Search

[Display omitted] Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) possess unique properties that render them promising candidates for various high-tech applications. However, their inherent nonconducting nature poses a challenge to their practical implementation in numerous fields. In this article, we introduce the Metal-Organic Framework and Activated Carbon (MOF@AC) composite, which emerges as a compelling material due to its substantial surface area, diverse pore size distributions, and distinctive features. This review aims to highlight the synthesis strategies, fundamental characteristics, and unique properties of MOF@AC composites. Primarily, this comprehensive review focuses on exploring the manifold applications of the composite material, spanning from supercapacitors to energy storage and conversion, gas storage, photocatalysis, and wastewater treatment. By emphasizing the existing knowledge surrounding MOF@AC composites, the article aims to identify potential avenues for future research and development. The synergistic combination of these materials positions them as excellent candidates for a number of new applications, opening gates for researchers in dynamic fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spaceflight induces molecular, cellular and physiological shifts in astronauts and poses myriad biomedical challenges to the human body, which are becoming increasingly relevant as more humans venture into space1–6. Yet current frameworks for aerospace medicine are nascent and lag far behind advancements in precision medicine on Earth, underscoring the need for rapid development of space medicine databases, tools and protocols. Here we present the Space Omics and Medical Atlas (SOMA), an integrated data and sample repository for clinical, cellular and multi-omic research profiles from a diverse range of missions, including the NASA Twins Study7, JAXA CFE study8,9, SpaceX Inspiration4 crew10–12, Axiom and Polaris. The SOMA resource represents a more than tenfold increase in publicly available human space omics data, with matched samples available from the Cornell Aerospace Medicine Biobank. The Atlas includes extensive molecular and physiological profiles encompassing genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and microbiome datasets, which reveal some consistent features across missions, including cytokine shifts, telomere elongation and gene expression changes, as well as mission-specific molecular responses and links to orthologous, tissue-specific mouse datasets. Leveraging the datasets, tools and resources in SOMA can help to accelerate precision aerospace medicine, bringing needed health monitoring, risk mitigation and countermeasure data for upcoming lunar, Mars and exploration-class missions.

Human spaceflight has historically been managed by government agencies, such as in the NASA Twins Study1, but new commercial spaceflight opportunities have opened spaceflight to a broader population. In 2021, the SpaceX Inspiration4 mission launched the first all-civilian crew to low Earth orbit, which included the youngest American astronaut (aged 29), new in-flight experimental technologies (handheld ultrasound imaging, smartwatch wearables and immune profiling), ocular alignment measurements and new protocols for in-depth, multi-omic molecular and cellular profiling. Here we report the primary findings from the 3-day spaceflight mission, which induced a broad range of physiological and stress responses, neurovestibular changes indexed by ocular misalignment, and altered neurocognitive functioning, some of which match those of long-term spaceflight2, but almost all of which did not differ from baseline (pre-flight) after return to Earth. Overall, these preliminary civilian spaceflight data suggest that short-duration missions do not pose a significant health risk, and moreover present a rich opportunity to measure the earliest phases of adaptation to spaceflight in the human body at anatomical, cellular, physiological and cognitive levels. Finally, these methods and results lay the foundation for an open, rapidly expanding biomedical database for astronauts3, which can inform countermeasure development for both private and government-sponsored space missions.

Automated detection of plant diseases is crucial as it simplifies the task of monitoring large farms and identifies diseases at their early stages to mitigate further plant degradation. Besides the decline in plant health, reduced production severely impacts the country’s economy. Traditional disease identification methods, relying on human experts, are slow, time-consuming, and impractical for large farms. Our proposed model utilizes a combination of pre-trained Resnet18, Alexnet, GoogLeNet, and VGG16 networks to classify apple tree leaves into categories such as healthy, black rot, apple cedar rust, and apple scab based on images. Various image enhancement techniques were employed to enhance the model’s accuracy. Ultimately, our model achieved an accuracy of 97.25% on the validation dataset, demonstrating excellent performance across various metrics. This suggests its potential for efficient and accurate plant health monitoring in the agricultural sector.

