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Zinc (Zn) toxicity is one of the environmental factors that can have a negative impact on plant growth. To explore this issue, we conducted an experiment using Carthamus tinctoriusplants treated with varying concentrations of ZnSO4⋅7H2O: 0.5 µM (control), 15 µM, and 75 µM for 3 months. Our results indicate that the concentration of 15 µM of Zn did not have an adverse effect on safflower plants, whereas the 75 µM treatment resulted in inhibited plant development, root damage, chlorosis, and a decrease in chlorophyll content in the leaves. Zn content was found to increase in plants treated with Zn, while levels of calcium, magnesium, and potassium significantly decreased in the leaves, stems, roots, and florets. This alteration in mineral composition resulted in a nutritional imbalance, which was further accompanied by an increase in water content. Additionally, the treatment with 75 μM of Zn induced notable changes in the content of phenolic compounds in the plants. Soluble sugar content and proline levels were found to accumulate in plants treated with 15 μM Zn, whereas a decrease was observed in plants treated with 75 μM Zn compared with the control. Furthermore, gaïacol and ascorbate peroxidases and superoxide dismutase activities increased in leaves at 15 μM Zn, while they decreased in roots at 75 µM Zn compared with controls. Our findings suggest that excessive Zn levels in plants disrupt the nutritional balance and lead to oxidative stress. These results can provide valuable insights for further investigations into the effects of Zn toxicity and the adaptation process in non-hyperaccumulator plants.

Understanding the plastic deformation and fracture behavior of Carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced aluminum composites is crucial for determining the factors controlling their strength and ductility. This article presents a novel approach by proposing a coupled micromechanical dislocation-based constitutive model combined with the Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) damage evolution model. The objective of this research is to accurately predict the load-displacement behavior of an AlMg6/CNT composite, which is manufactured through accumulative roll bonding (ARB), from yield to fracture. The study investigates the correlations between the number of ARB passes, which affects the dislocation density of the matrix, and the distribution of CNTs in the composite, with the GTN parameters. The analysis reveals that the volume fraction of void nucleating particles (fN) is a critical parameter influencing the ductility of the composite ductility. Initially, due to CNT agglomeration, they act as nucleation sites for damage, resulting in an increase in fNand a decrease in ductility. However, as the number of ARB passes increases, leading to a homogeneous CNT distribution, fNdecreases, and CNTs contribute to improved strength and ductility of the composite. The proposed model accurately predicts the load-displacement curve of the composite during uniaxial tensile testing, taking into account the effect of ARB passes. The research findings provide insights for future extensions of the GTN model, aimed at enhancing its theoretical framework and applicability in the field.

In this paper we prove gradient estimates of both elliptic and parabolic types, specifically, of Souplet-Zhang, Hamilton and Li-Yau types for positive smooth solutions to a class of nonlinear parabolic equations involving the Witten or drifting Laplacian on smooth metric measure spaces. These estimates are established under various curvature conditions and lower bounds on the generalised Bakry-Émery Ricci tensor and find utility in proving elliptic and parabolic Harnack-type inequalities as well as general Liouville-type and other global constancy results. Several applications and consequences are presented and discussed.

Hyperthermia is one of the methods for cancer therapies by creating artificial fever. Protection of healthy tissues around the tumor tissue, which has a high temperature, is one of the major issues in this treatment. In present study, the two-dimensional transient model of biological tissue with a tumor is taken into account. The area of the tumor is embedded with micro/nano superparamagnetic materials, and the surrounding healthy tissues are embedded with microcapsules of micro/nano-phase-change materials (PCMs). The effect of concentrations, the radius of the microcapsule, the melting temperature and latent heat of phase-change nanoparticles and also superparamagnetic nanoparticles on thermal protection were examined numerically by using the finite difference method. The results showed that the use of PCMs causes sensible decreases in temperatures of the healthy tissue around the cancerous cells (in some places up to 3 ℃) that leads to treatment complications reduction. If the protection of healthy tissues is well done, it is possible to raise the temperature of the cancerous tissue to achieve more favorable treatment.

