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PROMIS-29 is a patient reported outcome (PRO) measure divided into 7 domains of pain interference, depressive symptoms, physical function, ability to participate in social roles and activities, fatigue, anxiety, and sleep disturbance, which can be combined into physical and mental health summary scores. To enhance the patient experience, we used our center's electronic platform to collect responses peri hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT) and CAR T therapy.

The present study attempts to holistically describe and characterize the current state of urology practice by evaluating compensation, workload, and practice factors as they relate to our demographic makeup as a specialty.

Urological survivorship issues encompass an area that may potentially be overlooked after treatment of childhood cancer in adolescent boys and young men. Side effects of cancer therapy may include subsequent development of erectile dysfunction (ED), hypogonadism, and infertility in adulthood.

Background:

We hypothesized that the incidence of thromboembolic events (TEEs) in patients receiving preoperative chemotherapy (POC) before radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection might be severely underappreciated given the association between cisplatin and TEEs. We conducted a retrospective review of 357 consecutive patients who had received POC at our institution and provide a detailed review of the incidence and timing of the TEEs. The overall TEE rate was 22%, with a 16% incidence in the preoperative setting. Forty patients (11.2%) required an inferior vena cava filter. The occurrence of TEEs did not significantly affect other perioperative outcomes, including the risk of recurrence and overall survival.

La presencia de metástasis en los ganglios linfáticos (MGL) en la prostatectomía radical de rescate (PRs) se asocia con un mal pronóstico. Los factores predictivos de resultados en este contexto siguen siendo indeterminados. El objetivo fue evaluar el papel del número de ganglios linfáticos positivos sobre el resultado de los pacientes con MGL después de PRs y para el cáncer de próstata de radiorrecurrente.

•The largest meta-analysis of dietary inflammatory index among cancer survivors•Inclusion of three outcomes, 13 studies, and 14,920 adult cancer survivors•Inflammatory diet can increase all-cause mortality by 34% among cancer survivors•Only post-diagnosis diet had a significant association with all-cause mortality

A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) play an important role in the spatial and temporal regulation of protein kinase A (PKA) by scaffolding critical intracellular signaling complexes. Here we report the design of conformationally constrained peptides that disrupt interactions between PKA and AKAPs in an isoform-selective manner. Peptides derived from the A Kinase Binding (AKB) domain of several AKAPs were chemically modified to contain an all-hydrocarbon staple and target the docking/dimerization domain of PKA-R, thereby occluding AKAP interactions. The peptides are cell-permeable against diverse human cell lines, are highly isoform-selective for PKA-RII, and can effectively inhibit interactions between AKAPs and PKA-RII in intact cells. These peptides can be applied as useful reagents in cell-based studies to selectively disrupt AKAP-localized PKA-RII activity and block AKAP signaling complexes. In summary, the novel hydrocarbon-stapled peptides developed in this study represent a new class of AKAP disruptors to study compartmentalized RII-regulated PKA signaling in cells.

This paper aims to provide practical solutions to key challenges currently faced by the hotel industry in Canada in the context of enhancing customer experience. Specifically this research paper includes a brief literature review, key information on Canada, its tourism industry, hotel industry and human resource needs. A summary of ten suggestions recently made in a scholarly project involving 23 hotel industry leaders/hospitality educators in Canada enhances the value of the paper. Hoteliers must pay attention to innovation in staff professional development, understand staff diversity, create a family atmosphere at work, provide cross-training, understand individual staff aspirations and provide genuine support to employees. This will keep the hotel employees motivated and inspire them to provide exceptional service to enhance customer experience. In conclusion the paper presents a new generic model in an attempt to summarise the discussion in this paper in a succinct manner.

