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AbstractThis article presents a history of free speech in wartime in the United States from the end of World War I to the end of World War II.

Abstract:This article presents a history of free speech in wartime in the United States from the end of World War I to the end of World War II.

We present spectroscopic and photometric observations of 17 dwarf-nova superoutbursts obtained by KOOLS-IFU mounted on the 3.8 m telescope Seimei at the Okayama Observatory of Kyoto University and through the Variable Star Network collaboration (VSNET). Our spectroscopic observations for six outbursts were performed within 1 d of their optical peak. 11 objects (TCP J00590972+3438357, ASASSN-19ado, TCP J06073081−0101501, ZTF20aavnpug, ASASSN-19ady, MASTER OT J061642.05+435617.9, TCP J20034647+1335125, ASASSN-20kv, ASASSN-20kw, MASTER OT J213908.79+161240.2, and ASASSN-20mf) were previously unknown systems, and our observations enabled quick classification of their transient type. These results illustrate that the Seimei telescope has the capability to conduct quick follow-up observations of unknown transients. Our photometric observations yielded that 11 of the objects are WZ Sge-type dwarf novae and their candidates, and the other six are SU UMa-type dwarf novae and their candidates. The He ii4686 Å emission line was clearly detected among ASASSN-19ado, TCP J06073081−0101501 and MASTER OT J213908.79+161240.2, the association of which with a spiral arm structure in an accretion disk has been suggested in previous studies. Our result suggests that a higher-inclination system shows a stronger emission line of He ii4686 Å, as well as larger-amplitude early superhumps.

Distal humerus fractures are challenging injuries for the upper extremity surgeon. However, recent techniques in open reduction internal fixation have been powerful tools in getting positive outcomes. To get such results, the surgeon must be aware of how to properly use these techniques in their respective practices. The method of fixation depends on the fracture, taking the degree of comminution and the restoration of the columns and articular surface into account. This article helps surgeons understand the concepts behind open reduction internal fixation of the distal humerus and makes them aware of pitfalls that may lead to negative results.

LMP1, a constitutively active analog of CD40, is shown to function as molecular activator of human dendritic cells and macrophages that can be used as a vaccine adjuvant. HIV‐1 does not significantly activate cellular immunity, which has made it difficult to use attenuated forms of HIV‐1 as a vaccine. In contrast, EBV induces robust T cell responses in most infected individuals, perhaps as this virus contains LMP1, a viral mimic of CD40, which is a key activating molecule for DCs and macrophages. Consequently, studies were conducted using LMP1 and LMP1‐CD40, a related construct formed by replacing the intracellular signaling domain of LMP1 with that of CD40. Upon electroporation into DCs, LMP1 and LMP1‐CD40 mRNAs were sufficient to up‐regulate costimulatory molecules and proinflammatory cytokines, indicating that these molecules can function in isolation as adjuvant‐like molecules. As a first step toward an improved HIV vaccine, LMP1 and LMP1‐CD40 were introduced into a HIV‐1 construct to produce virions encoding these proteins. Transduction of DCs and macrophages with these viruses induced morphological changes and up‐regulated costimulatory molecules and cytokine production by these cells. HIV‐LMP1 enhanced the antigen‐presenting function of DCs, as measured in an in vitro immunization assay. Taken together, these data show that LMP1 and LMP1‐CD40 are portable gene cassettes with strong adjuvant properties that can be introduced into viruses such as HIV, which by themselves, are insufficient to induce protective cellular immunity.

An essay is presented on the application of the intent and views of the framers and ratifiers in constitutional interpretation in the U.S. It examines the methodologies used by the framers and Chief Justice John Marshall in interpreting the open-textured provisions of the U.S. Constitution. It also notes that using the Framers' Constitution requires recognition of the central role of courts in exercising judgments and in assessing the text and history of the constitution.

The article explores the liberty policy in the U.S. during the administration of former U.S. president George W. Bush. The author relates that the Bush administration has seen significant restrictions of individual liberty policies such as the aggressive surveillance of international communications, torture, and the consistent effort to hide some of its most important policy decisions from the American public. The author stresses that these policies had undermined the fundamental value of the Americans toward individual liberty. Furthermore, the author notes that the government's policies, programs, and judgments should be in the assessment of the citizens and not by them.

