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In this study, the extract obtained from the flowers of the Anchusa azurea (AA) plant was mixed with silver nitrate to obtain silver nanoparticles. The ion sensing ability of the obtained bio-sourced silver nanoparticles in aqueous solutions was investigated and the presence of Hg2+ ions was determined colorimetrically. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) prepared on Green Chemistry method, which is both an environmentally friendly and cost-effective synthesis technique, were characterised using different analytical tools. The mean particle size of AA-AgNPs from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images was determined to be 22 nm in diameter. XRD measurements showed that the crystallite sizes of the synthesised AgNPs were in the face-centred cubic crystal structure with an average size of 22 nm, which is consistent with TEM results. AA-AgNPs showed absorption at 435 nm, indicating that AgNPs exhibit a strong surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and play a role in stabilisation. AgNPs synthesised with Anchusa azurea flowers were observed using UV-vis spectroscopy to selectively and sensitively detect mercury ions (Hg2+). When Hg2+ in aqueous solution was added to the AgNPs, the overall absorbance dramatically decreased and the colour changed from yellow to colourless. This study shows that AA-AgNPs can be used as a cost-effective material in optical sensors for colorimetric determinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has garnered significant attention in cancer treatment, however, the low-yield reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation from sonosensitizers remains a major challenge. In this study, titanium boride nanosheets (TiB 2 NSs) with photo-enhanced sonodynamic efficiency was fabricated for SDT of glioblastoma (GBM). Compared with commonly-used TiO 2 nanoparticles, the obtained TiB 2 NSs exhibited much higher ROS generation efficiency under ultrasound (US) irradiation due to their narrower band gap (2.50 eV). Importantly, TiB 2 NSs displayed strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect in the second near-infrared (NIR II) window, which facilitated charge transfer rate and improved the separation efficiency of US-triggered electron–hole pairs, leading to photo-enhanced ROS generation efficiency. Furthermore, TiB 2 NSs were encapsulated with macrophage cell membranes (CM) and then modified with RGD peptide to construct biomimetic nanoagents (TiB 2 @CM-RGD) for efficient blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetrating and GBM targeting. After intravenous injection into the tumor-bearing mouse, TiB 2 @CM-RGD can efficiently cross BBB and accumulate in the tumor sites. The tumor growth was significantly inhibited under simultaneous NIR II laser and US irradiation without causing appreciable long-term toxicity. Our work highlighted a new type of multifunctional titanium-based sonosensitizer with photo-enhanced sonodynamic efficiency for GBM treatment. Titanium boride nanosheets (TiB 2 NSs) with photo-enhanced sonodynamic efficiency was fabricated for SDT of glioblastoma (GBM). The obtained TiB 2 NSs displayed strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect in the second near-infrared (NIR II) window, which facilitated charge transfer rate and improved the separation efficiency of US-triggered electron-hole pairs, leading to photo-enhanced ROS generation efficiency. Furthermore, TiB 2 NSs were encapsulated with macrophage cell membranes (CM) and then modified with RGD peptide to construct biomimetic nanoagents (TiB 2 @CM-RGD) for efficient blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetrating and GBM targeting. After intravenous injection into the tumor-bearing mouse, TiB 2 @CM-RGD can efficiently cross BBB and accumulate in the tumor sites. The tumor growth was significantly inhibited under simultaneous NIR II laser and US irradiation without causing appreciable long-term toxicity. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vivo molecular imaging tools hold immense potential to drive transformative breakthroughs by enabling researchers to visualize cellular and molecular interactions in real-time and/or at high resolution. These advancements will facilitate a deeper understanding of fundamental biological processes and their dysregulation in disease states. Here, we develop and characterize a self-assembling protein nanomicelle called collagen type I binding – thermoresponsive assembled protein (Col1-TRAP) that binds tightly to type I collagen in vitro with nanomolar affinity. For ex vivo visualization, Col1-TRAP is labeled with a near-infrared fluorescent dye (NIR-Col1-TRAP). Both Col1-TRAP and NIR-Col1-TRAP display approximately a 3.8-fold greater binding to type I collagen compared to TRAP when measured by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). We present a proof-of-concept study using NIR-Col1-TRAP to detect fibrotic type I collagen deposition ex vivo in the livers of mice with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We show that NIR-Col1-TRAP demonstrates significantly decreased plasma recirculation time as well as increased liver accumulation in the NASH mice compared to mice without disease over 4 hours. As a result, NIR-Col1-TRAP shows potential as an imaging probe for NASH with in vivo targeting performance after injection in mice. Direct molecular imaging of fibrosis in NASH patients enables the diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression with greater specificity and resolution than do elastography-based methods or blood tests. In addition, protein-based imaging probes are more advantageous than alternatives due to their biodegradability and scalable biosynthesis. With the aid of computational modeling, we have designed a self-assembled protein micelle that binds to fibrillar and monomeric collagen in vitro. After the protein was labeled with near-infrared fluorescent dye, we injected the compound into mice fed on a NASH diet. NIR-Col1-TRAP clears from the serum faster in these mice compared to control mice, and accumulates significantly more in fibrotic livers.This work advances the development of targeted protein probes for in vivo fibrosis imaging. