the risk of early graft mortality.

We characterize the performance of photorefractive Sr_0.6Ba_0.4Nb_2O_6 under an externally applied voltage. We compared the field dependences of the gain coefficient, response time, sensitivity, and diffraction efficiency with predictions of Kukhtarev’s solution [ Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett.2, 438 ( 1976)] for two-wave interaction, using material parameters obtained at zero voltage. Plane-wave holograms were superimposed in the crystal with angular multiplexing. The hologram capacity (or minimum diffraction efficiency) increased by an order of magnitude with a 15-kV/cm applied field.

We investigate an architectural approach to dynamic three-dimensional volume storage that circulates holograms between two photorefractive crystals. Introduction of an optical amplifier into the system increases the effective write–erase asymmetry of the crystals and permits the amplification of the recalled images. This memory architecture is experimentally shown to provide write–erase storage with robustness to multiple optical readouts.