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Purpose: The current study focuses on measuring the level of vibration and noise produced by a direct injection diesel engine when running on a mixture of molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) nanoparticles and Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel (B20). Methods: The nanoparticles were used in an amount of 75 ppm and mixed with a surfactant and dispersant. In addition, the prepared fuel samples were tested on a diesel engine to investigate the vibration and noise characteristics by changing the injection pressures to 200 bar, 220 bar and 240 bar. Results and conclusion: The addition of nanoparticles to B20 has significantly reduced vibration and noise, especially when using nanofuel enriched with dispersants. In addition, the increased pressure during fuel injection resulted in reduced vibration and noise levels. Using B20 + MoO375 ppm + Dispersant 75 ppm fuel blend gave the most favourable results regarding RMS velocity and noise levels compared to the base diesel fuel. The progressive reduction in vibration and noise levels was seen as a result of the increased injection pressure. At a pressure of 240 bar, the B20 + MoO375 ppm + dispersant 75 ppm has shown a lower vibration and noise intensity than diesel and other fuel samples. The RMS velocity of RMS noise of B20 + MoO375 ppm + dispersant 75 ppm are 0.591 m/s, 0.568 m/s, and 0.491 m/s at 200 bar, 220 bar and 240 bar while the RMS noise is 68.266 dB (A), 66.283 dB (A), and 65.857 dB (A) respectively. The most decrease in vibration and noise was 28.76% and 9.78%, respectively compared to regular diesel for B20 + MoO375 ppm + dispersant 75 ppm at 240 bar. Finally, the kurtosis and skewness of the vibration data are within the normal range, which indicates that the distribution corresponds to the ideal normal distribution.

The current study deals with the evaluation of vibrations and noise generated by a diesel engine powered by Calophyllum inophyllumbiodiesel blend (B20) and molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) nanoparticles, predicted using machine learning algorithms. The nanoparticles were spread out in B20 at a level of 75 ppm, along with a surfactant and a dispersant to make sure they mixed evenly with the fuel samples. The stability of the nanoparticles was then tested using the principle of photo spectroscopy and it was found that the stability of nanoparticles to which surfactants and dispersants had been added was increased. The experiment with the diesel engine was carried out to evaluate the vibrations and noise by varying different loads (3, 6, 9, and 12 kgf) and injection pressures (200, 220, and 240 bar). The vibrations and noise intensity were reduced with B20 compared to normal diesel and a further reduction was observed by adding nanoparticles together with the dispersant. With increasing load, the RMS velocity and the RMS noise also increased, but these decreased with increasing injection pressure. The most favourable result for RMS velocity and RMS noise was B20+MoO375 ppm+ Dispersant 75ppm. At an injection pressure of 240 bar and a full load of 12 kgf, the RMS velocity was 0.568 m s-1and 55.265 dB, which corresponds to an improvement of 28.76 % and 9.78 % respectively compared to conventional diesel for B20+MoO375ppm+ Dispersant 75ppm. Finally, the entire experimental data of 60 were predicted using various machine learning (ML) algorithms, such as Random Forest (RF), Decision Trees (DT), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Support Vector Machines (SVM) and XG Boost and the predicted results correlated well with the experimental values. All algorithms have shown a good association, but XGBoost has shown a better correlation coefficient (R2). The R2of each algorithm is in the range of 0.94–0.99, the MRE and RSME are also in the significant range for both RMS velocity and RMS noise.

The present study is intended for the vibration and noise analysis of variable compression ratio diesel engine operating with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle dispersed with Baheda oil biodiesel blend (BOME20). The ZnO nanoparticles were taken at the following proportions of 50 ppm, 75 ppm, and 100 ppm. Further, the QPAN dispersant was added to nanoparticles at 1:1 ratio. The compression ratio was altered from 16.5 to 19.5 by keeping the speed constant at 1500 rpm. The vibration (velocity) and noise characteristics were stated in terms of RMS values. The RMS velocity together with RMS noise was seen lower for B20 than diesel fuel. Further, the dispersion of nanoparticles has depicted a significant reduction in vibration and noise. The least RMS velocity and RMS noise was attained with BOME20 + 75 ppm ZnO + 75 ppm DSP compared to other fuels. But the compression ratio enhancement has shown a gradual increase in vibration and noise. At a compression ratio of 16.5, the lower intensity of vibration and noise of BOME20 + 75 ppm ZnO + 75 ppm DSP were 0.0792 m/sec and 55.2 dB, respectively.

On modifying the surface of three-dimensional nickel-foam in various concentrations of an ammonium sulfate i.e. 0.02 M, 0.05 M, 0.1 M, and 0.5 M different nanostructures of nickel oxy-sulfide (NixOyS1-y) are obtained and further envisaged in electrochemical supercapacitor (ES) and electrochemical catalysis (EC) activities for storing high power density in addition to energy density and water splitting into hydrogen and oxygen applications, respectively. The phase purity of the NixOyS1-yis confirmed by various means. The NixOyS1-ynanostructured electrode obtained at 0.02 M concentration demonstrates an excellent specific capacitance (SC) of 5400 F g−1at a current density of 3 A g−1, even after experiencing 2000 redox cycles. The as-fabricated NixOyS1-y//NixOyS1-ysymmetric supercapacitor device has ignited a “CNED” colorful panel composed of forty-two LEDs with a maximum luminosity, holding practical importance in home appliances. In addition, the catalytic activities performed at a sweep rate of 5 mV s−1to obtain a current density of 10 mA cm−1for hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction adduce 217 mV cm−2and 153 mV cm−2overpotentials, respectively. In short, both energy storage and electrocatalysis properties of the NixOyS1-yelectrode/catalyst are greatly improved by changing ammonium sulfate fertilizer concentration, providing a novel insight for promoting these activities by forming oxy-sulfide ternary nanostructured electrode materials.