129 results on '"Stokes, M."'
Search Results
2. Musculoskeletal injury in military specialists: a 2-year retrospective study
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Hayhurst, Debra, Warner, M, Stokes, M, and Fallowfield, J
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BackgroundMilitary specialists are elite personnel who are trained to work across diverse operational environments where a high level of physical conditioning is a prerequisite for their role. Anecdotally, personnel are acknowledged to be at high risk of developing musculoskeletal injuries (MSKIs). However, there are presently no published data on this UK military population to support this view. This is the first (2-year) retrospective epidemiological study to identify the MSKI sustained by this military population.MethodsAll MSKI reported over a 2-year period (January 2018–December 2019) were recorded to identify the incidence, frequency, nature, onset, cause, location and reporting times. Injuries were described using injury count and relative frequency (percentage). Time at risk for each personnel day was calculated as 365 days.ResultsA total of 199 personnel reported 229 injuries over the reporting periods. The injury incidence rates were 26.8 personnel per 100 person years (2018) and 27.7 personnel per 100 person years (2019), respectively. Military training accounted for the highest number of injuries (32%), followed by ‘other injuries’ (28%), personal training (28%) and sport (12%). The leading activity associated with injury was weight training (15%), followed by running (11%) and military exercise (10%). Lower extremity injuries accounted for the highest number of injuries (40%), followed by trunk (36%) and upper extremity (24%) injuries.ConclusionThis study identifies the MSKI profile of a military specialist population over a 2-year period. Areas where modifiable risk factors may be identified to reduce risk of injury are highlighted. Recommendations for further research include investigating injury burden and the impact of injury on operational readiness.
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- 2024
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3. Proliferative Glomerulonephritis With Hidden Monotypic IgG3κ Deposits: A Case Report
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Kudose, Satoru, Batal, Ibrahim, Lucia, John, Patel, Purvi, Soni, Rajesh K., Markowitz, Glen S., D’Agati, Vivette D., and Stokes, M. Barry
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Rare cases of immunoglobulin G (IgG)-dominant immune complex–mediated glomerulonephritis demonstrate immunoglobulin subclass restriction without light chain restriction. Some of these cases may represent proliferative glomerulonephritis with monotypic immunoglobulin deposits (PGNMID) in which monotypic immunoglobulin is obscured by coexisting polytypic immunoglobulin. However, rigorous demonstration of this possibility is lacking to date. Here, we describe a case of IgG3-restricted immune complex–mediated glomerulonephritis without light chain restriction that apparently “transformed” into IgG3κ-PGNMID in a subsequent biopsy. We demonstrate, using several ancillary techniques, including use of the newly described antibodies directed against the conformational epitope at the junctions of heavy and light chains (HLC-IF), that the first biopsy likely represents IgG3κ-PGNMID in which monotypic IgG3κ was hidden by polytypic IgM. This case underscores the need to consider PGNMID in a differential diagnosis of IgG-dominant immune complex–mediated glomerulonephritis without light chain restriction and highlights the potential utility of IgG subclass staining and HLC-IF in such cases to detect monotypic immunoglobulin that may be obscured by coexisting IgM and/or IgA deposits.
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- 2023
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4. CureGN-Diabetes Study: Rationale, Design, and Methods of a Prospective Observational Study of Glomerular Disease Patients with Diabetes
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Mottl, Amy K., Bomback, Andrew S., Mariani, Laura H., Coppock, Gaia, Jennette, J. Charles, Almaani, Salem, Gipson, Debbie S., Kelley, Sara, Kidd, Jason, Laurin, Louis-Philippe, Mucha, Krzysztof, Oliverio, Andrea, Palmer, Matthew, Rizk, Dana, Sanghani, Neil, Stokes, M. Barry, Susztak, Katalin, Wadhwani, Shikha, and Nast, Cynthia C.