Online social network (OSN) websites are increasingly gaining attention from both researchers and practitioners as more and more people use OSN websites to express their opinions about products and services. Particularly for youth, OSN websites provide new avenues for self-expression, self-creation and connectivity. This rapid development of Web 2.0 has influenced tourism industry such that travellers share information about hospitality products and services through OSN websites. Since information sharing is the pivotal role of OSNs, the purpose of this study is to investigate the antecedents and outcome of young travellers’ information sharing behaviours in OSN websites. Findings indicate that personal innovativeness and trust in service positively influence consumers’ information sharing behaviours in online contexts. Furthermore, the more information users share on social media, the more likely to stay loyal to the website.

This study integrates shopping value dimensions and consumers’ commitment to a theoretical model to understand consumer loyalty to e-shopping. E-commerce is established as an efficient sales platform for travel and hospitality vendors. However, extant literature found that it is difficult to attract new customers and retain existing customers in e-commerce. This paper investigates the antecedents of customer loyalty in e-commerce. An online survey with (n=520) was conducted with randomly selected US consumers. A structural equation model reveals that hedonic and utilitarian shopping values determine affective and calculative commitment of e-shoppers which in turn influence consumers’ loyalty towards e-shopping. This study contributes to the present literature and provides important implication towards e-tailers and website developers. It is important to fulfill e-shoppers’ hedonic and utilitarian needs to gain e-loyalty. Web based hospitality service offerings should provide a convenient and pleasing online environment to gain consumer e-loyalty.

Individuals and families carrying mutations in BRCA1and BRCA2(BRCA1/2) have a markedly elevated risk of developing breast and ovarian cancers. The first-generation of BRCA1/2mutation analysis targeted only the coding exons and has implicated protein-truncating mutations (indel, nonsense) in BRCA1/2inactivation. Recently, heritable breast cancers have also been attributed to other exonic mutations (missense, silent) and mutations in introns and untranslated regions. However, analysis of these alterations has been prohibitively laborious and cost intensive, and the proportion of cases carrying mutations in unscreened regions of BRCA1/2and other predisposition genes is unknown. We have developed and validated a next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach for BRCA1/2mutation analysis by applying long-range PCR and deep sequencing. Genomic DNA from familial breast cancer patients (N= 12) were screened and NGS successfully identified all 19 distinct (51 total) BRCA1and 35 distinct (63 total) BRCA2sequence alterations detectable by the Sanger sequencing, with no false-negative or positive results. In addition, we report the robust detection of variants from introns and untranslated regions. These results illustrate that NGS can provide comprehensive genetic information more quickly, accurately, and at a lower cost than conventional approaches, and we propose NGS to be a more effective method for BRCA1/2mutational analysis. Advances in NGS will play an important role in enabling molecular diagnostics and personalized treatment of breast and ovarian cancers.

Little is known about the mechanisms and treatment of radiation-induced inhibition of craniofacial bone growth. In an earlier study, the radioprotector amifostine (WR-2721) administered to rabbits before irradiation radioprotected cultured orbitozygomatic complex periosteal osteoblast-like cells. This study assessed the effects of amifostine and its active metabolite on the radiation survival, function, and phenotype of mouse calvarial osteoblast-like cells in a cell culture model.

Radiotherapy for the management of head and neck cancer in pediatric patients results in severe inhibition of craniofacial bone growth. Previously, the infant rabbit orbitozygomatic complex was established as an experimental model. Amifostine, a cytoprotective agent, was found effective in preventing radiation-induced bone growth inhibition. This study was designed to investigate the effects radiation on osteogenic cells from infant rabbit orbitozygomatic complex periostea and to assess the effects of cytoprotection in vitro.

Radiation-induced craniofacial bone growth inhibition is a consequence of therapeutic radiation in the survivors of pediatric head and neck cancer. Previously, the infant rabbit orbitozygomatic complex (OZC) was established as a reliable animal model. The purpose of this study was to develop a cell culture model from the rabbit OZC to study the effects of radiation in the craniofacial skeleton.