Seawater electrolysis for both hydrogen and oxygen production is of great significance, yet the development of highly active and stable bifunctional catalysts remains a great challenge. Herein, we employ the interfacial engineering strategy to tune and optimize hierarchical Co2P/NiWO4toward efficient and stable bifunctional electrocatalysts for seawater splitting. Benefiting from high electrical conductivity, large surface area, and abundant active sites, this resultant catalyst displays a high catalytic performance toward the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reaction (HER/OER), affording low overpotentials of 44 and 230 mV at 10 mA cm–2, respectively. Besides, the hierarchical structure leads to higher stability and corrosion resistance, which helps the Co2P/NiWO4electrocatalyst work well under harsh conditions in seawater. As a result, the Co2P/NiWO4electrode can afford current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm–2at voltages of 1.59 and 1.76 V in seawater, respectively, with stability over 100 h of continuous testing. This work provides a versatile interface engineering strategy to synthesize high-performance electrocatalysts for hydrogen generation from seawater splitting.

Purpose: The purpose of the present study is to identify the active and dead links of uniform resource locators (URLs) associated with web references and to compare the effectiveness of Chrome, Google and WayBack Machine in retrieving the dead URLs. Design/methodology/approach: The web references of the Library Hi Techfrom 2004 to 2008 were selected for analysis to fulfill the set objectives. The URLs were extracted from the articles to verify their accessibility in terms of persistence and decay. The URLs were then executed directly in the internet browser (Chrome), search engine (Google) and Internet Archive (WayBack Machine). The collected data were recorded in an excel file and presented in tables/diagrams for further analysis. Findings: From the total of 1,083 web references, a maximum number was retrieved by the WayBack Machine (786; 72.6 per cent) followed by Google (501; 46.3 per cent) and the lowest by Chrome (402; 37.1 per cent). The study concludes that the WayBack Machine is more efficient, retrieves a maximum number of missing web citations and fulfills the mission of preservation of web sources to a larger extent. Originality/value: A good number of studies have been conducted to analyze the persistence and decay of web-references; however, the present study is unique as it compared the dead URL retrieval effectiveness of internet explorer (Chrome), search engine giant (Google) and WayBack Machine of the Internet Archive. Research limitations/implications: The web references of a single journal, namely, Library Hi Tech, were analyzed for 5 years only. A major study across disciplines and sources may yield better results. Practical implications: URL decay is becoming a major problem in the preservation and citation of web resources. The study has some healthy recommendations for authors, editors, publishers, librarians and web designers to improve the persistence of web references.

Fe–N–C-based electrocatalysts have been developed as an encouraging substitute compared to their expensive Pt-containing equivalents for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, they still face major durability challenges from the in- situ production of Fenton radicals. Therefore, the synthesis of Fe-free ORR catalysts is among the emerging concerns. Herein, we have precisely applied a multistep heating strategy to produce mesoporous N-doped carbon nanostructures with Mn-/Co-Nxdual moieties from mixed-metal zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs). It is found that their unique structure, with dual-metallic active sites, not only offers a high electrochemical performance for the ORR (E1/2= 0.83 V vsreversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) in acid media), but also enhances the operational durability of the catalyst after 20 000 cycles with 97% of retention and very low H2O2production (<5%) in 0.1 M HClO4. In addition, the catalyst performs well toward the ORR also in alkaline solution (exhibiting E1/2= 0.90 V and 30 000 cyclic stability).

The electrocatalyzed oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions (OER/HER) are the key constituents of water splitting toward hydrogen production over electrolysis. The development of stable non-noble nanomaterials as bifunctional OER/HER electrocatalysts is the foremost bottleneck to commercial applications. Herein, the fabrication of Te-modulated FeNiOOH nanocubes (NCs) by a novel tailoring approach is reported, and the doping of Te superbly modulated the local electronic structures of Fe and Ni. The Te/FeNiOOH-NC catalyst displays better mass and electron transfer ability, exposure of plentiful OER/HER edge active centers on the surface, and a modulated electronic structure. Accordingly, the as-made Te/FeNiOOH-NC catalyst reveals robust OER activity (overpotential of 0.22 V@10 mA cm–2) and HER activity (overpotential of 0.167 V@10 mA cm–2) in alkaline media. Considerably, this bifunctional catalyst facilitates a high-performance alkaline water electrolyzer with a cell voltage of 1.65 V at 10 mA cm–2. This strategy opens up a new way for designing and advancing the tellurium dopant nanomaterials for various applications.

