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The demand for high-gain, efficient, and costeffective power converters with simple control mechanisms to connect electric vehicle batteries to the grid is increasing. This study introduces a switched capacitor-based power boost converter circuit to meet these needs. The minimal number of power switches in the circuit simplifies control operations and improves practical applicability. The proposed converter boosts the battery pack voltage by a factor of 5 and 11 for duty ratios of 0.5 and 0.8, respectively, which is significant compared to conventional boost converters. However, designing an electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter is crucial when a power converter board requires the application of a wide range of switching frequencies to enhance electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) immunity. Therefore, as the next step, the EMI/EMC filter design stages were discussed for the proposed converter. For this purpose, 15 printed circuit board (PCB) design rules were checked using the Altium Designer EMI Design Rule Checker, and board EMI/EMC compatibility was analysed. The resonance between the power and ground layers in the PCB was assessed using the plane resonance analyser. The results of simulation and laboratory tests are presented, which confirms the theoretical studies. On the basis of the software results, the points on the electronic board most susceptible to visual interferences have been identified. To minimise these EMI/EMC errors, it is suggested to add electronic components, such as capacitors, at these points according to mathematical and software findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the conventional multilevel inverters, occurrence of a fault in one or more power switches can cause abnormal changes in the output waveforms. Besides, increasing the applied power switches results to an increase in the possibility of fault on the power switches. Accordingly, providing a comprehensive structure with high fault-tolerant capability is one of the vital requirements and critical challenges. To tackle these issues, this study first presents and explores a new basic unit and staircase module (SM) and then extends and optimizes it to yield a reconfigurable multi-level inverter (MLI) with more levels and different goals. The proposed MLI can continue to operate when open-circuit faults in switches. This advantage of the proposed structure is achieved without any redundant legs or switches. For further investigation, a comparison is made in terms of the number of power switches, drivers, dc sources, and reliability between the proposed and similar structures. To control the output voltage levels, the strategy of fundamental frequency switching triggers the configured topology. The carrier signals are reconfigured under fault conditions based on levels to be generated by bypassing the faulted switch. The validity of the established MLI with its fault-tolerant capability is certified through both computer simulations using the MATLAB/Simulink platform and laboratory prototype implementations. • An efficient base structure for MLI inverters is proposed. • A basic structure development strategy is developed to achieve an increased number of voltage levels. • The losses and total blocked voltage on the switches are checked. • The fault tolerance of the structure against the open circuit fault of switches is investigated. • The reliability of the proposed structure is calculated and compared with similar structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long series connections are widely preferred by photovoltaic (PV) power plants because they offer advantages such as higher voltage, independent operation of modules at optimal voltage, ease of installation, and lower losses. However, PV power plants are highly susceptible to partial shading and suffer high power losses, resulting in large financial losses. The existing solutions have numerous weaknesses, such as multiple peaks in the characteristic's curves, erroneous tracking losses, lower power generation and extraction, and limited applications. To overcome the above limitations, a power optimizer based on a switching capacitor circuit has been proposed in this paper to improve the reliability of long strings in power plants under partial shading scenarios. The power optimizer provides higher power output and a single peak in the characteristics curves by minimizing the voltage differences between modules in the string to enable smoother operation of PV systems under partial shading. To evaluate the application and performance of the proposed power optimizer, two PV system sizes are considered and compared with the conventional techniques under static, moving, and progressive partial shading scenarios. From the in-depth analysis, it is found that the power optimizer minimizes the mismatch between modules by reducing the power losses from 70.83 % in the conventional system to 35.13 %. By implementing the power optimizer in the string, a power extraction of up to 68.68 %, generation efficiency of more than 99 %, and power improvement of 54.21 % are achieved along with single-peak characteristics curves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the problem of dynamic output feedback control for networked switched systems which suffer from the asynchronism and deception attack. Different from the general asynchronism that only occurs when there exists at least once switching during the transmission interval, deception attack falsifies the sampled information containing the measured output and switching signal at any transmission instants, and causes the asynchronous control input with nonlinear disturbance inevitably. Then, by employing the different closed-loop systems caused by switching and attack, a stochastic upper bound for controller-mode-dependent Lyapunov function is obtained under the proposed randomized transmission scheme. Under the dynamic output feedback controller, a set of sufficient conditions for this upper bound tending to zero is developed, which indicates the almost sure asymptotic stability of switched systems with the sequence-based average dwell time method. Finally, the effectiveness of the theoretical result is illustrated by adjusting the power voltage in switched RLC circuit model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern electronic devices offer high level performance at low power consumption. This