In this paper we discuss the stability and local minimising properties of spherical twists that arise as solutions to the harmonic map equation $$\begin{aligned} \mathbf{HME}[u;\, \mathbb {X}^n, \mathbb {S}^{n-1}] :=\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \Delta u + |\nabla u|^2 u =0 &{} \qquad \text { in } \mathbb {X}^n, \\ |u|=1 &{}\qquad \text { in } \mathbb {X}^n , \\ u = \varphi &{}\qquad \text { on } \partial \mathbb {X}^n, \end{array}\right. \end{aligned}$$HME[u;Xn,Sn-1]:=Δu+|∇u|2u=0inXn,|u|=1inXn,u=φon∂Xn,by way of examining the positivity of the second variation of the associated Dirichlet energy. Here, following [31], by a spherical twist we mean a map $$u \in \mathscr {W}^{1,2}(\mathbb {X}^n, \mathbb {S}^{n-1})$$u∈W1,2(Xn,Sn-1)of the form $$x \mapsto {\mathbf {Q}}(|x|)x|x|^{-1}$$x↦Q(|x|)x|x|-1where $${\mathbf {Q}}={\mathbf {Q}}(r)$$Q=Q(r)lies in $$\mathscr {C}([a, b], \mathbf{SO}(n))$$C([a,b],SO(n))and $${\mathbb {X}}^n=\{x \in \mathbb {R}^n : a<|x|

Biosurfactants are surface-active molecules that can reduce the interfacial tension of different phases. Solid-state fermentation provides numerous opportunities to process agro-industrial residues for biosurfactants production and receives less attention for commercial utilization. In the current research, a laboratory-scale rotating drum bioreactor was designed to produce rhamnolipid biosurfactants via solid-state fermentation by Pseudomonas aeruginosaPTCC 1047 on soybean meal as a renewable, cheap substrate. The effects of critical operating variables, including airflow rate, initial moisture content of the medium, fermentation temperature, and drum rotation time, affecting production yield in solid-state cultivation were investigated. Moreover, the yield of production in the rotating drum bioreactor was compared with flask fermentation experiments. The results indicated that the aeration of the bed and intermittent rotation of the baffled drum enhanced rhamnolipid production. The results also showed that the production yield at optimum conditions in the flask (250 mL) was 31.72% higher than in the rotating drum bioreactor (3.6 L) with an airflow rate of 6 L/min/Kg dry substrate and a total rotation period of 8 h/day. The optimum fermentation temperature and medium moisture content for rhamnolipid production in both fermentation systems were 35 °C and 75%, respectively. This work indicates that biosurfactant production could be scaled up via solid-state fermentation in a rotating drum bioreactor.

In this article, we present new gradient estimates for positive solutions to a class of non‐linear elliptic equations  involving the f‐Laplacian on a smooth metric measure space. The gradient estimates of interest are of Souplet–Zhang and Hamilton types, respectively, and are established under natural lower bounds on the generalised Bakry–Émery Ricci curvature tensor. From these estimates, we derive amongst other things Harnack inequalities and general global constancy and Liouville‐type theorems. The results and approach undertaken here provide a unified treatment and extend and improve various existing results in the literature. Some implications and applications are presented and discussed.

A mathematical model based on Bezier equations was developed in order to determine the admissible velocity field during equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) of composite strips. According to the proposed streamline, the strain rate fields were evaluated and used in a general dislocation model for prediction the microstructural changes. The ECAE process increases the yield strength of copper and aluminum strips by 5–6 and 3–4 times, respectively. The rate of strength increment became insignificant after the fourth pass. Moreover, an increase in the pass numbers resulted in a decrease in the dislocation cell sizes approximately up to 600–700 nm and 300 nm in Al and Cu. A good agreement is found between these results obtained by microscopic techniques as well as tensile test and those predicted via the model for different dies.

In this review, effects of initial microstructure before intercritical annealing and processing routes of dual phase (DP) high strength steels are discussed. Prior-applied deformation processes as cold rolling and severe plastic deformation (SPD) including their impacts on mechanical properties of DP steels are described. Influences of heating rate, recrystallization of ferrite, nucleation and grain growth of austenite on the microstructure evolution are also presented. The intercritical annealing and thermomechanical processes of DP steels are comparatively outlined. Furthermore, post-intercritical annealing treatments, i.e., tempering, bake hardening, strain and quench aging are argued. Effects of key alloying elements on the microstructure and mechanical properties of DP steels are briefly summarized. A further development of DP steels can properly benefit from this extensive review.