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eight novel clerodane diterpenoids (1 − 8) were isolated from the twigs of Casearia graveolens. Their structures were elucidated through comprehensive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS), and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) analyses. In addition to structural determination, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays were conducted to investigate molecular interactions, revealing that compound 8 exhibited high affinity for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), a key regulator of tumor angiogenesis. Subsequent in vivo experiments demonstrated that compound 8 effectively inhibited angiogenesis and displayed significant antitumor activity by suppressing tumor proliferation and metastasis in zebrafish xenograft models. These findings suggest that compound 8 holds promise as an anticancer lead compound targeting VEGFR-2 to obstruct tumor angiogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving precise spatiotemporal control over the release of proangiogenic factors is crucial for vasculogenesis, the process of de novo blood vessel formation. Although various strategies have been explored, there is still a need to develop cell-laden biomaterials with finely controlled release of proangiogenic factors at specific locations and time points. We report on the developed of a near-infrared (NIR) light-responsive collagen hydrogel comprised of gold nanorods (GNRs)-conjugated liposomes containing proangiogenic growth factors (GFs). We demonstrated that this system enables on-demand dual delivery of GFs at specific sites and over selected time intervals. Liposomes were strategically formulated to encapsulate either platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), each conjugated to gold nanorods (GNRs) with distinct geometries and surface plasmon resonances at 710 nm (GNR710) and 1064 nm (GNR1064), respectively. Using near infrared (NIR) irradiation and two-photon (2P) luminescence imaging, we successfully demonstrated the independent release of PDGF from GNR710 conjugated liposomes and VEGF from GNR1064-conjugated liposomes. Our imaging data revealed rapid release kinetics, with localized PDGF released in approximately 4 min and VEGF in just 1 and a half minutes following NIR laser irradiation. Importantly, we demonstrated that the release of each GF could be independently triggered using NIR irradiation with the other GF formulation remaining retained within the liposomes. This light-responsive collagen hydrogels holds promise for various applications in regenerative medicine where the establishment of a guided vascular network is essential for the survival and integration of engineered tissues. In this study, we have developed a light-responsive system with gold nanorods (GNRs)-conjugated liposomes in a collagen hydrogel, enabling precise dual delivery of proangiogenic growth factors (GFs) at specific locations and timepoints. Liposomes, containing platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), release independently under near- infrared irradiation. This approach allows external activation of desired GF release, ensuring high cell viability. Each GF can be triggered independently, retaining the other within the liposomes. Beyond its application in establishing functional vascular networks, this dual delivery system holds promise as a universal platform for delivering various combinations of two or more GFs. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) have gained significant attention due to their multifunctional properties and broad applications in various fields. In this study, we present a novel and sustainable approach for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using waste materials, dried banana pith extract (BPE) and rice water. The synthesised AgNPs exhibit a size of 43 nm and zeta potential of −24.1 mV. A maximum temperature rise of 4°C with an efficiency of 41% is achieved within a short time by the photothermal activity. The qualitative colorimetric detection of Fe3+ and its quantitative spectroscopic detection are achieved in a linear detection range of 20–80 μM and with a limit of detection of 8.5 μM. The sensing mechanism is explained in terms of cooperative binding of Fe3+ ions to BPE-AgNPs. A homogeneous, flexible and stable AgNP-rice starch gel is formed. The work offers environmentally conscious nanomaterials for diverse applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article sheds light on the mystery behind red gold. The optical properties of gold can be modified at the nanoscale level according to the applications in which it is used. For instance, bright yellow gold bullion can be turned into ruby red when it is synthesized at the nanoscale. Recently, spherical gold nanoparticles have gained huge attention due to their wide range of applications. Gold nanoparticles have long been part of human history. In this manuscript, we explore why they attract such enthusiasm across a wide range of scientific fields. We focus on the physical and electrical attributes of gold nanoparticles, with an emphasis on their potential applications in the biomedicine field that have a significant influence on human lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delayed wound healing in diabetes is a global challenge, and the development of related drugs is a clinical problem to be solved. In this study, purpurolide C (PC), a small-molecule secondary metabolite of the endophytic fungus Penicillium purpurogenum , was found to promote diabetic wound healing. To investigate the key regulation targets of PC, in vitro RNA-seq, molecular docking calculations, TLR4-MD2 dimerization SDS-PAGE detection, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) were performed, indicating that PC inhibited inflammatory macrophage activation by inhibiting both TLR4-MD2 dimerization and MYD88 phosphorylation. Tlr4 knockout in vivo attenuated the promotion effect of PC on wound healing. Furthermore, a delivery system consisting of macrophage liposome and GelMA-based microneedle patches combined with PC (PC@MLIP MN) was developed, which overcame the poor water solubility and weak skin permeability of PC, so that successfully punctured the skin and delivered PC to local tissues, and accurately regulated macrophage polarization in diabetic wound management. Overall, PC is an anti-inflammatory small molecule compound with a well-defined structure and dual-target regulation, and the PC@MLIP MN is a promising novel biomaterial for the management of diabetic wound. Purpurolide C (PC), a small-molecule secondary metabolite of the endophytic fungus Penicillium purpurogenum , was found to promote diabetic wound healing. Schematic illustration of targeted and long-acting regulation mechanism of PC@MLIP MN in T2DM wound healing promotion. PC loaded with macrophage-liposome (MLIP) achieved an accurate regulation on local macrophages, and Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)-based microneedles (MNs) promote its skin permeability, which successfully achieved the effect of diabetic wound healing promotion in T2DM mouse models. Figure created with BioRender.com. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginsenoside Rg5 is a rare ginsenoside showing promising tumor-suppressive effects. This study aimed to explore its radio-sensitizing effects and the underlying mechanisms. Human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines A549 and Calu-3 were used for in vitro and in vivo analysis. Bioinformatic molecular docking prediction and following validation by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology, cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) were conducted to explore the binding between ginsenoside Rg5 and 90 kD heat shock protein alpha (HSP90α). The effects of ginsenoside Rg5 on HSP90-cell division cycle 37 (CDC37) interaction, the client protein stability, and the downstream regulations were further explored. Results showed that ginsenoside Rg5 could induce cell-cycle arrest at the G1 phase and enhance irradiation-induced cell apoptosis. It could bind to HSP90α with a high affinity, but the affinity was drastically decreased by HSP90α Y61A mutation. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and ITC assays confirmed that ginsenoside Rg5 disrupts the HSP90-CDC37 interaction in a dose-dependent manner. It reduced irradiation-induced upregulation of the HSP90-CDC37 client proteins, including SRC, CDK4, RAF1, and ULK1 in A549 cell-derived xenograft (CDX) tumors. Ginsenoside Rg5 or MRT67307 (an IKKε/TBK1 inhibitor) pretreatment suppressed irradiation-induced elevation of the LC3-II/β ratio and restored irradiation-induced downregulation of p62 expression. In A549 CDX tumors, ginsenoside Rg5 treatment suppressed LC3 expression and enhanced irradiation-induced DNA damage. In conclusion, ginsenoside Rg5 may be a potential radiosensitizer for lung adenocarcinoma. It interacts with HSP90α and reduces the binding between HSP90 and CDC37, thereby increasing the ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of the HSP90-CDC37 client proteins. [Display omitted] • Ginsenoside Rg5 sensitizes lung adenocarcinoma to irradiation. • Ginsenoside Rg5 interacts with HSP90α with a high affinity. • Ginsenoside Rg5 reduces the binding between HSP90 and CDC37. • Ginsenoside Rg5 promotes HSP90 client protein degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) causes an acquired immunodeficiency-like syndrome in cats. FIV is latent. No effective treatment has been developed for treatment the infected cats. The first and second generations non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) for HIV treatment, nevirapine (NVP) and efavirenz (EFV), and rilpivirine (RPV), were used to investigate the potential of NNRTIs for treatment of FIV infection. Objective: This study aims to use experimental and in silico approaches to investigate the potential of NNRTIs, NVP, EFV, and RPV, for inhibition of FIV reverse transcriptase (FIV-RT). Methods: The FIV-RT and human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase (HIV-RT) were expressed and purified using chromatography approaches. The purified proteins were used to determine the IC50 values with NVP, EFV, and RPV. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis was used to calculate the binding affinities of NNRTIs to HIV-RT and FIV-RT. The molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations were used to demonstrate the mechanism of FIV-RT and HIV-RT with first and second generation NNRTI complexes. Results: The IC50 values of NNRTIs NVP, EFV, and RPV against FIV-RT were in comparable ranges to HIV-RT. The SPR analysis showed that NVP, EFV, and RPV could bind to both enzymes. Computational calculation also supports that these NNRTIs can bind with both FIV-RT and HIV-RT. Conclusions: Our results suggest the first and second generation NNRTIs (NVP, EFV, and RPV) could inhibit both FIV-RT and HIV-RT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a rapid and straightforward electrochemical sensor was developed for the detection of Cu2O nanoparticles under neutral conditions via the use of a semipermeable Nafion membrane. This work successfully addresses the challenges associated with quantitative and onsite analysis of Cu2O nanoparticles at ultra-low concentrations. The electroreduction of Cu2O nanoparticles was significantly enhanced by improving the neutralization of the generated OH- ions through proton transfer facilitated by Nafion. The sensor exhibited linear detection ranges of 0.00-0.20 µg and 0.20-2.0 µg of Cu2O, with sensitivities of 107 ± 3 µA µg-1 and 23 ± 3 µA µg-1, respectively. The limit of detection (3SB/m) was determined to be 0.23 ng. The sensor demonstrated good reproducibility with a relative standard deviation below 5% and proved to be effective in detecting Cu2O nanoparticles in various water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disease. It is featured by abnormal alpha-synuclein (α -syn) aggregation in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Macroautophagy (autophagy) is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process for degradation of cellular contents, including protein aggregates, to maintain cellular homeostasis. Corynoxine B (Cory B), a natural alkaloid isolated from Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Jacks., has been reported to promote the clearance of α -syn in cell models by inducing autophagy. However, the molecular mechanism by which Cory B induces autophagy is not known, and the α -syn-lowering activity of Cory B has not been verified in animal models. Here, we report that Cory B enhanced the activity of Beclin 1/VPS34 complex and increased autophagy by promoting the interaction between Beclin 1 and HMGB1/2. Depletion of HMGB1/2 impaired Cory B-induced autophagy. We showed for the first time that, similar to HMGB1, HMGB2 is also required for autophagy and depletion of HMGB2 decreased autophagy levels and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase III activity both under basal and stimulated conditions. By applying cellular thermal shift assay, surface plasmon resonance, and molecular docking, we confirmed that Cory B directly binds to HMGB1/2 near the C106 site. Furthermore, in vivo studies with a wild-type α -syn transgenic drosophila model of PD and an A53T α -syn transgenic mouse model of PD, Cory B enhanced autophagy, promoted α -syn clearance and improved behavioral abnormalities. Taken together, the results of this study reveal that Cory B enhances phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase III activity/autophagy by binding to HMGB1/2 and that this enhancement is neuroprotective against PD. Corynoxine B directly binds to HMGB1/2 to promote interaction with Beclin 1 for autophagy activation, thereby exerting neuroprotection in α -synuclein transgenic fly and rodent models of Parkinson's disease. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the deadly diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which presents a significant public health challenge. Treatment of TB relies on the combination of several anti-TB drugs to create shorter and safer regimens. Therefore, new anti-TB agents working by different mechanisms are urgently needed. FtsZ, a tubulin-like protein with GTPase activity, forms a dynamic Z-ring in cell division. Most of FtsZ inhibitors are designed to inhibit GTPase activity. In Mtb , the function of Z-ring is modulated by SepF, a FtsZ binding protein. The FtsZ/SepF interaction is essential for FtsZ bundling and localization at the site of division. Here, we established a yeast two-hybrid based screening system to identify inhibitors of FtsZ/SepF interaction in M. tuberculosis. Using this system, we found compound T0349 showing strong anti- Mtb activity but with low toxicity to other bacteria strains and mice. Moreover, we have demonstrated that T0349 binds specifically to SepF to block FtsZ/SepF interaction by GST pull-down, fluorescence polarization (FP), surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and CRISPRi knockdown assays. Furthermore, T0349 can inhibit bacterial cell division by inducing filamentation and abnormal septum. Our data demonstrated that FtsZ/SepF interaction is a promising anti-TB drug target for identifying agents with novel mechanisms. Compound T0349, identified as the interaction inhibitor of bacterial division proteins FtsZ/SepF, blocked Mycobacterium tuberculosis division by inhibiting formation and location of the Z-ring induced by FtsZ polymerization. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Ginsenoside Rk3, an important and rare saponin in heat-treated ginseng, is generated from Rg1 and has a smaller molecular weight. However, the anti-HCC efficacy and mechanisms of ginsenoside Rk3 have not yet been characterized. Here, we investigated the mechanism by which ginsenoside Rk3, a tetracyclic triterpenoid rare ginsenoside, inhibits the growth of HCC. We first explored the possible potential targets of Rk3 through network pharmacology. Both in vitro (HepG2 and HCC-LM3 cells) and in vivo (primary liver cancer mice and HCC-LM3 subcutaneous tumor-bearing mice) studies revealed that Rk3 significantly inhibits the proliferation of HCC. Meanwhile, Rk3 blocked the cell cycle in HCC at the G1 phase and induced autophagy and apoptosis in HCC. Further proteomics and siRNA experiments showed that Rk3 regulates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway to inhibit HCC growth, which was validated by molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance. In conclusion, we report the discovery that ginsenoside Rk3 binds to PI3K/AKT and promotes autophagy and apoptosis in HCC. Our data strongly support the translation of ginsenoside Rk3 into novel PI3K/AKT-targeting therapeutics for HCC treatment with low toxic side effects. [Display omitted] • The possible potential targets of Rk3 were explored by network pharmacology. • Rk3 exhibits a low toxicity effect compared to the first-line drug sorafenib. • Rk3 induces HCC apoptosis and autophagy in vivo and in vitro. • Rk3 is a novel PI3K/AKT-targeting agent that regulates autophagy and apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Miniaturized, specific, rapid response and economical biosensors are finding applications in biotechnology, environmental studies, agriculture, food inspection and safety, disease diagnosis and medical utilities. Of the many categories of biosensors, optical biosensors have brought about an extra edge in sensing applications due to their selective, rapid and extremely sensitive measurements. Biosensors are analytical tools used to detect specific analytes such as cholesterol, urea, etc. having biomolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates as key element for detecting these analytes along with a transducer and a data analysis and visualization tool. In case of optical biosensors the analyte is detected using light with either label based or label free techniques. In this paper some of the marked advances in the last decade in the field of optical biosensors have been reviewed with an emphasis on their fabrication approaches and growing application areas. Along with some of the carefully selected article on new developments in optical biosensors through the last decade, a brief historical review of optical biosensors since the breakthrough in optical biosensors in 1970s has also been presented. Another focus of the current review is the classification of biosensors, typical structures along with emerging developments in optical biosensing that are likely to impact the current decade. Major application areas and emerging applications through the last decade have been outlined to present a clear picture on the versatility of optical biosensors. Finally, the review also considers the challenges and future of emerging optical biosensing technologies in the current decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study exhibits WO3 nanoparticles (NPs) by using ultrasonic wave grinding and fabricates a WO3--NPs/MEMS gas sensor. The experimental results show that the WO3-- NPs/MEMS gas sensor responds better to NH3 than to CO, CO2, and SO2. In terms of the stability and the reproducibility of the WO3--NPs/MEMS gas sensor, the average sensing response is about 16% and there is an inaccuracy of <±0.5% when the sensor is operated at 142 °C with 1.3 ppm NH3 gas. The WO3--NPs sensor has a better sensing response to NH3 than the WO3-thin film and original-WO3 powder sensors. This study shows that WO3 nanoparticles have a good sensing response to NH3 gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroptosis (FPT), a novel form of programmed cell death, is characterized by overwhelming iron/reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxidation (LPO). However, the insufficiency of endogenous iron and ROS level limited the FPT therapeutic efficacy to a large extent. To overcome this obstacle, the bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD 4)-inhibitor (+)-JQ1 (JQ1) and iron-supplement ferric ammonium citrate (FAC)-loaded gold nanorods (GNRs) are encapsulated into the zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) to form matchbox-like GNRs@JF/ZIF-8 for the amplified FPT therapy. The existence of matchbox (ZIF-8) is stable in physiologically neutral conditions but degradable in acidic environment, which could prevent the loaded agents from prematurely reacting. Moreover, GNRs as the drug-carriers induce the photothermal therapy (PTT) effect under the irradiation of near-infrared II (NIR-II) light owing to the absorption by localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), while the hyperthermia also boosts the JQ1 and FAC releasing in the tumor microenvironment (TME). On one hand, the FAC-induced Fenton/Fenton-like reactions in TME can simultaneously generate iron (Fe3+/Fe2+) and ROS to initiate the FPT treatment by LPO elevation. On the other hand, JQ1 as a small molecule inhibitor of BRD 4 protein can amplify FPT through downregulating the expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), thus inhibiting the ROS elimination and leading to the LPO accumulation. Both in vitro and in vivo studies reveal that this pH-sensitive nano-matchbox achieves obvious suppression of tumor growth with good biosafety and biocompatibility. As a result, our study points out a PTT combined iron-based/BRD 4 -downregulated strategy for amplified ferrotherapy which also opens the door of future exploitation of ferrotherapy systems. The nano-matchbox-shaped nanoparticles GNRs@JF/ZIF-8 possessed the characteristics of pH-sensitivity and good photothermal performance under the NIR-II light, and pointed out a photothermal therapy (PTT) combined iron-based/BRD 4 -downregulated strategy for amplified ferrotherapy in tumor treatment. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphyllin I (PPI) and polyphyllin II (PII) are the main active substances in the Paris polyphylla. However, liver toxicity of these compounds has impeded their clinical application and the potential hepatotoxicity mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In this work, we found that PPI and PII exposure could induce significant hepatotoxicity in human liver cell line L-02 and zebrafish in a dose-dependent manner. The results of the proteomic analysis in L-02 cells and transcriptome in zebrafish indicated that the hepatotoxicity of PPI and PII was associated with the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway disorders, which were alleviated by the cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor lovastatin. Additionally, 3-hydroxy-3-methy-lglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGCR) and squalene epoxidase (SQLE), the two rate-limiting enzymes in the cholesterol synthesis, selected as the potential targets, were confirmed by the molecular docking, the overexpression, and knockdown of HMGCR or SQLE with siRNA. Finally, the pull-down and surface plasmon resonance technology revealed that PPI could directly bind with SQLE but not with HMGCR. Collectively, these data demonstrated that PPI-induced hepatotoxicity resulted from the direct binding with SQLE protein and impaired the sterol-regulatory element binding protein 2/HMGCR/SQLE/lanosterol synthase pathways, thus disturbing the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. The findings of this research can contribute to a better understanding of the key role of SQLE as a potential target in drug-induced hepatotoxicity and provide a therapeutic strategy for the prevention of drug toxic effects with similar structures in the future. [Display omitted] • PPI and PII could induced significant hepatotoxicity in vitro L02 and in vivo zebrafish. • Hepatotoxicity of PPI and PII were associated with the cholesterol synthesis pathway. • PPI intervention in SREBP2/HMGCR/SQLE/LSS pathway leads to hepatotoxicity. • The SQLE protein was the direct bind protein to PPI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of present study, biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) was synthesized from silver ions using aqueous extract of the whole plant of Martynia annua and its Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic activities. The extraction is made by non-polar to polar solvent using Soxhlet apparatus. Initially, the aqueous (water) extract was analysed the primary phytochemical test and used for the synthesis of Ag NPs. The obtained Ag NPs were characterized using UV-vis. spectroscopy, XRD analysis, FTIR spectrum and HRTEM. The UV-vis spectroscopy surface Plasmon resonance centre at 443nm was confirmed the formation of Ag NPs. XRD analysis and SAED pattern was determining the crystalline nature of metallic silver. HRTEM image shows the morphology of Ag NPs contains spherical shapes with sizes 10-25nm. The extract and green synthesized Ag NPs have significant antimicrobial activity against both bacteria and fungi and also have good cytotoxicity against human lung cancer cell line A549. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) has played an important role in clinical medicine for precise dosing. Currently, chromatographic technology and immunoassay detection are widely used in TDM and have met most of the needs of clinical drug therapy. However, some problems still exist in practical applications, such as complicated operation and the influence of endogenous substances. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has been applied to detect the concentrations of small molecules, including pesticide residues in crops and antibiotics in milk, which indicates its potential for in vivo drug detection. In this study, a new SPR-based biosensor for detecting chloramphenicol (CAP) in blood samples was developed and validated using methodological verification, including precision, accuracy, matrix effect, and extraction recovery rate, and compared with the classic ultra-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (UPLC-UV) method. The detection range of SPR was 0.1–50 ng/mL and the limit of detection was 0.099 ± 0.023 ng/mL, which was lower than that of UPLC-UV. The intra-day and inter-day accuracies of SPR were 98%–114% and 110%–122%, which met the analysis requirement. The results show that the SPR biosensor is identical to UPLC-UV in the detection of CAP in rat blood samples; moreover, the SPR biosensor has better sensitivity. Therefore, the present study shows that SPR technology can be used for the detection of small molecules in the blood samples and has the potential to become a method for therapeutic drug monitoring. [Display omitted] • A new biosensor based on SPR was developed for detecting CAP in blood samples. • The SPR biosensor was validated using methodological verification. • The SPR biosensor is identical to UPLC-UV in the detection of blood samples and has higher sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slow wound healing and wound infections are significant challenges for burn patients. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using plant extracts offers a rapid, facile, and safe method for producing biocompatible NPs. In this study, Anethum graveolens seed (AGS) extract served as a masking and reducing agent for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AGS@AgNPs). Initially, the parameters influencing AGS@AgNPs synthesis, including silver nitrate concentration, reaction time, temperature, and pH, were optimized. Subsequently, AGS@AgNPs structural and biological characteristics were evaluated. Observation of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of the AGS@AgNPs at approximately 420 nm, accompanied by a color change of the suspension to dark brown, confirmed AGS@AgNPs synthesis. Analysis via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the production of pure, homogeneous, spherical, and stable silver NPs with sizes ranging from 20 to 40 nm using Anethum graveolens extract. Antibacterial assays revealed significant activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Antioxidant assessments demonstrated that AGS@AgNPs at a concentration of 250 μg/ml exhibited 92% inhibition of DPPH free radicals and in FRAP test, A. graveolens seed extract and AGS@AgNPs reduced Fe3+ ions to Fe2+ by 48.7% and 73.1%, respectively. Investigation of anticancer properties against the lung cancer cell line (A-549) revealed an IC 50 value of 242 μg/ml. The results of the flow cytometry test and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay demonstrated the death of cancer cells. Moreover, wound healing assays demonstrated a significant acceleration in burn wound closure rates in rats on days 3, 7, and 14 following treatments with AGS@AgNPs. Overall, these findings highlight the favorable biological activities of AGS@AgNPs, suggesting their potential utility in nanomedicine applications. • Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Anethum graveolens seed extracts (AGS@AgNPs). • The influence of silver nitrate concentration, reaction time, temperature, and pH, were optimized during AGS@AgNPs synthesis. • AGS@AgNPs revealed significant activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. • AGS@AgNPs showed high anticancer and antioxidant activity. • AGS@AgNPs increased wound closure speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgels were formed from whey protein isolate (WPI) and two hydrocolloids, gelatin A (Gel A) and sodium alginate (SA), at different pH and ion strengths. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) results showed that both hydrocolloids interact with WPI. Decreasing pH or increase ion concentration from natural conditions encouraged the complexation of biopolymers. In acid-induced system, microstructure results showed that WPI-SA exhibited well core/shell structure, with homogeneous aggregation, especially at pH 5.4, while WPI-Gel A showed more severe phase separation. In ion-induced system, both WPI-Gel A and WPI-SA showed decrease in the absolute zeta potential values and increase in viscosity, especially in WPI-SA. WPI-SA showed much better lubricity than WPI-Gel A in both systems. However, WPI-SA at natural conditions still showed the better overall lubricity than other samples, indicating the importance of particle size. In addition, sodium alginate significantly enhanced the storage stability of WPI particles after acid treatment and heat treatment. Hence, the properties of the complexed particle of WPI and other hydrocolloids could be tuned by adjusting the pH or ion concentration. The complexation of sodium alginate with WPI particles presents a promising strategy for enhancing the lubricating properties of proteins and developing more nutritious fat substitutes. [Display omitted] • Acidic pH and higher ion concentration encouraged the complexation of biopolymers • WPI-SA exhibited well core/shell structure and decent lubricity • WPI-Gel A system showed more severe phase separation • Sodium alginate effectively improved the acid stability of WPI particles [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple technique was used to create a composite material made of graphitic carbon nitride supported on magnetic chitosan (g-C 3 N 4 /MNP/CS). This substance was employed in the structure of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) lactose biosensor as a modifier for a thin layer of gold and as a support for the covalent stabilization of cellobiose dehydrogenase. The Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) approach was used to mimic the sensor's evanescent field in order to examine the SPR behavior. Additionally XRD and SEM techniques were used to examine the shape of MNPs/CS/g-C 3 N 4 and the intended sensor's SPR behavior. It can be used in the food industry, with a detection limit of 5 μM and a linear range of 0.01–100 mM‏ The biosensor is extremely sensitive, demonstrating its accuracy in lactose detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar-light-driven photothermal catalysis attracts attention because of the significant energy savings and environmental friendliness compared with thermal catalysis. In the present work, W 18 O 49 /SAPO-34 composite materials with hierarchical pore networks were constructed by a simple hydrothermal method, and applied into photothermal catalysis for methanol-to-olefins transformation. In combination of the broaden light absorption of W 18 O 49 and moderate acid site of SAPO-34, the W 18 O 49 /SAPO-34 composite showed a rapid temperature rise on the surface of the catalysts due to the strong photo-to-thermal effect of W 18 O 49. Methanol conversion of ∼ 90 % and ethylene selectivity of ∼ 60 % were achieved for the optimized W 18 O 49 /SAPO-34 catalyst, much higher than that of bare W 18 O 49 and SAPO-34. The excellent methanol dehydration performance was attributed to the strong plasmonic absorption in the visible and near infrared light, the efficient photothermal conversion effect by localized plasmon heating on the W 18 O 49 nanorods, and synergistic catalysis between W 18 O 49 and SAPO-34. This photothermal catalyst showed great potential in the industrial applications of photocatalytic methanol-to-olefins conversion. [Display omitted] • Plasmonic W 18 O 49 /SAPO-34 composite catalysts are fabricated for photothermal MTO reaction. • Photothermal catalysts with broad light absorption covered from visible to NIR light are obtained. • High methanol conversion and ethylene selectivity in olefins products are achieved. • Effect of W5+ and oxygen vacancy in W 18 O 49 on photothermal MTO performance is discussed. • Catalysis mechanism of W 18 O 49 and SAPO-34 zeolite for MTO reaction are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seawater resources are increasingly being damaged by human activities, and it is crucial to deal effectively with polluted seawater resources. Herein, we prepare a novel plasmonic Z-scheme AgCl/Ag/CdS photocatalyst for the removal of malachite green (MG) in seawater via physical wet mixing technique. The successful construction of the plasmonic Z-scheme photocatalytic system is beneficial to the separation and migration of the photo-induced carriers, which is conducive to promoting the mineralization of MG in seawater into CO 2 and H 2 O. The Ag nanoparticles positioned between AgCl and CdS nanoparticles can induce the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect, which can be regarded as the conductive channel for the separation of the photo-induced carriers. In pure water, the AgCl/Ag/CdS photocatalyst shows a high degradation extent (98.27 %) for MG. In simulated seawater, the degradation extent of MG still reaches 94.32 % (K = 0.0208 min−1), which is 4.33 folds higher than pure CdS and 2.57 folds higher than pure AgCl. Further, the effects (such as MG concentration, solution pH level, etc.) on the catalytic activity of the AgCl/Ag/CdS photocatalyst are investigated. Possible degradation pathways for MG in seawater during photocatalytic reactions are proposed. Meanwhile, we explore the corresponding photocatalytic mechanism based on the formation of free radicals. The novel photocatalysis technology proposed in this study is expected to provide theoretical basis and methodological support for seawater purification. [Display omitted] • Plasmonic Z-scheme AgCl/Ag/CdS nanocomposite photocatalytic system is fabricated. • AgCl/Ag/CdS photocatalyst performs significantly improved catalytic performance. • Ag nanoparticles can induce the SPR effect and be regarded as the electric channel. • AgCl/Ag/CdS can be used to efficiently remove MG from seawater under sunlight. • AgCl/Ag/CdS photocatalyst possesses high recycling efficiency and good stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photo-oxidation of cyclohexane to produce cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone (a mixture known as KA oil) is one of the important reactions in C-H activation. Cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone are important upstream products of Nylon-6 and Nylon-66 polymers. In this paper, we reviewed the related studies on the preparation of KA oil by cyclohexane photo-oxidation in recent years, and summarized