opens a possibility to have battery-less electronic devices. Energy harvesting and wireless power transfer are popular methods to power such devices. Both methods require energy management. The focus of this paper is on energy management for receiver circuit in a wireless power transfer system. More specifically, the paper focuses on a cold-start energy-aware switching circuit which is a key building block of energy management in WPT receiver. Proposed integrated circuit is designed to operate in discontinuous mode and can supply power to load circuits which require higher voltage and current levels than available from the WPT receiver. Unlike most similar solutions who are fully integrated, the proposed integrated circuit uses two external trimmer resistors to adjust required voltage levels and the power consumption. External trimmer resistors also allow to compensate for the process variations of IC fabrication. Developed circuit is fabricated in 180 nm TSMC CMOS technology and evaluated through laboratory measurement. Cold-start functionality and energy-aware switching are verified through standalone measurements and measurements with WSN node powered through developed circuit. The power consumption of cold-start switching circuit is measured less than 1 μW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new method for minimization of logic functions. We summarized minterm and implicant selection rules for direct cover algorithms and introduced OFF based ordering method. As other minterm and implicant selection algorithms use ON minterms and runs in minimization phase, they may not find real isolated minterms for insignificant functions. The proposed method uses OFF minterms for ordering minterms. Thus insignificant functions including Don't Care minterms, could be handled easily with this approach. Results revealed that although proposed algorithm use running time in reordering process, it saves much time in simplification process. In addition, output functions are more simplified with OFF based ordering method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to analyze the optimization value of Reco-Mo based on fuzzy fractional order theory for data analysis of optical circuit switches, first, the co-flow scheduling strategy is expounded. According to the Burkhofvon-Neumann (BvN) matrix decomposition algorithm, the co-flow scheduling algorithm is described. Then, the fuzzy fractional order theory is combined with the co-flow scheduling algorithm, and the Reco-Mo algorithm is proposed. Finally, E-FWO algorithm and E-SCFE algorithm are introduced to carry out comparative analysis in real production environment. The results show that when the number of co-flows is 30, 50, 70, 90 and 110, the co-flow completion time of Reco-Mo algorithm is less than that of E-FWO algorithm and E-SCFE algorithm. At 70, 90, and 110, the accuracy of Reco-Mo algorithm is significantly higher than that of E-FWO and E-SCFE algorithms. When the density of Reco-Mo algorithm is 0.1, the completion time of co-flow is 38.46% and 37.25% lower than that of E-FWO algorithm and E-SCFE algorithm. At 1.0 and 1.3, the accuracy of Reco-Mo algorithm is significantly higher than that of E-FWO and E-SCFE. The completion time of Reco-Mo algorithm under different data transmission volumes (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 GB) is less than that of E-FWO and E-SCFE. At 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 GB, the accuracy of Reco-Mo algorithm is significantly higher than that of E-FWO and E-SCFE. When the co-flow arrival time interval is 100 ms, the Reco-Mo algorithm reduces the completion time by 50.34% and 51.97% respectively compared with E-FWO and E-SCFE algorithms. At 100, 200, and 300 ms, the accuracy of Reco-Mo algorithm is significantly higher than that of E-FWO and E-SCFE. In conclusion, compared with E-FWO and E-SCFE algorithms, Reco-Mo algorithm has always maintained its dominant position in terms of co-flow completion time and accuracy under different parameters of co-flow quantity, co-flow density, co-flow transmission data volume, and co-flow arrival interval, which provides a theoretical basis for the application of mathematical algorithm in data processing of optical circuit switches in data centers in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Day to day there is an increase in installations of new Solar Photovoltaic Power plants (SPVPP's) which directly reflects the grid. As the SPVPP's output power is fluctuating in nature, which is directly injected to the utility grid faces the challenges like overloading. Therefore, to overcome the overloading situations of grid, its infrastructure should be replaced by higher ratings which will increase the system cost. Due to this there is a need to limit the grid injected power from SPVPP's to overcome the overloading situations. In this article a Constant power injection (CPI) algorithm is used to control the feed in power to grid as per grid regulations. Based on the instantaneous SPVPP's output power and power limiting value this strategy will controls the output power by switching between the incremental conductance maximum power point tracking (InC-MPPT) algorithm and CPI algorithm. The proposed InC-CPI algorithm is applied to the single phase two-stage (SPTS) systems with the working region is on the left side of maximum power point (MPP) for maintaining the system to be in stable conditions. In this article the InC-CPI and the perturb and observe (P&O)-CPI algorithms were compared, and results were analyzed. The proposed control algorithm is designed using Matlab/Simulink and the results taken for both clear and cloudy days with wide varying climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In VLSI, power optimization is the main criteria for all the portable mobile applications and developments because of its impact on system performance. The performance of an adder has significant impact on overall performance of a digital system. Adiabatic logic (AL), a new emerging research domain for optimizing the power in VLSI circuits with high switching activity is discussed, in this paper, for implementing the adder circuits. Various adiabatic logic styles full adder designs are reviewed and multiplexer-based hybrid full adder topology is designed and implemented with ECRL and 2PASCL AL styles. Moreover, in this paper, 32-bit adders such as Ripple Carry Adder (RCA), Carry Select Adder (CSLA), Carry Save Adder (CSA), Carry Skip