In this review, effects of initial microstructure before intercritical annealing and processing routes of dual phase (DP) high strength steels are discussed. Prior-applied deformation processes as cold rolling and severe plastic deformation (SPD) including their impacts on mechanical properties of DP steels are described. Influences of heating rate, recrystallization of ferrite, nucleation and grain growth of austenite on the microstructure evolution are also presented. The intercritical annealing and thermomechanical processes of DP steels are comparatively outlined. Furthermore, post-intercritical annealing treatments, i.e., tempering, bake hardening, strain and quench aging are argued. Effects of key alloying elements on the microstructure and mechanical properties of DP steels are briefly summarized. A further development of DP steels can properly benefit from this extensive review.

Respirable crystalline silica (RCS) overexposure can lead to the development of silicosis which is a chronic, irreversible, potentially fatal respiratory disease. The most significant prerequisite for any silica exposure control plan is an accurate occupational exposure assessment. The results of crystalline silica analysis are often affected by other mineral interferences and are influenced by an analyst’s knowledge of mineralogy to accurately interpret infrared spectra and correct matrix interferences. Partial least squares (PLS) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) are two multivariate calibration methods to overcome the problem of spectral interferences without the need for an analyst intervention. The performance of these two methods in quantitative analysis of quartz in the presence of mineral interferences was evaluated and compared in this study. Fifty mixtures with different crystalline silica content ratios were prepared by mixing quartz with four common mineral interferences including kaolinite, albite, muscovite, and amorphous silica. Fourier-transform infrared spectra of the mixtures were split into training and test datasets. The optimal architecture of the ANN model was achieved using a two-level full factorial design experiment and data were modeled using ANN and PLS regression analysis. Root mean squared error of prediction values of 1.69 and 6.12 µg quartz for ANN and PLS models, respectively, revealed the fact that the both models performed very well in quantitative analysis of quartz in the presence of mineral interferences, with a better relative performance of the ANN model which can be related to the inherent nonlinear predictive ability of ANNs. Given the excellent predictive ability of the ANN model which can deal with a completely overlapped peak without any need of user’s intervention, it is recommended that the ANN model be optimized in future studies and utilized for reliable and rapid on-field assessment of RCS exposure.

Coiled carbon nanotubes (CCNTs) have increasingly become a vital factor in the new generation of nanodevices and energy-absorbing materials due to their outstanding properties. Here, the multiobjective optimization of CCNTs is applied to assess their mechanical properties. The best trade-off between conflicting mechanical properties (e.g., yield stress and yield strain) is demonstrated and the optimization of the geometry enables us to find the astonishing CCNTs with a stretchability of 400%. These structures have been recognized for the first time in the field. We derived several highly accurate analytical equations for the yield stress and yield strain by the implementation of multiobjective optimization and fitting a theoretical model to the results of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The optimized structures are highly resilient because of two distinct deformation mechanisms depending on the dimensions of CCNTs. For small CCNTs, extraordinary extensibility is mainly contributed by buckling and nanohinge-like deformation with maintaining the inner coil diameter. On the other hand, for large CCNTs, this is accomplished by the creation of a straight CNT-like structure in the inner-edge of the CCNT with a helical graphene ribbon twisted around it. Our work represents an important advance in the design of CCNT based mechanical nanodevices.

Bimetal sheets are prominently expanded in industries due to their unique properties including high strength, low density, and corrosion resistance compared to single-layer sheets. On the other hand, incremental forming is found to be one of the most suitable methods to form complex parts. In this regard, a numerical and experimental study was conducted to consider the behavior of explosively welded aluminum–copper sheets. A nonlinear explicit solver was employed to simulate the incremental collar forming process. Experimental tests were performed to validate thickness variation, dimension and tool average force. A coupled artificial neural network and finite element method are utilized to generate an objective function of thickness reduction. The new metaheuristic whale optimization algorithm using a trained neural network (ANN–WOA) is utilized to improve sheet thickness distribution by finding optimum parameters. The developed artificial neural network could reliably predict thickness reduction in Al/Cu bimetal sheet during incremental collar forming while minimum thickness reduction occurs in the circular area of obround shape with less than 4% deviation from ANN results. It is also shown that optimum incremental forming parameters of obround shapes with length to diameter ratio between 2 and 3 are very close.

Purpose. Recently, a new method was proposed for physical work rate classification based on an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). This study aims to present a genetic algorithm (GA)-optimized ANFIS model for a highly accurate classification of physical work rate. Methods. Thirty healthy men participated in this study. Directly measured heart rate and oxygen consumption of the participants in the laboratory were used for training the ANFIS classifier model in MATLAB version 8.0.0 using a hybrid algorithm. A similar process was done using the GA as an optimization technique. Results. The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the ANFIS classifier model were increased successfully. The mean accuracy of the model was increased from 92.95 to 97.92%. Also, the calculated root mean square error of the model was reduced from 5.4186 to 3.1882. The maximum estimation error of the optimized ANFIS during the network testing process was ± 5%. Conclusion. The GA can be effectively used for ANFIS optimization and leads to an accurate classification of physical work rate. In addition to high accuracy, simple implementation and inter-individual variability consideration are two other advantages of the presented model.