- Abstract
Glomerular diseases (GDs) represent the third leading cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in the US Diabetes was excluded from the CureGN Study, an NIH/NIDDK-sponsored observational cohort study of four leading primary GDs: IgA nephropathy (IgAN), membranous nephropathy (MN), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), and minimal change disease (MCD). CureGN-Diabetes, an ancillary study to CureGN, seeks to understand how diabetes influences the diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of GD. It is a multicenter, prospective cohort study, targeting an enrollment of 300 adults with prevalent type 1 or type 2 diabetes and MCD, FSGS, MN, or IgAN, with first kidney biopsy obtained within 5 years of enrollment in 80% (20% allowed if biopsy after 2010). CureGN and Transformative Research in DiabEtic NephropaThy (TRIDENT) provide comparator cohorts. Retrospective and prospective clinical data and patient-reported outcomes are obtained. Blood and urine specimens are collected at study visits annually. Kidney biopsy reports and digital images are obtained, and standardized pathologic evaluations performed. Light microscopy images are uploaded to the NIH pathology repository. Outcomes include relapse and remission rates, changes in proteinuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate, infections, cardiovascular events, malignancy, ESKD, and death. Multiple analytical approaches will be used leveraging the baseline and longitudinal data to compare disease presentation and progression across subgroups of interest. With 300 patients and an average of 3 years of follow-up, the study has 80% power to detect a HR of 1.4–1.8 for time to complete remission of proteinuria, a rate ratio for hospitalizations of 1.18–1.56 and difference in eGFR slope of 6.0–8.6 mL/min/year between two groups of 300 participants each. CureGN-Diabetes will enhance our understanding of diabetes as a modifying factor of the pathology and outcomes of GDs and support studies to identify disease mechanisms and improve patient outcomes in this understudied patient population.
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- 2022
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5. Kidney allograft biopsy findings after COVID‐19
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Daniel, Emily, Sekulic, Miroslav, Kudose, Satoru, Kubin, Christine, Ye, Xiaoyi, Shayan, Katayoon, Patel, Ankita, Cohen, David J., Ratner, Lloyd, Santoriello, Dominick, Barry Stokes, M., Markowitz, Glen S., Pereira, Marcus R., D’Agati, Vivette D., and Batal, Ibrahim
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COVID‐19 has been associated with acute kidney injury and published reports of native kidney biopsies have reported diverse pathologies. Case series directed specifically to kidney allograft biopsy findings in the setting of COVID‐19 are lacking. We evaluated 18 kidney transplant recipients who were infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 and underwent allograft biopsy. Patients had a median age of 55 years, six were female, and five were Black. Fifteen patients developed COVID‐19 pneumonia, of which five required mechanical ventilation. Notably, five of 11 (45%) biopsies obtained within 1 month of positive SARS‐CoV‐2 PCR showed acute rejection (four with arteritis, three of which were not associated with reduced immunosuppression). The remaining six biopsies revealed podocytopathy (n= 2, collapsing glomerulopathy and lupus podocytopathy), acute tubular injury (n= 2), infarction (n= 1), and transplant glomerulopathy (n= 1). Biopsies performed >1 month after positive SARS‐CoV‐2 PCR revealed collapsing glomerulopathy (n= 1), acute tubular injury (n= 1), and nonspecific histologic findings (n= 5). No direct viral infection of the kidney allograft was detected by immunohistochemistry, in situhybridization, or electron microscopy. On follow‐up, two patients died and most patients showed persistent allograft dysfunction. In conclusion, we demonstrate diverse causes of kidney allograft dysfunction after COVID‐19, the most common being acute rejection with arteritis. Allograft biopsies from kidney transplant recipients with COVID‐19 with acute kidney injury or proteinuria shows a high incidence of acute rejection with arteritis that is not always associated with decreased immunosuppression.
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- 2021
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6. Kidney allograft biopsy findings after COVID-19
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Daniel, Emily, Sekulic, Miroslav, Kudose, Satoru, Kubin, Christine, Ye, Xiaoyi, Shayan, Katayoon, Patel, Ankita, Cohen, David J., E. Ratner, Lloyd, Santoriello, Dominick, Barry Stokes, M., Markowitz, Glen S., Pereira, Marcus R., D’Agati, Vivette D., and Batal, Ibrahim
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COVID-19 has been associated with acute kidney injury and published reports of native kidney biopsies have reported diverse pathologies. Case series directed specifically to kidney allograft biopsy findings in the setting of COVID-19 are lacking. We evaluated 18 kidney transplant recipients who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 and underwent allograft biopsy. Patients had a median age of 55 years, six were female, and five were Black. Fifteen patients developed COVID-19 pneumonia, of which five required mechanical ventilation. Notably, five of 11 (45%) biopsies obtained within 1 month of positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR showed acute rejection (four with arteritis, three of which were not associated with reduced immunosuppression). The remaining six biopsies revealed podocytopathy (n= 2, collapsing glomerulopathy and lupus podocytopathy), acute tubular injury (n= 2), infarction (n= 1), and transplant glomerulopathy (n= 1). Biopsies performed >1 month after positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR revealed collapsing glomerulopathy (n= 1), acute tubular injury (n= 1), and nonspecific histologic findings (n= 5). No direct viral infection of the kidney allograft was detected by immunohistochemistry, in situhybridization, or electron microscopy. On follow-up, two patients died and most patients showed persistent allograft dysfunction. In conclusion, we demonstrate diverse causes of kidney allograft dysfunction after COVID-19, the most common being acute rejection with arteritis.