Adder (CSKA) and Brent Kung Adder (BKA) are realized using proposed ECRL and 2PASCL adiabatic full adders. All the adders are implemented and simulated using TANNER EDA tool 22nm technology, parameters like power, area, delay and power delay product (PDP) of all the adders are observed at different operating frequencies, with supply voltage of 0.95 v and load capacitance of 0.5 pF. The observed parameters are compared with the existing adiabatic full adder designs and concluded that the proposed adiabatic full adders have the advantages of less power, delay and transistor count. In conclusion ECRL full adder is 31% faster, has equal PDP and less area than 2PASCL full adder. At 1000MHz ECRL 32-bit carry save adder is having less delay among all the 32-bit adder and 65% less PDP than 2PASCL adder and it is concluded that ECRL 32-bit carry save adder can be selected for implementation of circuits that can be used in portable mobile applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boolean algebra is a suitable tool that enable the conversion of control tasks into a PLC program. Objective of this paper is to present how Boolean equations can be converted into PLC logic, or logic and switching circuits. This paper briefly discuss on the basic needs of logic synthesis and also considers PLC design regarding development of the control program. An example is given to ilustrate obtain Boolean equations from logical syntesis and transformation equations using the axioms of Boolean algebra. After simplification the equation can be converted into ladder logic or a circuit diagram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exponential growth of traffic and bandwidth demands in current data center networks requires low-latency high-throughput interconnection networks, considering power consumption. By considering growth of both multicast and unicast applications, power efficient communication becomes one of the main design challenges in today's data center networks. Addressing these demands, optical networks suggest several benefits as well as circumventing most disadvantages of electrical networks. In this paper, we propose an all-optical scalable architecture, named as OMUX, for communicating intra-data centers. This architecture utilizes passive optical devices and enables optical circuit switching without any switch configuration or path reservation. In addition, it is customized for both unicast and multicast transmissions. It can replace aggregation and core switches in the network, to reduce power consumptions. Simulation results verify its lower latency, higher throughput, and reduced power consumption, compared to conventional electrical or alternative optical solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper addresses the problems of fault estimation and fault-tolerant control for a class of switched stochastic systems with sensor and actuator faults. A reduced-order fault estimation observer is designed to estimate the system states, actuator and sensor faults, simultaneously. In the observer design process, intermediate variables are introduced such that the differential information of the measurement output is not included in the designed observer. Compared with the existing results, the dimension of the proposed observer is reduced, and the sensor fault can be completely unknown and unbounded. An observer based fault-tolerant controller is designed to stabilize the switched stochastic systems. Under arbitrary switching signal, the designed observer and controller can ensure that both the estimation error system and the closed-loop system are mean-square exponentially stable with disturbance attenuation performance. At last, both a numerical example and a switched electrical circuit example verify the proposed method. Highlights • Actuator and sensor faults are considered simultaneously and the observer order is reduced. • Intermediate variables are introduced to remove the differential of the output from the observer. • The faults may be completely unknown. The differential of sensor fault can be unbounded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distributed deep learning (DDL) systems strongly depend on network performance. Current electronic packet switched (EPS) network architectures and technologies suffer from variable diameter topologies, low-bisection bandwidth and over-subscription affecting completion time of communication and collective operations. We introduce a near-exascale, full-bisection bandwidth, all-to-all, single-hop, all-optical network architecture with nanosecond reconfiguration called RAMP, which supports large-scale distributed and parallel computing systems (12.8 Tbps per node for up to 65,536 nodes). For the first time, a custom RAMP-x MPI strategy and a network transcoder is proposed to run MPI collective operations across the optical circuit switched (OCS) network in a schedule-less and contention-less manner. RAMP achieves 7.6-171 × speed-up in completion time across all MPI operations compared to realistic EPS and OCS counterparts. It can also deliver a 1.3-16 × and 7.8-58 × reduction in Megatron and DLRM training time respectively while offering 38-47 × and 6.4-26.5 × improvement in energy consumption and cost respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Variable switching frequency current controller based integrated power factor corrected switched mode power converter for class C and class D appliances has been designed and analyzed in this work. Proposed integrated converter offers low current stress on the switch. Variable switching frequency current controller has been selected owing to its features, viz – fast dynamic response, no compensation circuit and less complexity in design. Integrated converter for 100 W load operating in universal range of voltage (90 V–230 V), 50 Hz has been designed and implemented using MATLAB/Simulink, results of this converter comply with international regulatory standards (IEC 6100-3-2 and IEEE 519-1992). Experimental results conform and validate the analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The stabilization problem for a class of switched linear systems is investigated in the network environment. Both the synchronous and asynchronous cases are considered according to the availability of the current activated system mode to the actuator. The random communication delay is assumed to be Markovian, resulting in a sampled-data synchronous or asynchronous switched system with Markovian