Geoffrey R Stone finds that the public's right to know has been the greatest casualty of the Bush era [image omitted]

Geoffrey R Stone finds that the public’s right to know has been the greatest casualty of the Bush era

Agents that activate dendritic cells are essential components for vaccines and can be conceptualized as molecular adjuvants. Other molecular adjuvants affect downstream factors that shape the resulting immune response. This review provides a compendium of recently studied molecular adjuvants, focusing on CD8+ T cell responses, which have important roles in HIV vaccines. Reference is also made to CD8+ T cell antitumor responses, where parallel studies of molecular adjuvants are being pursued. Molecular adjuvants can be considered in the following groups: TNF superfamily molecules such as CD40 ligand; agonists for TLRs; agonists for NAIP, CIITA, HET‐E, TP‐1‐leucine‐rich repeat pathway receptors, such as nucleotide‐binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)1, NOD2, and cryopyrin; chemokines; ILs; CSFs; IFNs; alarmins; and purinergic P2X7receptor agonists. Complementing these positively acting agents are strategies to reduce the immunosuppressive effects of CD4+CD25+regulatory T cells and negatively acting factors such as TGF‐β, IL‐10, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1, and programmed cell death‐1 using neutralizing antibodies, antisense, and small interfering RNA. Especially effective are combinations of molecular adjuvants, which can elicit a massive expansion of antigen‐specific CD8+T cells and show unprecedented efficacy in vaccine and tumor models. Taken together, these new approaches provide significant incremental progress in the development of vaccines to elicit cell‐mediated immunity against HIV and other pathogens.

ABSTRACTCD40 ligand (CD40L) and GITR ligand (glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-related protein ligand [GITRL]) are tumor necrosis factor superfamily molecules that can be used as vaccine adjuvants. In a previous human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) DNA vaccine study in mice, we found that plasmids expressing multimeric soluble forms of trimeric CD40L (i.e., many trimers) were stronger activators of CD8+T-cell responses than were single-trimer soluble forms or the natural membrane-bound molecule. This report describes similar multimeric soluble molecules that were constructed for studies in macaques. Both two-trimer and four-trimer forms of macaque CD40L were active in B-cell proliferation assays using macaque and human cells. With human cells, four-trimer macaque GITRL costimulated CD4+T-cell proliferation and abrogated the immunosuppressive effects of CD4+CD25+regulatory T cells on a mixed leukocyte reaction. These molecular adjuvants provide new tools for vaccine development in the simian immunodeficiency virus system and other macaque models.

ABSTRACTTwo potent antibacterial agents designed to undergo enzyme-catalyzed therapeutic activation were evaluated for their mechanisms of action. The compounds, NB2001 and NB2030, contain a cephalosporin with a thienyl (NB2001) or a tetrazole (NB2030) ring at the C-7 position and are linked to the antibacterial triclosan at the C-3 position. The compounds exploit β-lactamases to release triclosan through hydrolysis of the β-lactam ring. Like cephalothin, NB2001 and NB2030 were hydrolyzed by class A β-lactamases (Escherichia coliTEM-1 and, to a lesser degree, Staphylococcus aureusPC1) and class C β-lactamases (Enterobacter cloacaeP99 and E. coliAmpC) with comparable catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km). They also bound to the penicillin-binding proteins of S. aureusand E. coli, but with reduced affinities relative to that of cephalothin. Accordingly, they produced a cell morphology in E. coliconsistent with the toxophore rather than the β-lactam being responsible for antibacterial activity. In biochemical assays, they inhibited the triclosan target enoyl reductase (FabI), with 50% inhibitory concentrations being markedly reduced relative to that of free triclosan. The transport of NB2001, NB2030, and triclosan was rapid, with significant accumulation of triclosan in both S. aureusand E. coli. Taken together, the results suggest that NB2001 and NB2030 act primarily as triclosan prodrugs in S. aureusand E. coli.

We report on photometric and spectroscopic observations and analysis of the 2019 superoutburst of TCP J21040470+4631129. This object showed a 9 mag superoutburst with early superhumps and ordinary superhumps, which are the features of WZ Sge-type dwarf novae. Five rebrightenings were observed after the main superoutburst. The spectra during the post-superoutburst stage showed Balmer, He i, and possible sodium doublet features. The mass ratio is derived as 0.0880(9) from the period of the superhump. During the third and fifth rebrightenings, growing superhumps and superoutbursts were observed, which have never been detected during a rebrightening phase among WZ Sge-type dwarf novae with multiple rebrightenings. To induce a superoutburst during the brightening phase, the accretion disk needs to have expanded beyond the 3 : 1 resonance radius of the system again after the main superoutburst. These peculiar phenomena can be explained by the enhanced viscosity and large radius of the accretion disk suggested by the higher luminosity and the presence of late-stage superhumps during the post-superoutburst stage, plus by more mass supply from the cool mass reservoir and/or from the secondary because of the enhanced mass transfer than those of other WZ Sge-type dwarf novae.

Restoring Free Speech and Liberty on Campus.By Donald Alexander Downs. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 318p. $28.99 cloth, $19.99 paper.Rarely have I read a book with whose core thesis I so fully agree but which nonetheless so sets my teeth gnashing. I begin with the agreement, which is more important, and return later to the gnashing.

We report a long-term (1961-2017) study of the eclipse times in the dwarf nova WZ Sagittae, in an effort to learn its rate of orbital-period change. Some wiggles with a timescale of 20-50 years are apparent, and a connection with the ?23 year interval between dwarf-nova eruptions is possible. These back-and-forth wiggles dominate the O-C diagram, and prevent a secure measurement of the steady rate of orbital-period change.