In this issue of Chem Catalysis, Jia et al. realized the precise positioning of diverse metal species into specific sequences within multivariate metal-organic frameworks (MTV-MOFs), and the resultant sequence-coded ZnCo-MOF-699—with sheet-like secondary building units—performed much better for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution than the non-coded counterpart.

The aqueous hybrid supercapacitor (AHSC) based on ammonium ion (NH4+) is an interesting energy storage device with excellent properties. However, the scarcity of appropriate and effective cathode materials limited its practicality. Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal nitrides, carbides, or carbonitrides (MXenes) show potential as cathode materials, but their low capacitance limits their applicability. Here, we synthesized N-functionalized 2D MXene (Ti3C2Tx) with Ti2N interface engineering (Ti2N/Ti3C2Tx), which displayed not only superior capacitance and rate capability but also a cycling stability than pristine Ti3C2Tx. Ex-situ XRD and XPS were used to study the charge storage mechanism at the interface of Ti2N/Ti3C2Tx. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to validate the superior conductivity at the interface of the Ti2N/Ti3C2Tx(Tx= OH) electrode. Moreover, AHSC was assembled with the Ti2N/Ti3C2Txas cathode, and activated carbon as anode possesses outstanding energy storage performance. This study not only elucidates the charge storage process of Ti2N/Ti3C2Txbut also provides new insights for designing novel cathode materials for energy storage devices.

The present article aims to look at several elements of caste-based exclusion among the Scheduled Castes (SCs) community in India. It looks at denying SCs their social, cultural, civil, political and economic rights, which leads to social exclusion and poverty. The work is expressive and analytical, based on secondary data sources. The research is based on a survey of the existing literature on these connected institutional phenomena that have had a significant impact on the lives of SCs. Different literature reviews have also been conducted from various journals, government reports, websites and working papers to present this research article.

A tandem structure efficiently boosts solar cell efficiency because it uses a larger spectrum of solar radiation and minimizes photon energy thermalization. High-performance tandem solar cells have historically been difficult to produce due to a shortage of high-performance, low-bandgap cells. The proposed design is based on the CH3NH3GeI3(1.9 eV) as a wide band gap absorber layer and FAMASnGeI3(1.4 eV) as a narrow band gap perovskite layer with CZTSe as HTL. This research investigates the effect of different ETLs, perovskite layer thicknesses and their doping concentration on the device's photovoltaic parameters. Furthermore, the effect of tunnel junction thickness and front contact work function on the solar cell performance has also been simulated. It has been noted that the PCBM presents a better efficiency device than the other ETLs. The Vocof different ETLs has been related to Vbi. Moreover, the optimized thicknesses of both perovskite absorber layers are 450 nm and 400 nm for MAGeI3and FAMASnGeI3, respectively. The optimal doping density is found to be E14 cm−3. It has been observed that the tunnel junction's thickness and the front contact's work function also play an important role in optimized device efficiency. The tunnel junction thickness is 4 nm for lead-free mixed cation perovskite/CZTSe tandem solar cells. However, the work function of the front electrode of 4.4 eV is optimum for this structure. The proposed lead-free mixed cation perovskite/CZTSe tandem device shows significant performance parameters, i.e., Voc= 0.970 V, Jsc = 28.46 mAcm−2, FF = 84.43 % and PCE= 23.32 %