In this paper we derive elliptic and parabolic type gradient estimates for positive smooth solutions to a class of nonlinear parabolic equations on smooth metric measure spaces where the metric and potential are time dependent and evolve under a super Perelman–Ricci flow. A number of implications, notably, a parabolic Harnack inequality, a class of Hamilton type dimension-free gradient estimates and two general Liouville type theorems along with their consequences are discussed. Some examples and special cases are presented to illustrate the results.

This article presents new local and global gradient estimates of Li-Yau type for positive solutions to a class of nonlinear elliptic equations on smooth metric measure spaces involving the Witten Laplacian. The estimates are derived under natural lower bounds on the associated Bakry-Émery Ricci curvature tensor and find utility in proving fairly general Harnack inequalities and Liouville-type theorems to name a few. The results here unify, extend and improve various existing results in the literature for special nonlinearities already of huge interest and applications. Some consequences are presented and discussed.

Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to study the effect of the loading direction on the deformation behavior of the pearlite structure with a Bagaryatsky orientation relationship at the ferrite-cementite interface. We found excellent ductility in the ferrite and pearlite nanocomposites along the $$\left[ {\bar{1}10} \right]_{f} ||\left[ {001} \right]_{c}$$1¯10f||001cloading direction, while a brittle behavior was observed along the $$\left[ {111} \right]_{f} ||\left[ {100} \right]_{c}$$111f||100cloading direction because of the reduced number of activated slip systems. Additionally, we reveal that the ductility is improved by either increasing the temperature or reducing the interlamellar spacing.

Ductility of high-strength concrete (HSC) columns with rectangular sections was assessed in this study by reviewing experimental data from the available literature. Up to 112 normal weights concrete columns with strength in the range of 50–130 MPa were considered and presented as a database. The data included the results of column testes under axial and reversed lateral loading. Displacement ductility of HSC columns was evaluated in terms of their concrete and reinforcement strengths, bar arrangement, volumetric ratio of transverse reinforcement, and axial loading. The results indicated that the confinement requirements and displacement ductility in HSC columns are more sensitive than those in normal strength concrete columns. Moreover, ductility is descended by increasing concrete strength. However, it was possible to obtain ductile behavior in HSC columns through proper confinement. Furthermore, this study casts doubt about capability of P/Agfc′ ratio that being inversely proportional to displacement ductility of HSC columns.

ABSTRACTA real-time PCR (RT-PCR) assay was designed for the simultaneous identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeaeand its ciprofloxacin susceptibility status. A SYBR green-based multiplex RT-PCR format was used; it comprised two different forward primers and a common reverse primer to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in gyrAof N. gonorrhoeae. The primer pairs were evaluated for their sensitivity and specificity using genomic DNA from 254 N. gonorrhoeaeisolates (82 were ciprofloxacin susceptible and 172 were ciprofloxacin resistant) and 23 non-N. gonorrhoeaespecies isolates. The performance of the primers was validated using genomic DNA from 100 different N. gonorrhoeaeisolates (46 were ciprofloxacin susceptible and 54 were ciprofloxacin resistant) and 52 non-N. gonorrhoeaeisolates. The latter panel was revalidated by testing 99 (46 isolates were ciprofloxacin susceptible and 53 isolates were ciprofloxacin resistant) of the N. gonorrhoeaeisolates and 23 non-N. gonorrhoeaeisolates. These primers detected N. gonorrhoeaeand its ciprofloxacin susceptibility status with over 99% sensitivity and specificity for all panels tested. This assay has the potential to be an inexpensive and rapid test for the simultaneous identification of N. gonorrhoeaeand its ciprofloxacin susceptibility status.