With the weakening of the Zhou royal line many began to wonder if someone qualified to replace it might not be found in another lineage. The myth of the sage king Yao ceding his kingdom to Shun, an unrelated commoner, helped to make licit the yearning for such a figure, and at times argued for meritocracy, an ideal some thinkers counterposed against the sanctity of hereditary monarchy. After the fall of the Qin that ideal and the myth remained closely associated through most of the Former Han dynasty.Sometime in the latter half of that period, however, certain scholarly circles connected with the imperial house began to develop the doctrine that the Han Lius were in fact descended from Yao, a doctrine which became orthodoxy with the rise of Wang Mang. After the establishment of the Later Han dynasty, Guangwudi (r. 25–57) attempted to force this doctrine and a prophetic literature supporting it, called chenwei(usually translated apocrypha), on the newly rehabilitated Imperial Academy. Some of these texts were created by applying to the Spring and Autumn Annalsa hermeneutic mode that many Western scholars still hold does not occur in the history of Confucian scholarship: typological allegory—in this case to show that the rise of the founder of the Han was prefigured in the Annals. Meanwhile, ideologues excluded from the academy, but favored by the emperors, were putting the image of Yao to an unprecedented use—to support an ideology wherein the right to rule was unquestionably tied to heredity regardless of merit.This article discusses some of the political developments and the exegetical interventions that helped produce these new uses of the Yao/Shun myth.

Background:Smoking and infection with Gram‐negative bacterial pathogens are risk factors for alveolar bone loss. The aims of this study were: 1) to examine the combined effects of an aryl hydrocarbon, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), that is concentrated in cigarette smoke, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracted from Porphyromonas gingivalison osteogenesis in a rat bone marrow cell (RBMC) model of osteogenesis; and 2) to determine whether resveratrol (Res), an aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist, could reverse the putative inhibitory effects of BaP + LPS on osteogenesis. Methods:LPS of P. gingivalisstrain 2561 was introduced in various concentrations to the RBMC in 96‐well plates and kept in culture for 8 to 12 days. The same protocol was used for studying BaP and LPS + BaP combinations. Following the incubation periods, parameters of osteogenesis were measured, including formation of mineralized bone nodules, alkaline phosphatase activity, and total cell protein. Transcription of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)‐1β in the cultures was determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Results:Bone nodule formation generally decreased significantly with increasing LPS concentrations (P<0.05), whereas total cell protein decreased only slightly (P>0.05). BaP in previously high concentrations alone also caused a significant dose‐dependent decrease in bone nodule formation (P<0.05) but when half maximal doses were used, significant decreases were most often seen when LPS was added. Hence, in combination, the inhibitory effects of LPS + BaP on osteogenesis were additive, inhibiting bone nodule formation up to 9‐fold. Resveratrol partially reversed the inhibitory effects of low concentrations of LPS alone, and completely reversed the inhibition of nodule formation when low concentrations of LPS were combined with BaP. IL‐1β expression generally fluctuated inversely to the inhibitory activity of LPS, LPS + BaP, and LPS + BaP + Res combinations. Conclusions:Smoke‐derived aryl hydrocarbons and bacterial LPS may act additively to inhibit bone formation. The findings may explain, in part, why net periodontal bone loss is greater and bone healing is less successful in smokers than non‐smokers with periodontal infections. Reversal of the inhibitory effects in vitro by resveratrol suggests that this phytoalexin should be studied further for its potential therapeutic value, given its aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonism and apparent anti‐inflammatory activity. J Periodontol 2004;75:939‐948.