The enormous addition of CO2is alarming for sustainability and efficient conversion of CO2into valuable products is emerging technique for sustainable future. Photocatalytic reduction of CO2by using solar energy is emergent not only for environmental concerns but also production of suitable chemicals and fuels. Metal-organic frameworks have been considered in forefront in photocatalysis due to porous and adjustable structure. By using the post-modifications in the metallic nodes and linkers, the structure of MOFs can be tuned, however, the proper functionalization of MOFs cannot be achieved without the knowledge of photocatalytic mechanism. Herein, we have summarized the recent advancements in pristine MOF-based photocatalysts focusing on the mechanistic studies for CO2reduction reaction. This article has established the structure-performance relationship in MOFs to lead the novel strategies for efficient photocatalysts. Finally, the concluding remarks also provides some future directions in the field.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are synthesized by coordinating organic bridging ligands and metal ions, resulting in a novel class of crystalline materials with arranged porosity frameworks. MOFs have attracted a lot of attention in the areas of biomedicine, material science, catalysis, the environment, and other related fields because of their unique and distinguishing properties, such as their customizable structure, large surface area, and high porosity. However, MOFs have significant drawbacks, such as their propensity to hydrolyze rapidly, lack of stability, and poor electrical conductivity. Integrating MOFs with different materials is an effective way to improve efficiency of their properties and capabilities. The chemical stability, electrical conductivity, improved optical and mechanical properties of graphene stand out it to combine with other materials like MOFs. Stability, recyclability, and photoelectric characteristics of MOFs can all be significantly enhanced by graphene composites. The current work covers the methods for making graphene/MOFs composites, such as interfacial growth, mixed molding, in situ growth, and post-synthesis. The uses of these graphene/MOFs composites in energy and environmental applications is also discussed in detail. Finally current challenges and future directions for the engineering of stable graphene/MOFs composites are also explored.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to give insight on the important preparation task needed to be considered by prospective PhD candidates prior to the start of their study. As pursuing and obtaining a higher degree qualification is becoming more eminent for those who want to advance their academic career, crucial preparation is needed before embarking on the doctoral quest. Design/methodology/approach: A small-scale study of the PhD experience was carried out in a public university in Malaysia using semi-structured in-depth interviews with eight successful doctoral students representing three different faculties to assess respondents’ experiences concerning the preparation aspect, challenges faced and strategies used to overcome the problem. Findings: From the interview data, three overarching themes emerged: motives, task and financial and health as important dominators that could influence a successful venture of a PhD journey. Research limitations/implications: As the present research respondents were few, further research with bigger number of respondents may shed better light in identifying other important aspect in preparation for PhD. The authors are unable, in the space of this paper, to fully explore the implications of the data, and the work of others that it builds on, for the future of professional doctorates or other types of PhD awards. As professional doctorates are fully concentrated on their professional endeavour, i.e. nursing and education, the preparation needed may include different groundwork. In addition, this study was carried out in Malaysia, where the system may not necessarily share the same characteristics to other doctoral systems in other countries. Cultural differences, the impact of age, gender and race, were other variables that could be weighed by future research in the same area. Practical implications: The university’s graduate office should line-up courses to inform future doctoral candidates on the aspect of preparation at personal level that the students need to carry out. Social implications: The study provides new views where potential doctoral students should be helped and guided to become more consciously aware of their decision in pursuing a higher degree. This paper provides suggestions on the guidelines of the initial preparation needed before embarking on a PhD journey and managing their own learning. Originality/value: The paper establishes the important aspect of the preparation phase needed to be considered by future doctoral students before pursuing their doctoral quest.

Developing nonprecious metal catalysts to efficiently catalyze the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is the nub for replacing precious metal catalysts and therefore of central importance for technological breakthrough. Herein, we reported that P-doping can improve the catalytic performance of the Fe–NC catalyst with antipoisoning ability. The P-doped Fe–NC catalyst showed a positive shift in the half-wave potential (>50 mV) and high resistance against poisoning molecules (SOx, NOx, and POxions) for ORR in both alkaline and acidic media, as compared to the Fe–NC catalyst. Furthermore, an accelerated aging operation applied at the temperature ranging from 25 to 50 °C in 1 M H3PO4demonstrated a good stability of the produced P-doped Fe–NC catalyst. In contrast, a drastic loss in the catalytic performance of Pt/C (20%) was observed in the same poisoning and aging conditions.