Grout injection is used for sealing or strengthening the ground in order to prevent water entrance or any failure after excavation. There are many methods of grouting. Permeation grouting is one of the most common types in which the grout material is injected to the pore spaces of the ground. In grouting operations, the grout quality is important to achieve the best results. There are four main characteristics for a grout mixture including bleeding, setting time, strength, and viscosity. In this paper, we try to build some efficient grouting mixtures with different water to cement ratios considering these characteristics. The ingredients of grout mixtures built in this study are cement, water, bentonite, and some chemical additives such as sodium silicate, sodium carbonate, and triethanolamine (TEA). The grout mixtures are prepared for both of the sealing and strengthening purposes for a structural project. Effect of each above-mentioned ingredient is profoundly investigated. Since each ingredient may have positive or negative aspect, an optimization of appropriate amount of each ingredient is determined. The optimization is based on 200 grout mixture samples with different percentages of ingredients. Finally, some of these grout mixtures are chosen for the introduced project. It should be mentioned that grouting operations depend on various factors such as pressure of injection, ground structure and grain size of soils. However, quality of a grout can be helpful to make an injection easier and reasonable. For example, during the injection, a wrong estimated setting time can destroy the injected grout by washing the grout or setting early which prevents grouting. This paper tries to show some tests in easy way to achieve a desirable sample of grout.

The Maclaurin spectral functions associated with the development of the heat kernel on compact rank one symmetric spaces are analysed. Relations with various invariants most notably the heat trace, the Minakshisundaram–Pleijel heat coefficients and the spectral residues are carefully examined and a precise formulation as well as asymptotics ($$t \searrow 0$$ t↘0 ) in terms of the celebrated Jacobi theta functions is represented. A natural class of polynomials and power series encoding structural properties of the heat kernel are introduced and further studied.

Transformers are an important part of the power distribution network and their design is important in various aspects of engineering. Thermally, when the winding temperature rises above the design value, the paper insulation is destroyed, thereby reducing the life of the insulation and the transformer. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the thermal behavior of a disc-type transformer by proposing three different geometries to direct the oil towards the critical discs and adding two types of multi-walled carbon or diamond nanoparticles to the base fluid using the mixed method. The results show that the oil directing is more effective than using the nanofluid in the oil natural method in reducing the temperature of discs, so that in one of the geometries, the average temperature at the critical discs is reduced by about 6 °C for the mineral oil, while this value is about 2 °C for the oil natural of the nanofluid. Also, the simultaneous use of oil directing method and nanofluid is investigated. The results show the synergy of the integration of these two methods and the further reduction of the temperature of the discs. Examining the load capacity of the transformer in the oil directing method shows a 20% increase compared to the oil natural method. Finally, the temperature uncertainty is investigated. The results show that there is an uncertainty of about one degree in the temperature of the discs.

It is generally known that the ranking of ideas during creative sessions creates two majors problems. The first is to undervalue a promising idea and thus wash away business priorities. The second is to overstate a false good idea that will be the underlying cause of unnecessary expenses. Although the subject of ranking ideas is spread and common in studies and research, it still poses an obvious contradiction: the level of definition of an idea must be precise to secure investments and imprecise to preserve its innovative role. In our research on this topic, we endeavored to highlight a new path that would both simplify engineers access to formal calculation (such as to give credibility to an idea by removing the blur surrounding it) while preserving potential inventive margins by identifying for each concept its degree of feasibility. However, this second part was not clearly defined in our research. In this paper, we present a complementary aspect of our approach. Its underlying idea is to associate each index to a TRL (Technical Readiness Level) that is likely to assess in an objective and formal way its maturity with a recognized scale in industrial environments. A case study and a discussion of the results of the contribution will be discussed at the end of the paper.

ABSTRACTUsing crude whole-genome assemblies, we analyzed 25 isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeaeby using a high-resolution single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) approach for nine housekeeping genes, characterizing penAalleles, and antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes coupled with population structure analysis. Two clonal complexes, characterized by their spatial and geographical persistence, were identified. In addition, the clonal spread of penicillin-resistant/intermediate phenotypes and a novel introduction of the azithromycin resistance phenotype in Saskatchewan, Canada, were ascertained using this method.

A transformer plays a key role in the distribution network, and its overall performance is significantly affected by windings cooling. This paper presents a numerical study regarding the cooling of a disk-type winding in the presence of nanoparticles using single and mixture models to improve the thermal behavior of the transformer oil. Nanofluids are selected in two volumetric concentrations for multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and three volumetric concentrations of diamond nanoparticles. Results demonstrate that the nanofluids decrease the temperature of the disks so that the diamond nanoparticles with a volumetric concentration of 0.05% reduce the average disk temperature by about 2 °C. The Lagrangian particle tracking method is also used to study particle sediments, which shows that about 7% of nanoparticles are deposited. Finally, it is shown that the thermal performance of nanofluids in overload improves with increasing load.