Soluble transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-binding proteins are widely distributed in mammalian tissues and control cytokine access to membrane signaling receptors. The serum and bone-resident glycoprotein α2-HS-glycoprotein/fetuin (ASHG) binds to TGF-β/BMP cytokines and blocks TGF-β1 binding to cell surface receptors. Therefore, we examined bone growth and remodeling phenotypes in ASHG-deficient mice. The skeletal structure of Ahsg−/−mice appeared normal at birth, but abnormalities were observed in adult Ahsg−/−mice. Maturation of growth plate chondrocytes was impaired, and femurs lengthened more slowly between 3 and 18 months of age in Ahsg−/−mice. However, bone formation was increased in Ahsg−/−mice as indicated by greater cortical thickness, accelerated trabecular bone remodeling, and increased osteoblast numbers on bone surfaces. The normal age-related increase in cortical thickness and bone mineral density was accelerated in Ahsg−/−mice and was associated with increased energy required to fracture. Bone formation in response to implanted BMP cytokine extended further from the implant in Ahsg−/−compared with Ahsg+/+mice, confirming the interaction between ASHG and TGF-β/BMP cytokines in vivo. Our results demonstrate that ASHG blocks TGF-β-dependent signaling in osteoblastic cells, and mice lacking ASHG display growth plate defects, increased bone formation with age, and enhanced cytokine-dependent osteogenesis.

Electroporation has been reported to facilitate naked DNA gene transfer in skeletal muscle, but has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of electrical injuries. To assess the effects of electroporation on gene transfer, mouse quadriceps muscles were injected with the luciferase reporter plasmid VR1255 and electroporated with caliper electrodes. Intramuscular luciferase expression was increased 10- to 70-fold by electroporation, depending on the DNA dose and injection volume used. In the absence of plasmid DNA injection, electroporation of quadriceps muscles resulted in rapid elevations in serum creatine phosphokinase activity, but did not elicit visible muscle damage. However, in muscles injected with plasmid DNA and electroporated, visible lesions consistently developed in the areas proximal to electrode placement when field strengths optimal for gene transfer (300 volts/cm) were applied. The development of muscle lesions was independent of plasmid transgene expression and required the presence of plasmid in the muscle during electroporation. Co-injection of poloxamer 188 (pluronic F68) with VR1255 substantially reduced elevations in serum creatine phosphokinase activity following electroporation, but did not inhibit the development of muscle lesions. In non-electroporated muscles, co-injection of poloxamer 188 increased luciferase expression threefold. Poloxamer 188 may thus constitute a useful excipient for intramuscular delivery of naked DNA.Molecular Therapy (2001) 4, 407–415; doi: 10.1006/mthe.2001.0483

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands are environmental contaminants found in cigarette smoke and other sources of air pollution. The prototypical compound is TCDD (2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin), also known as dioxin. There is an increasing body of knowledge linking cigarette smoking to osteoporosis and periodontal disease, but the direct effects of smoke-associated aryl hydrocarbons on bone are not well understood. Through the use of resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene), a plant antifungal compound that we have recently demonstrated to be a pure AhR antagonist, we have investigated the effects of TCDD on osteogenesis. It was postulated that TCDD would inhibit osteogenesis in bone-forming cultures and that this inhibition would be antagonized by resveratrol. We employed the chicken periosteal osteogenesis (CPO) model, which has been shown to form bone in vitro in a pattern morphologically and biochemically similar to that seen in vivo, as well as a rat stromal cell bone nodule formation model. In the CPO model, alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity was reduced by up to 50% (P<0.01 vs control) in the presence of 10(-9) M TCDD and these effects were reversed by 10(-6) M resveratrol (P<0.05 vs TCDD alone). TCDD-mediated inhibition of osteogenesis was restricted primarily to the osteoblastic differentiation phase (days 0-2) as later addition did not appear to have any effects. Message levels for important bone-associated proteins (in the CPO model) such as collagen type I, osteopontin, bone sialoprotein and AP were inhibited by TCDD, an effect that was antagonized by resveratrol. Similar findings were obtained using the rat stromal bone cell line. TCDD (at concentrations as low as 10(-10)M) caused an approximately 33% reduction in AP activity, which was abrogated by 3. 5x10(-7) M resveratrol. TCDD also induced a marked reduction in mineralization ( approximately 75%) which was completely antagonized by resveratrol. These data suggest that AhR ligands inhibit osteogenesis probably through inhibition of osteodifferentiation and that this effect can be antagonized by resveratrol. Since high levels of AhR ligands are found in cigarette smoke, and further since smoking is an important risk factor in both osteoporosis and periodontal disease, it may be postulated that AhR ligands are the component of cigarette smoke linking smoking to osteoporosis and periodontal disease. If so, resveratrol could prove to be a promising preventive or therapeutic agent for smoking-related bone loss.