delay as the closed-loop system. We extend the discretization approach to deal with such sampled-data system through exploring the stability conditions of the corresponding discrete-time system. For the asynchronous case, we formulate the closed-loop system as a hybrid system with the switching between its subsystems governed by a switching signal and a Markov chain. By studying the switching number and one-step reachable mode set of the constructed vector-valued switching signal, the exponential mean-square stability (EMSS) conditions and the corresponding mode-dependent controller are obtained with a more general constraint on the designed switching signal. These results are finally verified by two illustrated numerical examples. Highlights • The discretization approach is extended to study the sampled-data switched system with Markovian delay. • Synchronous and asynchronous switching cases are both considered in this paper. • The closed-loop system is converted to a new kind of hybrid system. • The properties of the constructed vector-valued switching signal are explored. • A more relaxed constraint on the switching signal is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the problem on L2-gain analysis and anti-windup design of uncertain discrete-time switched saturated systems by the multiple Lyapunov functions approach. Firstly, we obtain a sufficient condition of tolerable disturbances, under which the state trajectory starting from the origin will remain inside a bounded set. Then, the upper bound of the restricted L2-gain is obtained. Furthermore, the anti-windup compensators and the switched rule, aiming to determine the maximum disturbance tolerance capability and the minimum upper bound of the restricted L2-gain, are presented by solving a constraints optimization problem. Finally, we give a numerical example to show the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a novel tangent-ring TWDM metro-access network providing flexible reconfiguration and high reliability. With the innovate design of flexible distribution node (FDN) and distributed control mechanism (DCM), three kinds of reconfigurable TWDM-PONs can be built to achieve efficient intra and inter ONU direct communication by reusing optical distribution network (ODN). In addition, three-level protections covering both feeder and distribution fibers are also separately supported by the use of optical switches and natural advantage of single-fiber tangent ring topology. Moreover, with the use of simplified RN* and ONU*, the proposed network can upgrade smoothly and achieve pay-as-you grow. The network capacity, OSNR, cost and transmission performances are also studied, which suggests that this network has a good performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

So as to keep the converter in small size, high switching frequencies are normally used. As a result, in higher frequencies, switching losses seriously affect the efficiency. Current and voltage stresses on power switch can be serious problems particularly in high amount of powers where MOSFET switches are generally applied. A snubber circuit can reduce or eliminate spike voltage and currents, decrease the di/dt or dv/dt values on power switch and transfer the power losses on switch to load and increases the lifelong of the switch. This study presents a method for improving the power transmission efficiency for DC-DC Cascaded Boost Converter and uses a passive snubber sub-circuit, which consists of an inductor, a capacitor, and two diodes for reducing the switching loss. The role of resonant capacitor of this structure is discharging directly through the load and is parallel with the power switch. Thus, it is effective in lossless switching and increasing the DC voltage gain of the boost converter. Soft switching is achieved through the use of a LC resonant tank circuit. The tank circuit is responsible for zero voltage switching (ZVS) and zero current switching (ZCS), eliminating the power loss in the switches appreciably. The proposed structure, done by MATLAB SIMULINK based on simulations, has shown more efficiency toward the same structure without snubber circuit. Besides, an application has been conducted in laboratory scales, and results confirm theoretical findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research on Induction heating aided by power electronic control system is so vivacious in recent past. The selection of switching techniques remains to be the bottleneck for power engineering research as inappropriate selection may result in relentless switching loss, conduction loss, high current ripple, and lower power density. Therefore, modern design emphasizes multi-output resonant inverters, which not only have high efficiency but also facilitate resonant switching. This work proposes a single-stage ac-ac dual half-bridge series resonant inverter, with reduced number of switching devices. The proposed converter is controlled with fuzzy logic-aided digital pulse density modulation technique which aids in power control task. This intelligent power control scheme improves the system efficiency with less time-domain specifications. The simulation of the work is realized in MATLAB/Simulink arena, and hardware circuits are validated using dsPIC30F4011 microcontroller. The results reveal that the proposed schemes are highly viable and effective for the rendered application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we consider automatic logic debugging techniques given buggy portions of the incorrect designs. First we consider the logical bugs which can be corrected by only changing types of the gates, i.e., no changes in topology of the circuit in the buggy circuit. This logic correction problem can be formulated as a Quantified Boolean Formula problem by exchanging the buggy gates with LUTs (Look up Table). The generated QBF problems can be efficiently solved by repeatedly applying SAT solvers, and circuits having more than 100,000 gates can be processed. With the evaluation using real life bugs in industrial designs, however, in significantly many cases, not only types of gates but also topologies of circuits must be changed in order to correct the bugs. LUT based formulation cannot be applied directly if inputs to the gate may change. So a new formulation which can search for appropriate signals as the inputs of the target gate is presented. The conditions for the existence of appropriate inputs to the gate have been formulated as a