the reaction mechanism of cyclohexane photo-oxidation for the preparation of KA oil. The effects of external conditions such as additives, solvents, reaction atmosphere, irradiation conditions and reaction temperature on the photocatalytic performance of cyclohexane were investigated. Based on the reaction mechanism, the effects of catalyst modification strategies (morphological optimization strategy, support strategy, surface plasmon resonance effect strategy, ion doping strategy and heterojunction engineering strategy) on the conversion of cyclohexane and the selectivity of KA oil were investigated. Finally, some challenges and opportunities for the photo-oxidation of cyclohexane for the preparation of KA oil are summarized. [Display omitted] • In this review, we explored and summarized the effects of different influencing factors on the photocatalytic preparation of KA oil from cyclohexane. • The strategies to improve the photocatalytic conversion efficiency of cyclohexane and the selectivity of the products (cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone) are highlighted. • The mechanism of cyclohexane photocatalytic preparation of KA oil is discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Different bio-substrates guide different amyloid-beta oligomers bio-activities. • Charge and hydrophobicity are bio-substrate key factors constructing amyloid-beta oligomers. • Surface plasmon resonance simulated amyloid-beta real-time deposition on blood vessel walls. • Type B gelatin induces toxic amyloid-beta oligomers by binding ferric ions. • The aim for our in vitro model is to advance research on cerebral amyloid angiopathy in the future. Charge and hydrophobicity are key factors for the construction of bioactive proteins on bio-substrates. Amyloid-beta (Aβ) is a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and this study explores its multi-faceted bioactivity guided by bio-substrates. Initially, the dynamic mode was used to confirm the homemade rhAβ42, and then bio-substrates and metal ions were screened to construct rhAβ42 oligomers. In the static mode, hydrophobicity and morphology were analyzed through contact angle and microscopy, and WST-1 was used to investigate the bioactivity of monomers and oligomers constructed on bio-substrates. The results show that the homemade rhAβ42 and rhAβ-Cu oligomers are not only recognized by specific antibodies, but also Protein G and Type B gelatin combined with ferric were constructed as rhAβ-Fe oligomers in this dynamic model. Static pattern analysis indicates that Type B gelatin had the relatively highest hydrophobicity and directly affects rhAβ42 binding. Morphologically, Protein G and Type B gelatin are used as bio-substrates to construct two-dimensional leaf vein-like and three-dimensional columnar structures, and there is a clear difference between 10 % promotion and 70 % mortality at different bioactive profiles. We hope to contribute to the cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related research and in vitro pathogenic microenvironmental models in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Novel ternary Bi/Bi2O2CO3/Bi2WO6 were synthesized by one-step hydrothermal method. • The degradation percentage of tetracycline reached 95.5 % after 120 min irradiation. • The surface plasmon resonance effect of metallic bi enhanced photocatalytic effect. • The Z-scheme heterojunction accelerated the charge transfer and photodegradation. • The active species h +, ·O2-, and ·OH played a joint role in the degradation. The abuse and irrational discharge of tetracycline (TC) have threatened the surroundings of human beings. Semiconductor photocatalytic oxidation technology is an emerging green environmental remediation technology, which can be widely applied in wastewater treatment. This work is the first attempt to prepare Z-scheme heterojunction Bi/Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 /Bi 2 WO 6 ternary material through one-step hydrothermal synthesis method. About 95.5 % tetracycline (10 mg· L −1) have been degraded by Bi/Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 /Bi 2 WO 6 ternary material after 120 min of simulated sunlight exposure. The degradation efficiency of TC was 2.04 and 3.01 times than those of Bi 2 WO 6 and Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 , respectively. Radical trapping experiments and ESR analysis showed that h +, ·O 2 − , and ·OH played a joint role in the degradation of tetracycline. Based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, energy band analysis and theoretical calculations, the degradation mechanisms were identified. The excellence photocatalytic activity is mainly attributed to two aspects: (1) The generation of Z-scheme heterojunctions provided channels for carrier transfer, accelerated interface charge separation and suppressed the rapid recombination of photo generated carriers and holes; (2) The surface plasmon resonance effect of metallic Bi intensifies photon absorption and boost photocatalytic activity. This work offers a viable method for improving the photocatalytic activity of semiconductors made of bismuth on antibiotics. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, two different geometries of Au core-Al2O3 shell composite nanospheres (CNS) in ITO/a-Si:H based solar cell structure have been considered. A finite-difference time domain (FDTD) analysis of optical and electrical properties for both geometries has been conducted using open-source software MEEP. When embedded in the active layer of the cell, Au core-Al2O3 shell CNS exhibit relatively high scattering efficiency over a broad spectrum. Maximum normalized scattering efficiency for 'CNS on top' geometry has been found 18.16 while that for 'embedded CNS' geometry it boosts up to 19.62. The localized surface plasmon resonance wavelength achieves a value of 738.9nm for 'CNS on top' and 835.8nm for 'embedded CNS' configurations. Furthermore, reflectance of the incident radiation reduces significantly with the shell thickness leading to effective light trapping. This study provides an important design to enhance the efficiency of silicon based plasmonic solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper-based nanoparticles (Cu NPs) were prepared using methanol plant extract of Polyalthia longifolia roots (PLR) for the first time. The extract is potential to be as reducing and stabilising agent for the formation of Cu-based nanoparticles. The results of the reduction reaction of Cu(II) ions by PLR extract to Cu, CuO2, Cu2O and CuO NPs were confirmed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). UV-Vis Spectrophotometer revealed the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 420 nm for Cu-based NPs. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis confirmed the interaction between polyphenols in PLR extracts with Cu-based NPs and the average particle size of 30 nm. The obtained Cu NPs showed highly effective activity against S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans fungi.This finding showed that the obtained Cu NPs are potential for antibacterial and biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new method is disclosed for the loading and release of doxepin by using gold nanoparticles. It is suggested that loading of doxepin occurs through two Van der Waals interactions between the drug molecules and Au nanoparticles as well as formation of an electronic bridge between them. This interaction increases the mean free-path of the free electrons on gold nanoparticles and makes an external plasmon resonance peak at the UV-Vis spectrum. An emitting green light can control the release process, in which its wavelength is close to the wavelength of surface plasmon resonance of Au NPs. Finally, the performed cellular cytoxicity of Au@doxepin NPs (loaded doxepin onto Au nanoparticles) against PC3 prostate cancer cells showed that this nanoparticle has an acceptable cytotoxicity in the concentration range of 5–40 µg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the synthesis and characterization of CuWO4, its functionalization with plasmonic Ag nanostructures and its photoelectrochemical properties. First, a solution-phase polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-assisted approach was used to prepare shapecontrolled plasmonic Ag (nanoparticles (NPs) and nanowires (NWs)) via heterogeneous nucleation. The growth process and morphological tuning of the as-synthesized Ag nanostructures were investigated experimentally. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to understand the underlying principles that govern nanowire growth by analyzing the interaction energies between crystal surfaces and PVP as well as the atom density profile. Significant enhancements of the photocurrent (45% and 140%, respectively) at the thermodynamic potential for oxygen evolution (0.62 V vs Ag/AgCl) were obtained for Ag NP/CuWO4 (0.11 mA cm−2 ) and Ag NW/CuWO4 (0.18 mA cm−2 ) photoanodes, respectively, compared to pristine CuWO4 photoanode. Moreover, the incorporation of Ag NWs significantly enhances the incident photon to current conversion efficiency (IPCE) across the 350–550 nm spectral range, revealing a maximum around 10%. The obtained improvement is attributed to improved light harvesting by Ag-induced surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effects with a dual peak absorption, together with more effective charge carrier transfer/separation. Therefore, incorporation of the as-prepared plasmonic nanostructures with CuWO4 causes a considerable improvement of the photoelectrochemical activity for energy conversion/storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are essential drivers of fibrogenesis. Inducing activated-HSC apoptosis is a promising strategy for treating hepatic fibrosis. 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid (18β-GA) is a natural compound that exists widely in herbal medicines, such as Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, which is used for treating multiple liver diseases, especially in Asia. In the present study, we demonstrated that 18β-GA decreased hepatic fibrosis by inducing the apoptosis in activated HSCs. 18β-GA inhibited the expression of α-smooth muscle actin and collagen type I alpha-1. Using a chemoproteomic approach derived from activity-based protein profiling, together with cellular thermal shift assay and surface plasmon resonance, we found that 18β-GA covalently targeted peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1) and peroxiredoxin 2 (PRDX2) proteins via binding to active cysteine residues and thereby inhibited their enzymatic activities. 18β-GA induced the elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in the apoptosis of activated HSCs. PRDX1 knockdown also led to ROS-mediated apoptosis in activated HSCs. Collectively, our findings revealed the target proteins and molecular mechanisms of 18β-GA in ameliorating hepatic fibrosis, highlighting the future development of 18β-GA as a novel therapeutic drug for hepatic fibrosis. [Display omitted] • 18β-GA ameliorates hepatic fibrosis and inhibits ECM deposition. • 18β-GA directly targets PRDX1 and PRDX2 in activated HSCs. • 18β-GA binding to the cysteines of PRDX1 and PRDX2 inhibits their enzyme activities. • 18β-GA induces ROS-mediated activated-HSC apoptosis by targeting PRDX1 and PRDX2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to high sensitivity and temporal resolution, surface plasmon resonance microscope (SPRM) has been widely used in biological analysis. In this review, we briefly introduced the principle and setup of SPRM. Applications in label-free biological analysis are also indicated, including fast detection to single cells, exosomes, viruses, and molecules, as well as their dynamic behaviors. The limitations of SPRM are also depicted. The methods to improve the focus drift and low spatial resolution are illustrated. Two newly-developed microscopy techniques based on SPRM, i.e. plasmonic scattering microscope and electrochemical impedance microscope, are also described. Finally, a summary of SPRM technique and a bright future outlook is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) highly expressed in cancer cells can lead to multidrug resistance (MDR) and the combination of anti-cancer drugs with P-gp inhibitor has been a promising strategy to reverse MDR in cancer treatment. In this study, we established a label-free and detergent-free system combining surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor with styrene maleic acid (SMA) polymer membrane proteins (MPs) stabilization technology to screen potential P-gp inhibitors. First, P-gp was extracted from MCF-7/ADR cells using SMA polymer to form SMA liposomes (SMALPs). Following that, SMALPs were immobilized on an SPR biosensor chip to establish a P-gp inhibitor screening system, and the affinity between P-gp and small molecule ligand was determined. The methodological investigation proved that the screening system had good specificity and stability. Nine P-gp ligands were screened out from 50 natural products, and their affinity constants with P-gp were also determined. The in vitro cell verification experiments demonstrated that tetrandrine, fangchinoline, praeruptorin B, neobaicalein, and icariin could significantly increase the sensitivity of MCF-7/ADR cells to Adriamycin (Adr). Moreover, tetrandrine, praeruptorin B, and neobaicalein could reverse MDR in MCF-7/ADR cells by inhibiting the function of P-gp. This is the first time that SMALPs-based stabilization strategy was applied to SPR analysis system. SMA polymer can retain P-gp in the environment of natural lipid bilayer and thus maintain the correct conformation and physiological functions of P-gp. The developed system can quickly and accurately screen small molecule ligands of complex MPs and obtain affinity between complex MPs and small molecule ligands without protein purification. SMALPs were immobilized on a surface plasmon resonance biosensor chip to establish a P-gp inhibitor screening system and calculated the affinity between P-gp and ligands. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]