Osteoporosis is a common problem of aging and results from a failure of homeostatic mechanisms to regulate osteogenesis and mineralization. Bovine and human forms of fetuin glycoprotein bind to the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta/BMP (bone morphogenic protein) cytokines and block their osteogenic activity in cell culture assays (Demetriou, M., Binkert, C., Sukhu, B., Tenenbaum, H. C., and Dennis, J. W. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 12755-12761). Fetuin is a prominent serum glycoprotein and a major noncollagenous component of mineralized bone in mammals. In this study, we show that recombinant fetuin and native serum protein have similar potency as inhibitors of osteogenesis in dexamethasone-treated rat bone marrow cell cultures (dex-RBMC). Recombinant bovine fetuin also bound to TGF-beta1 and BMP-2 in vitro with kinetics similar to native fetuin. Although TGF-beta1 is required for osteogenesis in dex-RBMC, the cytokine also inhibited osteogenesis at concentrations >/=10 pM. Titration of fetuin or anti-TGF-beta1 antibodies into the bone marrow cultures in the presence of 10 pM TGF-beta1 restored osteogenesis, whereas titrations of the same reagents into cultures with 0.3 pM added TGF-beta1 were inhibitory, confirming the biphasic nature of the TGF-beta1 response. Suppression of osteogenesis by both TGF-beta1 and the antagonist proteins required their presence within the first 6 days of culture, well before mineralization at 10-12 days. Northern analysis showed that both fetuin and high dose TGF-beta1 suppressed expression of the bone-associated transcripts alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, collagen type I, and bone sialoprotein. The suppression of osteogenesis by fetuin and by high dose TGF-beta1 was accompanied by the differentiation of an alternate cell lineage with adipocyte characteristics. In summary, the biphasic osteogenic response to TGF-beta1 suggests that overlapping gradients of TGF-beta/BMP cytokines and fetuin regulate osteogenesis in remodeling bone.

Osteoporosis is a common problem of aging and results from a failure of homeostatic mechanisms to regulate osteogenesis and mineralization. Bovine and human forms of fetuin glycoprotein bind to the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/BMP (bone morphogenic protein) cytokines and block their osteogenic activity in cell culture assays (Demetriou, M., Binkert, C., Sukhu, B., Tenenbaum, H. C., and Dennis, J. W. (1996) J. Biol. Chem.271, 12755–12761). Fetuin is a prominent serum glycoprotein and a major noncollagenous component of mineralized bone in mammals. In this study, we show that recombinant fetuin and native serum protein have similar potency as inhibitors of osteogenesis in dexamethasone-treated rat bone marrow cell cultures (dex-RBMC). Recombinant bovine fetuin also bound to TGF-β1 and BMP-2 in vitrowith kinetics similar to native fetuin. Although TGF-β1 is required for osteogenesis in dex-RBMC, the cytokine also inhibited osteogenesis at concentrations ≥10 pm. Titration of fetuin or anti-TGF-β1 antibodies into the bone marrow cultures in the presence of 10 pmTGF-β1 restored osteogenesis, whereas titrations of the same reagents into cultures with 0.3 pmadded TGF-β1 were inhibitory, confirming the biphasic nature of the TGF-β1 response. Suppression of osteogenesis by both TGF-β1 and the antagonist proteins required their presence within the first 6 days of culture, well before mineralization at 10–12 days. Northern analysis showed that both fetuin and high dose TGF-β1 suppressed expression of the bone-associated transcripts alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, collagen type I, and bone sialoprotein. The suppression of osteogenesis by fetuin and by high dose TGF-β1 was accompanied by the differentiation of an alternate cell lineage with adipocyte characteristics. In summary, the biphasic osteogenic response to TGF-β1 suggests that overlapping gradients of TGF-β/BMP cytokines and fetuin regulate osteogenesis in remodeling bone.