SAT problem. After identifying the inputs to the gate, the LUT based technique can be applied to determine the type of the gate. In most cases, automatic correction of logic bugs can be realized with this approach, and experimental studies show circuits having more than 100,000 gates can be processed. Also, as logic debugging problems are essentially the same as Engineering Change Order (ECO) problems, applications of the presented methods to the accommodation of various small design changes when developing complicated designs, such as high performance computing systems with FPGA, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new topology of conventional dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) with fault current limiting capability is proposed. The structure uses a grid-tied transformer which is utilized for both supplying energy to the DVR, and revers voltage supply as a FCL function. In order to limit the fault current, a fast bidirectional switch is employed during fault condition to supply revers voltage to avoid high current levels. However, the ratio of transformer is consequential for the proper operation. Also, for decreasing power losses across isolation transformer and semiconductors, a switch is added to flow the current during normal state. The design methodology of the proposed structure is discussed and the results are carried out based on power systems computer aided design (PSCAD)/electromagnetic transients including dc (EMTDC) simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new routing algorithm for MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching, MPLS) traffic engineering in SDN-based (Software Defined Network, SDN) satellite switching networks is presented in this paper. LSP (Label Switched Path, LSP) link initial weights are defined as composite functions consisting of link transmission delay, residual bandwidth and BER (Bit Error Rate, BER). Based upon ISL (Inter-Satellite Link, ISL) handoff, LSP link stability function is defined. Next, LSP link criticality function is defined by the frequency of ISL used to establish LSP. The LSP link selection probability function is designed based on the three functions mentioned above. The proposed routing algorithm is able to implement dynamic routing from the source to the destination of multiple LSPs, which can balance the load of network traffic. Some numerical simulations are made to test the validity and capability of the proposed routing algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the reliability of controllers in a software defined network (SDN), a dynamic and self-learning schedule method (DSL) is proposed. This method is original and easy to deploy, and optimizes the combination of multiple controllers. First, we summarize multiple controllers' combinations and schedule problems in an SDN and analyze its reliability. Then, we introduce the architecture of the schedule method and evaluate multi-controller reliability, the DSL method, and its optimized solution. By continually and statistically learning the information about controller reliability, this method treats it as a metric to schedule controllers. Finally, we compare and test the method using a given testing scenario based on an SDN network simulator. The experiment results show that the DSL method can significantly improve the total reliability of an SDN compared with a random schedule, and the proposed optimization algorithm has higher efficiency than an exhaustive search. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent past, numerous multilevel architectures came into existence. In this background, cascaded multilevel inverter (CMLI) is the promising structure. This type of multilevel inverters synthesizes a medium voltage output based on a series connection of power cells which use standard low-voltage component configurations. This characteristic allows one to achieve high-quality output voltage and current waveforms. However, when the number of levels increases switching components and the count of dc sources are also increased. This issue became a key motivation for the present paper. The present paper is devoted to investigate different types of CMLI which use less number of switching components and dc sources and finally proposed a new version of Multi-cell based CMLI. In order to verify the proposed topology, MATLAB – simulations and hardware verifications are carried out and results are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cabled seafloor observation network, which provides abundant power and broad bandwidth to seafloor scientific packages, has become one of the most efficient ocean exploration methods because of its long-term, real-time, and sustained presence. However, node failure or maintenance may shut down the system until the situation is cleared. An active node switching method based on discrete-voltage intervention is proposed to establish a reliable and robust underwater electrical network that allows the system to operate partially amid node failure or maintenance. This method switches a specific node on/off from the network whenever necessary. The main structure and operating mechanism of this switching method are presented in this paper. A prototype was established, and several tests were performed in a laboratory to validate its feasibility and reliability. The prototype was then integrated into a pool-testing underwater network that included a 50-km electrical/optical submarine cable between the base station and the junction box. The test results demonstrated that the active node-switching method can efficiently and reliably fix node failure emergency situations for cabled ocean networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power amplifier is the key component of the magnetic bearing systems, and its precision characteristics have decisive influence on the overall performance. We analyze the factors in the formation of precision characteristics of typical digital switching power amplifier under two-level modulation, and reveal that the inherent ripple characteristic and precision of current detection are the main limits. The relationships between inherent ripple characteristic and its main influencing factors, such as bus voltage, modulation frequency and constants of electromagnetic coil have been derived in this paper. By suppressing the analog noises and drifts in current detection circuit, and calibrating the analog to digital converter, the precision performances of