Among different energy storage devices, supercapacitors have garnered the attention due to their higher charge storage capacity, superior charging-discharging performance, higher power density, and long cycle life. Subsequently, introducing low-cost and highly-efficient supercapacitors is a hot topic in the industrial and scientific realms. Metal oxides are considered as the most suitable electrode materials due to their intrinsic properties, economic attractiveness, environmental friendliness, and abundant availability. However, there is still a salient need to have e comprehensive study of the significance of metal oxide nanomaterials for supercapacitors in relation to their sustainable synthesis approaches. Thus, this review delineated the different sustainable synthesis approaches for metal oxide nanomaterials following their morphological, compositional, and supercapacitive properties. Initially, the review covers designs or configurations of supercapacitors followed by the types of supercapacitors based on electrode materials. Further, metal oxides-based pseudocapacitive-/battery-type electrodes have been articulated comprehensively. Moreover, this review aims to provide sustainable fabrication of metal oxide nanomaterial-based supercapacitors with a superior interpretation of the design and functioning of the device that could serve as guidelines for new synthesis and fabrication approaches to develop sustainable supercapacitors for practical applications.

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER), as an important half-reaction involved in water splitting, has been intensely studied since the last century. Transition metal phosphide and sulfide-based compounds have attracted increasing attention as active OER catalysts due to their excellent physical and chemical characters, and massive efforts have been devoted to improving the phosphide and sulfide-based materials with better activity and stability in recent years. In this review, the recent progress on phosphide and sulfide-based OER electrocatalysts in terms of chemical properties, synthetic methodologies, catalytic performances evaluation and improvement strategy is reviewed. The most accepted reaction pathways as well as the thermodynamics and electrochemistry of the OER are firstly introduced in brief, followed by a summary of the recent research and optimization strategy of phosphide and sulfide-based OER electrocatalysts. Finally, some mechanistic studies of the active phase of phosphide and sulfide-based compounds are discussed to give insight into the nature of active catalytic sites. It is expected to indicate guidance for further improving the performances of phosphide and sulfide-based OER electrocatalysts.

Regulatory T (Treg) cells are critical in regulating the immune response. In vitroinduced Treg (iTreg) cells have significant potential in clinical medicine. However, applying iTreg cells as therapeutics is complicated by the poor stability of human iTreg cells and their variable suppressive activity. Therefore, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms of human iTreg cell specification. We identified hypermethylated in cancer 1 (HIC1) as a transcription factor upregulated early during the differentiation of human iTreg cells. Although FOXP3 expression was unaffected, HIC1 deficiency led to a considerable loss of suppression by iTreg cells with a concomitant increase in the expression of effector T cell associated genes. SNPs linked to several immune-mediated disorders were enriched around HIC1 binding sites, and in vitrobinding assays indicated that these SNPs may alter the binding of HIC1. Our results suggest that HIC1 is an important contributor to iTreg cell development and function.

Different weights of amorphous Ni–P alloy with same P contents were electrodeposited on nickel plate with same area used as cathode for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The amorphous Ni–P alloy coatings were characterized for their surface morphology and composition through Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) techniques, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The electrocatalytic activity for HER in alkaline medium is determined by linear scan voltammetry (LSV) and a relationship between HER activity and capacitance is established. The capacitance varies with the loading of the Ni–P on Ni plate but the activity for HER is directly proportional to the capacitance in alkaline and vice versa. 3#Ni–P/Ni containing 3.85 mg Ni–P alloy with highest capacitance performs the best catalytic activity. This work provides direct evidence to explore the capacitance influence on the electrocatalystic activity for the HER.