During the last few years, several sheet hydroforming processes have been introduced. Despite the advantages of these methods, they have some limitations. Of the processes, the two main ones are the standard hydroforming and hydromechanical deep drawing. A new sheet hydroforming die set was proposed that has the advantages of both processes and eliminates their limitations. In this method, a polyurethane plate was used as a part of the die-set to control the blank holder force. This paper outlines the Taguchi optimization methodology, which is applied to optimize the effective parameters in forming cylindrical cups by the new die set of sheet hydroforming process. The process parameters evaluated in this research are polyurethane hardness, polyurethane thickness, forming pressure path and polyurethane hole diameter. The design of experiments based upon L9 orthogonal arrays by Taguchi was used and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to analyze the effect of these parameters on the forming pressure. The analysis of the results showed that the optimal combination for low forming pressure is harder polyurethane, bigger diameter of polyurethane hole and thinner polyurethane. Finally, the confirmation test was derived based on the optimal combination of parameters and it was shown that the Taguchi method is suitable to examine the optimization process.

Equal channel angular pressing is an outstanding method for imposing large plastic deformation to metallic materials without any decreasing in cross section area of as processed samples. In this paper, the effect of working temperature, ram speed and the number of passes on the formation of adiabatic shear bands in Al6061 during equal channel angular pressing was investigated. Billets of the alloy were processed up to four passes via route BC from room temperature to 200oC with two ram speeds using a die that imparts an effective strain of ~1.1 per pass. The results have demonstrated that the onset of the adiabatic shear banding in this alloy strongly depends on the ram speed: more frequently observed at the higher ram speed than the lower speed. Although the geometry of the macroscopic view of shear band is similar in all cases, the development of bands depends on the number of passes as well as processing temperature.

Abstract.: Let be a bounded domain and . In this paper we consider functionals of the form where the admissible function belongs to the Sobolev space of vector-valued functions and is such that the integral on the right is well defined. We state and prove a sufficiency theorem for local minimizers of where . The exponent is shown to depend on the dimension and the growth condition of and an exact expression is presented for this dependence. We discuss some examples and applications of this theorem.

Distribution transformers (DTs) are deemed as one of the major and high-priced equipment of electrical grids and their destruction negatively affects the stability and security of the network. The insulation status of the transformer depends on the hotspot and oil temperatures. Accordingly, controlling and, if possible, reduction of transformer oil temperature will improve the insulation status. In this paper, the effect of using nano-oil on oil temperature and loading capacity increment (LCI) of DTs has been studied via the electro-thermal resistance model (E-TRM). The studied nanofluids are two volumetric concentrations of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and three volumetric concentrations of diamond nanoparticles dispersed in pure mineral oil (MO). First, the numerical results gained from the E-TRM method are compared and verified with the experiential results of a 500 kVA DT. As well as, the effect of using MWCNT, diamond and proposed ONF nanoparticles in the heat transfer capacity of the transformer are investigated and compared. The results demonstrate that the highest temperature reduction in comparison with MO among the studied nanofluids is about 1 °C and for nanofluid ODI2. While the use of hypothetical ONF nanofluid reduces the oil temperature by 2.7 °C. Finally, the LCI of DTs caused by the use of nanofluids is investigated by the proposed novel equation. The use of nanofluids, especially the proposed ONF nanofluid, leads to the LCI up to 5%.

AbstractComposition of a historical rose oil sample was investigated by GC and GC/MS. Forty-five components representing 95.5% composition of the essential oil were identified. The main components of this oil were citronellol (25.1%), geraniol (11.8%) and nonadecane (13.4%). The composition of the oil was compared with those of Turkish and Bulgarian rose oils and rose water.

The compound, C6H7N3OS, has been prepared and characterized by condensation between thiosemicarbazide and furan-2-carbaldehyde and its structure was elucidated by x-ray analysis (at 150 K), NMR and IR spectroscopy methods (at ambient temperature). It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c (No. 14), a = 13.5099(3) Å, b = 5.67430(10) Å, c = 23.4755(6) Å, β= 117.367(2)°, V = 1598.20(7) Å3 and Z = 8. The crystal structure was solved and refined to R = 0.0290 with 2942 unique reflections. No significant π-π interactions are found in the crystal structure. There are C-H…π interactions and also different weak hydrogen bonds, stabilizing the three dimensional crystal structure.