the current detection circuit had been improved efficiently to avoid becoming the dominant factor of the formation of the precision characteristics, which make that the precision of output current is nearly determined by the inherent ripple characteristic. The experimental results show that the output current ripple is very close to the inherent ripple characteristic if the precision of current detection circuit is high enough. Furthermore, the approaches discussed can describe the formation of precision characteristics by theoretical calculation of inherent ripple characteristic under the conditions of different implementations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents studies about the transient state of circuits and the behaviour of a transformer at on/off switching. The transient state is a short event of energy modification in a system caused by a change in state. This energy variation produces impulses which propagate through the network and influence or can even destroy other devices. Because there are a lot of devices operating in switching mode, it is important to study the transient state. To study and model the transient state differential equations are written for the circuits. This article presents the mathematical base of the transient state and the types of response to it. To create a simple model, state parameters and transfer function were used. An important circuit element is the transformer which has a nonlinear characteristic caused by the magnetic coil material. The equivalent circuit for a real transformer is presented with and without load connected to the output. The differential equations were written using the equivalent circuit. The behaviour of the transformer was studied while functioning in an open circuit. The transfer function is deduced when a load is connected to the output. The step and sin response are studied in different cases, and values of the load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a fractional order modified least square algorithm(FOMLMS), which involves an iteration order switch strategy. A FOMLMS scheme whose iteration order can be extended into α ∈ ( 0 , 2 ) is investigated. The performance of FOMLMS with the iteration order in different interval ( 0 < α < 1 or 1 < α < 2 ) is separately analyzed. It turns out that, both of a larger iteration order ( 0 < α < 2 ) and iteration step size can always result in a faster response speed and convergence speed. Therefore, in order to obtain a satisfying convergence speed without sacrificing other performance, a hybrid switch law of iteration order is naturally developed. Finally, the validity of this proposed algorithm is illustrated by three numerical examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a summary of the results obtained from a comprehensive analysis to evaluate the potential energy savings associated with replacing traditional, static insulation with Dynamic Insulation Materials (DIMs) for US residential buildings. In order to determine the effectiveness of DIMs to reduce heating and cooling energy use, two different control schemes are investigated: 1) using temperature sensors and the measured temperature profile to trigger the switching mechanism, 2) seasonal control based on climate and weather trends. The performance of DIMs varied significantly by climate, with total energy savings ranging from 7% to 42%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), a planar metasurface consisting of a large number of low-cost reflecting elements, has received much attention due to its ability to improve both the spectrum and energy efficiency (EE) by reconfiguring the wireless propagation environment. In this paper, we propose a base station (BS) beamforming and RIS phase shift optimization technique that maximizes the EE of a RIS-aided multiple-input–single-output system. In particular, considering the system circuits' energy consumption, an EE maximization problem is formulated by jointly optimizing the active beamforming at the BS and the passive beamforming at the RIS, under the constraints of each user' rate requirement, the BS's maximal transmit power budget and unit-modulus constraint of the RIS phase shifts. Due to the coupling of optimization variables, this problem is a complex non-convex optimization problem, and it is challenging to solve it directly. To overcome this obstacle, we divide the problem into active and passive beamforming optimization subproblems. For the first subproblem, the active beamforming is given by the maximum ratio transmission optimal strategy. For the second subproblem, the optimal phase shift matrix at the RIS is obtained by exploiting sine cosine algorithm (SCA). Moreover, for this case where each reflection element's working state is controlled by a circuit switch, each reflection element's switch value is optimized with the aid of particle swarm optimization algorithm. Finally, numerical results verify the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm compared to other algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Switching circuits have variable structural topologies. In every topology, they have different dynamics and time constants. Resistances of switching elements vary between a very small value and a very large value during conduction mode and disconnection mode. Therefore, equivalent circuit modelling of switching circuits requires averaging the on-state and off-state resistances of switching elements over one switching period. Determining averaged switch models allows to determine unified time constants of variable structural switching circuits. In this paper, analytically, it is shown how to calculate the equivalent average resistance and to derive unified time constants. The formulation method is based on nodal equations, very suitable for the analysis of switching circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this work, we investigate the output synchronization problem for discrete-time dynamical networks with identical nodes. Firstly, if each node of a network is geometrically incrementally dissipative, the entire network can be viewed as a geometrically dissipative nonlinear system by choosing a particular input–output pair. Then, based on the geometrical dissipativity property, we consider two cases: output synchronization under arbitrary topology and switching topology, respectively. For the first case, we establish several criteria of output synchronization under arbitrary switching between