The ability of cells to traverse pores in a biocompatible filter provides means for examining cell chemoattraction. Filter-based assays also permit rapid, quantitative assessment of the in vitromigratory and invasive potential of tumor cells. Scoring migration has relied on visual counting of stained cells which appear on the underside of the filter and determining a true percentage score involves arduous counting of cells on both filter surfaces. Visual counting of random fields may be unreliable, and counting all fields is laborious. In the present study we developed and compared two alternative methods for scoring cell numbers in filter-based assays, a colorimetric assay of toluidine blue binding, and a radioassay of cells prelabeled with [3H]thymidine. Each method was evaluated for sensitivity, variability, ease of use and efficiency, and suitability for use in assays of cell migration and invasion. The radiolabeling method proved to be sensitive and reliable and was the most efficient technique. Although less sensitive and specific, the colorimetric dye method offered a rapid and reliable, nonradioactive alternative with the distinct advantage of preserving intact cultures for follow-up visual assessments. We conclude that colorimetric and radiolabel scoring of filter-based assays are reliable and efficient semiantomated methods which provide means to obtain more complete assessments of cell migration and invasion.

The serum glycoprotein fetuin is expressed during embryogenesis in multiple tissues including limb buds and has been shown to promote bone remodeling and stimulate cell proliferation in vitro. In this report, we demonstrate that fetuin antagonizes the antiproliferative action of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) in cell cultures. Surface plasmon resonance measurements show that fetuin binds directly to TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 and with greater affinity to the TGF-beta-related bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP-2, BMP-4, and BMP-6). In a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, fetuin blocked binding of TGF-beta1 to the extracellular domain of TGF-beta receptor type II (TbetaRII), one of the primary TGF-beta-binding receptors. A comparison of fetuin and TbetaRII shows homology in an 18-19-amino acid sequence, which we have designated TGF-beta receptor II homology 1 domain (TRH1). Since the TRH1 sequence is known to form a disulfide loop in fetuin, cyclized TRH1 peptides from both fetuin and TbetaRII were chemically synthesized and tested for cytokine binding activity. Cyclized TRH1 peptide from TbetaRII bound to TGF-beta1 with greater affinity than to BMP-2, while the cyclized TRH1 peptide from fetuin bound preferentially to BMP-2. Finally, fetuin or neutralizing anti-TGF-beta antibodies blocked osteogenesis and deposition of calcium-containing matrix in cultures of dexamethasone-treated rat bone marrow cells. In summary, these experiments define the TRH1 peptide loop as a cytokine-binding domain in both TbetaRII and fetuin and suggest that fetuin is a natural antagonist of TGF-beta and BMP activities.