Purpose: Given the critical mass of literature on entrepreneurial risk-taking, the purpose of this paper is to assess the contribution to the knowledge so far by exploring important themes in the literature on entrepreneurial risk-taking. Design/methodology/approach: The review is organized around four themes: nature of entrepreneurial risk-taking; antecedents of entrepreneurial risk-taking; context of entrepreneurial risk-taking; and outcomes of entrepreneurial risk-taking. The author critically evaluates the literature on each theme and presents the pointers for future research. Findings: Literature does provide a holistic view encapsulating different dimensions of entrepreneurial risk-taking, but it has produced largely inconsistent findings in terms of risk and gender, risk propensity of entrepreneurs in comparison to non-entrepreneurs and the outcomes of entrepreneurial risk-taking. Organizational antecedents, non-financial measures and ethical- and health-related consequences of entrepreneurial risk are underexplored. Inconclusive literature also implies that the risk may not be a distinguishing or important factor for undertaking an entrepreneurial endeavor. Therefore, it is pertinent to explore the critical factors entrepreneurs consider (or not consider) while marshalling their resources to embark on an entrepreneurial journey. This posits the need to explore an entrepreneur’s informal approach toward risk-taking. Originality/value: Suggested pointers of future research will potentially enhance the theoretical understanding of entrepreneurial risk-taking.

This paper compares the behaviour of pushed or necessity driven entrepreneurs (NDEs) and pulled or opportunity driven entrepreneurs (ODEs). Drawing upon the behavioural theory of entrepreneurship, a case study approach was employed in order to gain insights into necessity and opportunity driven entrepreneurs' cognitions and actions related to success factors. The results suggest that NDEs and ODEs had similar behavioural patterns in terms of arrangement, willingness, and ability cognitions during the start-up phase of the ventures regardless of their pull or push motives. It is also revealed that ODEs experienced counterfactual thinking. In contrast, NDEs were more close to the reality and did not imagine outcomes other than those which actually occurred. Though NDEs could be forced into the realm of entrepreneurship, they could be equally likely to manage success factors effectively. The findings will potentially help the practitioners and policy makers in nurturing entrepreneurial initiatives of pushed and pulled entrepreneurs.

Intermittent faults are regarded as the most difficult class of faults to diagnose and are cited as one of the main root causes of No Fault Found. There are a variety of technical issues relating to the nature of the fault which make identifying intermittent. This paper discusses some of these issues by introducing the concept of intermittent fault dynamics, modelling approaches and a selection of the state-of-the-art testing and diagnostic techniques and technologies.

AbstractDoes transformational leadership have a positive relationship to organizational culture and innovation propensity in business organizations of Pakistan? Transformational leadership has been associated with a variety of positive organizational outcomes in a number of studies. However, the outcomes of transformational leadership in Pakistan are still underexplored. The current study examined the specific relationship between transformational leadership, organizational culture, and innovation propensity among a sample of 523 organizational members in Pakistan. Our findings showed that transformational leadership is positively related to organizational culture and innovation propensity. Results also indicated that organizational culture mediates the relationship between transformational leadership and innovation propensity. Furthermore, ANOVA analyses identified differences in ratings of transformational leadership across employees' education level and company size. Also, correlation analyses found no relationship between employees' ratings of transformational leadership and employees' age and organizational tenure. Implications for practice and directions for future research are discussed.

The aim of this paper is to review the important themes in the literature on necessity driven entrepreneurship and to assess the main contributions to knowledge. Five themes from the literature are highlighted: nature of the necessity driven entrepreneurship; creation and management of a necessity driven venture; contextualising the necessity entrepreneurship; performance of a necessity driven venture; and the criticism of necessity driven entrepreneurship. The author argues that the extant literature on necessity entrepreneurship is largely focused on the conception stage of the entrepreneurial process and our understanding of how push factors affect a necessity driven venture during subsequent phases remains limited. Some of the concepts which have received considerable attention in the literature include push/pull dichotomy, types of push factors, necessity driven entrepreneurship studies in the Western context, push factors largely associated with women entrepreneurs, relationship between necessity entrepreneurship and the economic development, and a need to clearly delineate the concept of necessity entrepreneurship. In order to demonstrate push factors enactment, a conceptual model of necessity driven entrepreneurship is proposed which highlights the dynamics of push factors during different phases of entrepreneurial process. The author also includes pointers for future research to improve theoretical understanding of necessity driven entrepreneurship.