a set of connection topologies by employing a common Lyapunov function. For the other case, we give the design method of a switching signal to achieve output synchronization even if all subnetworks are not synchronous. Finally, an example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the main results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A control method based on global fast dynamic terminal sliding mode control (TSMC) technique is proposed to design the flight controller for performing the finite-time position and attitude tracking control of a small quadrotor UAV. Firstly, the dynamic model of the quadrotor is divided into two subsystems, i.e., a fully actuated subsystem and an underactuated subsystem. Secondly, the dynamic flight controllers of the quadrotor are formulated based on global fast dynamic TSMC, which is able to guarantee that the position and velocity tracking errors of all system state variables converge to zero in finite-time. Moreover, the global fast dynamic TSMC is also able to eliminate the chattering phenomenon caused by the switching control action and realize the high precision performance. In addition, the stabilities of two subsystems are demonstrated by Lyapunov theory, respectively. Lastly, the simulation results are given to illustrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control method in the presence of external disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of simultaneous fault detection and control design for switched systems with two quantized signals is presented in this paper. Dynamic quantizers are employed, respectively, before the output is passed to fault detector, and before the control input is transmitted to the switched system. Taking the quantized errors into account, the robust performance for this kind of system is given. Furthermore, sufficient conditions for the existence of fault detector/controller are presented in the framework of linear matrix inequalities, and fault detector/controller gains and the supremum of quantizer range are derived by a convex optimized method. Finally, two illustrative examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we propose a finite-difference scheme based circuit model of a general spintronic device and benchmark it with other models proposed for spintronic switching devices. Our model is based on the four-component spin circuit theory and utilizes the widely used coupled stochastic magnetization dynamics/spin transport framework. In addition to the steady-state analysis, this work offers a transient analysis of carrier transport. By discretizing the temporal and spatial derivatives to generate a linear system of equations, we derive new and simple finite-difference conductance matrices that can, to the first order, capture both static and dynamic behaviors of a spintronic device. We also discuss an extension of the spin modified nodal analysis (SMNA) for time-dependent situations based on the proposed scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A calorimetric apparatus for the measurement of the power losses in switching devices, e.g. MOSFETS, is presented. The technique uses an heat-flux sensor made of two, new and custom designed, proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) CMOS sensors, and allows to achieve accurate results without the use of costly measurement equipment. The calorimetric apparatus allows the measurement of the power dissipated by devices operating in repetitive dynamic conditions, without the problems associated with electrical measurements. Coupled to a control/readout circuit and a thermoelectric module (TEM), it allows the determination of the power dissipated by a semiconductor device, regardless of its switching frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research proposes an adaptive weighted fuzzy mean filter based on cloud model to remove the salt and pepper noise in the digital images. Also, the performance of the proposed filter is compared with existing variants of median and switching filters using peak signal to noise ratio and quality index. The proposed filter is able to remove salt and pepper noise even at 90% noise level with good detail preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the analyses of a novel motor structure obtained by boosting with permanent magnets a formerly studied modular switched reluctance motor. Upon dynamic simulation results the improvements of the proposed motor are emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we investigate the oscillatory response of a methane fuelled solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) under weakly humidified conditions. We present experimental results conducted using operating conditions which allow for direct comparison with the mathematical model presented in Sands et al. 2014. We find transitions from a stable, steady current producing state, to nonlinear autonomous oscillations, to a zero current output state, which corresponds to the pattern of behavior also observed in the model. In this paper we briefly summarize the model from Sands et al. 2014, followed by a description of the cell assembly and experimental procedures. The results are then presented, followed by a discussion and comparison with the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a fault tolerant control strategy for a three-phase interleaved boost converter applied to renewable energy systems. The structural and operational characteristics of the three-phase interleaved boost converter are described. By interleaving the switching circuit patterns, the input current and the output voltage ripples can be significantly decreased without increasing the switching losses, resulting in the satisfactory converter efficiency. The power and current ratings of each switching components can be lowered. The fault tolerant control strategy with Proportional Integral (PI) controller plus a phase-shift technique for the three-phase interleaved boost converter under healthy and faulty operating conditions is detailed. The simulation results are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of fault tolerant control capability for the three-phase interleaved boost converter under normal and open-circuited switch failure operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Automatika: Journal for Control, Measurement, Electronics, Computing & Communications is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, we present two novel