It is well documented that oral microorganisms play a significant role in the initiation and progression of periodontal disease. By using various in vitro models, it has been shown that some bacteria considered periodontal pathogens or their products can stimulate bone resorption and some other parameters of osteoblast-like cell activity. However, the effects of these organisms and their products on osteogenesis itself are not known. This study was undertaken to determine the direct effects of metabolic products and sonicated extracts of Porphyromonas gingivalis on bone formation in the chick periosteal osteogenesis model. Cultures of P. gingivalis 2561 were grown under standard anaerobic culture conditions. The spent medium was collected, and following centrifugation, sonicated bacterial extracts were prepared from the bacterial pellet. These were added in various proportions to the chick periosteal osteogenesis cultures. Sonicated extracts were further fractionated into five molecular-size ranges and similarly tested. Parameters of osteogenesis, including alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium and Pi accumulation, and collagen synthesis, were measured on 6-day-old cultures. Compared with controls devoid of bacterial products, osteogenesis was inhibited significantly in cultures treated with either conditioned medium or extracts obtained from P. gingivalis. Various amounts of inhibitory activity were observed in the different ultrafiltration molecular-size fractions, with very profound inhibitory effects observed in the < 5-kDa range. Histological observations indicated the presence of cells, some bone, and/or new fibrous connective tissue at all concentrations, indicating that toxicity was not a factor. These results suggest that periodontal pathogens such as P. gingivalis might contribute to the bone loss in periodontal diseases not only by stimulating resorption but, possibly, by inhibiting bone formation directly.

IMPORTANCE: Accumulating evidence suggests that children infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are more likely to manifest mild symptoms and are at a lower risk of developing severe respiratory disease compared with adults. It remains unknown how the immune response in children differs from that of adolescents and adults. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of age with the quantity and quality of SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional study used 31?426 SARS-CoV-2 antibody test results from pediatric and adult patients. Data were collected from a New York City hospital from April 9 to August 31, 2020. The semiquantitative immunoglobin (Ig) G levels were compared between 85 pediatric and 3648 adult patients. Further analysis of SARS-CoV-2 antibody profiles was performed on sera from 126 patients aged 1 to 24 years. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity rates and IgG levels were evaluated in patients from a wide range of age groups (1-102 years). SARS-CoV-2 IgG level, total antibody (TAb) level, surrogate neutralizing antibody (SNAb) activity, and antibody binding avidity were compared between children (aged 1-10 years), adolescents (aged 11-18 years), and young adults (aged 19-24 years). RESULTS: Among 31?426 antibody test results (19?797 [63.0%] female patients), with 1194 pediatric patients (mean [SD] age, 11.0 [5.3] years) and 30?232 adult patients (mean [SD] age, 49.2 [17.1] years), the seroprevalence in the pediatric (197 [16.5%; 95% CI, 14.4%-18.7%]) and adult (5630 [18.6%; 95% CI, 18.2%-19.1%]) patient populations was similar. The SARS-CoV-2 IgG level showed a negative correlation with age in the pediatric population (r?=?-0.45, P?&lt;?.001) and a moderate but positive correlation with age in adults (r?=?0.24, P?&lt;?.001). Patients aged 19 to 30 years exhibited the lowest IgG levels (eg, aged 25-30 years vs 1-10 years: 99 [44-180] relative fluorescence units [RFU] vs 443 [188-851] RFU). In the subset cohort aged 1 to 24 years, IgG, TAb, SNAb and avidity were negatively correlated with age (eg, IgG: r?=?-0.51; P?&lt;?.001). Children exhibited higher median (IQR) IgG levels, TAb levels, and SNAb activity compared with adolescents (eg, IgG levels: 473 [233-656] RFU vs 191 [82-349] RFU; P?&lt;?.001) and young adults (eg, IgG levels: 473 [233-656] RFU vs 85 [38-150] RFU; P?&lt;?.001). Adolescents also exhibited higher median (IQR) TAb levels, IgG levels, and SNAb activity than young adults (eg, TAb levels: 961 [290-2074] RFU vs 370 [125-697]; P?=?.006). In addition, children had higher antibody binding avidity compared with young adults, but the difference was not significant. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The results of this study suggest that SARS-CoV-2 viral specific antibody response profiles are distinct in different age groups. Age-targeted strategies for disease screening and management as well as vaccine development may be warranted.

The article discusses Yoga techniques to calm down when you feel stressed, mentions the experience of a certified Sampoorna yoga teacher Sangita in learning yoga from parents, teaching them to her friends now to help them feel happy and peaceful, and explains the way to do yoga posture Balasana.