Difference between creep behaviors of concrete made from stone chips and crushed clay bricks, i.e. brick chips as coarse aggregate are examined by means of creep testing on their representative samples. Two different grades of concrete 17.2 and 27.5 N/mm2 are prepared from brick chips and stone chips using appropriate mix design and are tested for creep for up to 50 days. Stone chips and brick chips aggregates used are selected in a way so that their gradation and fineness modulus remains as close as possible. Results from creep testing shows that concrete made from brick chips as coarse aggregate having same strength as that of concrete made from stone chips shows higher creep strain. As concrete strength increases, the difference in creep strain becomes more pronounced. Also, at initial loading condition, concrete made from brick chips shows higher rate of creep strain than that of concrete made from stone chips.

This paper explores the relationships of students’ entrepreneurial readiness with gender, parents’ employment status, field of study, academic performance, and students’ preferred employment sector. The paper is based on a survey of 305 students in the college of business administration at the University of Sharjah, the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The results suggest that entrepreneurial readiness is strongly related to students’ actual academic performance (i.e., GPA scores), family background (i.e., parents’ employment status) and gender. However, the study did not reveal any significant relationships involving career preferences (i.e., preferred employment sector) nor field of study with the students’ entrepreneurial readiness. The contribution of the present study is two-fold. First it attempts to fill the research gap by exploring the patterns of students’ entrepreneurial readiness in the Gulf Cooperative Council (GCC) countries such as the UAE. Second, it explores factors which are not previously addressed in the entrepreneurship literature.

This paper explores the relationships of students' entrepreneurial readiness with gender, parents' employment status, field of study, academic performance, and students' preferred employment sector. The paper is based on a survey of 305 students in the college of business administration at the University of Sharjah, the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The results suggest that entrepreneurial readiness is strongly related to students' actual academic performance (i.e., GPA scores), family background (i.e., parents' employment status) and gender. However, the study did not reveal any significant relationships involving career preferences (i.e., preferred employment sector) nor field of study with the students' entrepreneurial readiness. The contribution of the present study is two-fold. First it attempts to fill the research gap by exploring the patterns of students' entrepreneurial readiness in the Gulf Cooperative Council (GCC) countries such as the UAE. Second, it explores factors which are not previously addressed in the entrepreneurship literature.

The issue of the reservation system and its impression on scheduled castes and scheduled tribes have generated considerable debate. It is crucial to comprehend how far the scheduled castes, a socially marginalized minority, fall behind the rest of India in terms of human development. This article aims to examine the many human development elements, such as the educational attainment of the scheduled caste community in Jammu and Kashmir. Secondary data have been gathered for this purpose from the Chief Educational Office Doda and Unified District Information for the Education System. The population and literacy data eventually came from the Census 2011, and the health data came from the National Family Health Survey (2019–2020). This study displays the literacy and health-related elements of the scheduled caste population. The study also relates the scheduled caste status to other social groups in Jammu and Kashmir.

T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation involve metabolic reprogramming resulting from the interplay of genes, proteins, and metabolites. Here, we aim to understand the metabolic pathways involved in the activation and functional differentiation of human CD4+T cell subsets (T helper [Th]1, Th2, Th17, and induced regulatory T [iTreg] cells). Here, we combine genome-scale metabolic modeling, gene expression data, and targeted and non-targeted lipidomics experiments, together with in vitrogene knockdown experiments, and show that human CD4+T cells undergo specific metabolic changes during activation and functional differentiation. In addition, we confirm the importance of ceramide and glycosphingolipid biosynthesis pathways in Th17 differentiation and effector functions. Through in vitrogene knockdown experiments, we substantiate the requirement of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), a de novosphingolipid pathway in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-17A and IL17F) by Th17 cells. Our findings provide a comprehensive resource for selective manipulation of CD4+T cells under disease conditions characterized by an imbalance of Th17/natural Treg (nTreg) cells.