reformulations (1) and (20) for MSK (Minimum Shift Keying) modulation technique. By using these novel reformulations, we find an additional switching bit, referred to as R-F bit, and propose a novel MSK architecture. Compared to known prior MSK architectures, our architecture offers significant advantages with respect to power consumption and hardware efficiency. Additionally, a pre-computation technique is used to reduce ram bit utilization (RBU) of the proposed modulator. Considering the whole modulation procedure, this approach reduces the RBU of the proposed architecture by 75%. The experimental results show that our architecture is very suitable for MSK modulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green communications and networking present innovative designs to reduce energy usage in the information and communication technology sector. Device-to-device communication over switched networks can also be viewed as one of the research possibilities to improve energy efficiency in green communication networks. On the other hand, Quantum Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a new topic in nanotechnology that allows circuits to be constructed at the nanoscale to solve the restrictions of the current technologies, such as high energy usage and delay; therefore, it is very suitable for green communications. QCA opens up a whole new world of possibilities for generating fundamental gates in digital electronics with the least hardware complexity. One of the primary obstacles in employing such innovation is the overall likelihood of flaws and adequate physical execution in the QCA. This research covers the fundamentals of nanotechnology and relevant topics on fault-tolerant nano communications in green communications in this discipline. The circuit-switched network is critical for transmitting the input signal across multiple consumers throughout a dispersed communication network. The construction of a modern fault-tolerant circuit-switched network with low energy consumption centered on QCA and green communications is demonstrated in this study. The layout is made up of just one layer. This investigation offers a novel fault-tolerant crossbar switching to build this communicating network. The fault-tolerant rate of the switch against missing cell faults was researched in order to determine the best switch. The QCADesigner-E tool created and analyzed the energy dissipation and verified the simulation outcomes. The suggested switch is more fault-tolerant and greatly optimizes energy consumption, according to simulation findings. • Recommending a coplanar structure for the fault-tolerant switch to minimize the cells and consumption space in fault-tolerant circuits with high energy efficiency in green nano-communications. • Making a comparison between the provided layout and comparable modern layouts regarding complexity, cell count, consumed region, and the energy (power) dissipation. • Designing and implementing a single-layer fault-tolerant circuit switching network in QCA with high energy efficiency in green communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a method of parasitic inductance reduction for high-speed switching and high-efficiency operation of a cascode structure with a low-voltage enhancement-mode silicon (Si) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) and a high-voltage depletion-mode gallium nitride (GaN) field-effect transistor (FET). The method is proposed to add a bonding wire interconnected between the source electrode of the Si MOSFET and the gate electrode of the GaN FET in a conventional cascode structure package to reduce the most critical inductance, which provides the major switching loss for a high switching speed and high efficiency. From the measured results of the proposed and conventional GaN cascode FETs, the rising and falling times of the proposed GaN cascode FET were up to 3.4% and 8.0% faster than those of the conventional GaN cascode FET, respectively, under measurement conditions of 30 V and 5 A. During the rising and falling times, the energy losses of the proposed GaN cascode FET were up to 0.3% and 6.7% lower than those of the conventional GaN cascode FET, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we discuss the issues of providing protection for point-to-multipoint connections in both Ethernet and MPLS-TP-based packet transport networks. We introduce two types of per-leaf protection--linear and ring. Neither of the two types requires that modifications to existing standards be made. Their performances can be improved by a collective signal fail mechanism proposed in this paper. In addition, two schemes--tree protection and hybrid protection--are newly proposed to reduce the service recovery time when a single failure leads to multiple signal fail events, which in turn places a significant amount of processing burden upon a root node. The behavior of the tree protection protocol is designed with minimal modifications to existing standards. The hybrid protection scheme is devised to maximize the benefits of per-leaf protection and tree protection. To observe how well each scheme achieves an efficient traffic recovery, we evaluate their performances using a test bed as well as computer simulation based on the formulae found in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Automatika: Journal for Control, Measurement, Electronics, Computing & Communications is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article is devoted to the use of low – voltage supply in the “Smart house” lighting system. This paper considers the low-voltage system of lighting power supply with a possibility of integration with alternative energy sources without additional devices, such as voltage converters and generators . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current sensor is an integral part of every switching converter. It is used for over-current protection, regulation and in case of multiphase converters for balancing. A new high voltage current sensor for coil-based current sensing in DC-DC converters is presented. The sensor employs DDCC with high voltage input stage and gain trimming. The circuit has been simulated and implemented in 0:35 μm BCD technology as part of a multiphase DC-DC converter where its function has been verified. The circuit is able to sustain common mode voltage on the input up to 40 V, it occupies 0:387 × 0:345 mm2 and consumes 3:2 mW typically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]