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- 2021
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7. Longitudinal Outcomes of COVID-19–Associated Collapsing Glomerulopathy and Other Podocytopathies
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Kudose, Satoru, Santoriello, Dominick, Bomback, Andrew S., Sekulic, Miroslav, Batal, Ibrahim, Stokes, M. Barry, Ghavami, Iman A., Kim, Jung S., Marasa, Maddalena, Xu, Katherine, Peleg, Yonatan, Barasch, Jonathan, Canetta, Pietro, Rasouly, Hila Milo, Gharavi, Ali G., Markowitz, Glen S., and D’Agati, Vivette D.
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- 2021
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8. Full-house glomerular deposits: beware the sheep in wolf’s clothing
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Stokes, M. Barry and D’Agati, Vivette D.
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The 2012 Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics criteria propose the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) by biopsy-confirmed lupus nephritis plus circulating antinuclear antibody or anti–double-stranded DNA antibody. Application of this stand-alone renal criterion to a cohort of patients with “full-house” glomerular deposits resulted in mistaken classification of SLE in some cases with antinuclear antibody. More precise biopsy criteria using a constellation of characteristic features are needed to optimize the kidney biopsy standard for lupus nephritis.
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- 2024
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9. A Comparison of Laboratory and Field Measurements of Whitecap Foam Evolution From Breaking Waves
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Callaghan, A. H., Deane, G. B., and Stokes, M. Dale
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Sufficiently energetic breaking ocean waves produce distinctive visible foam signatures on the water surface called whitecaps. The mixture of surface whitecap foam cells, and sub‐surface bubbles, results in the broad‐band scattering of light that allow whitecaps to be measured with optical cameras. In this paper the temporal evolution of whitecap foam area from laboratory and oceanic breaking waves is compared. When appropriately scaled, the foam area time series for both laboratory and oceanic breaking waves follow similar trends, despite occurring in vastly different settings. Distinct similarities of the signature of foam stabilization due to the presence of surfactants in the controlled laboratory experiments are also found in the field suggesting foam stabilization may be a means to remotely sense the presence/absence or concentration of surfactants in the ocean. In addition, probability density distributions of key whitecap variables such as foam area growth and decay timescales and maximum foam area are compared between laboratory and oceanic whitecaps. The oceanic whitecaps are much larger in scale than the laboratory breaking waves, whereas the whitecap growth and decay timescales are similar in magnitude, the latter suggesting that the depths to which bubbles are injected during active air entrainment in the field are relatively shallow. The aggregated whitecap statistics are used to estimate the energy dissipation of individual whitecaps in a novel manner. The breaking of ocean waves is a key process controlling the evolution of oceanic sea states and the exchange of energy, momentum and material across the ocean‐atmosphere interface. Despite their importance, little is known about the energetics of individual breaking waves in the ocean because of the difficulty in precisely measuring the complicated fluid motions they produce. However, when they are sufficiently energetic, they entrain air and appear as white foam patches on the water surface, and are called whitecaps. This means that their occurrence and scale can be measured using relatively affordable optical cameras. In this paper we show that the patterns of foam evolution in laboratory breaking waves and oceanic whitecaps are remarkably similar giving us confidence that what we learn from laboratory experiments can be confidently applied to real oceanic whitecaps. Building on this, we show what parts of the whitecap foam area evolution can be used to learn more about ocean chemistry and breaking wave energetics. We hope that further development of the principles outlined in this paper can transform how oceanic whitecaps are observed in the ocean and ultimately lead to a better understanding of ocean waves and their evolution. Foam area evolution from laboratory breaking waves and oceanic whitecaps is comparedSelf‐similar behavior in foam area evolution is evident in laboratory and field data setsEnergy dissipated by individual breaking waves can be estimated from foam area time history Foam area evolution from laboratory breaking waves and oceanic whitecaps is compared Self‐similar behavior in foam area evolution is evident in laboratory and field data sets Energy dissipated by individual breaking waves can be estimated from foam area time history
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- 2024
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10. The Case | Acute kidney injury in 78-year-old man with low-grade B-cell lymphoma
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Elabd, Hatem, Nayak, Rushi, Rashid, Tarek, and Stokes, M. Barry
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- 2024
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11. The clinicopathologic spectrum of segmental membranous glomerulopathy
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Kudose, Satoru, Santoriello, Dominick, Debiec, Hanna, Canetta, Pietro A., Bomback, Andrew S., Stokes, M. Barry, Batal, Ibrahim, Ronco, Pierre, D’Agati, Vivette D., and Markowitz, Glen S.
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Membranous glomerulopathy (MGN) is characterized by global subepithelial immune deposits that stain most intensely by immunofluorescence for IgG. Here we describe the clinical and pathologic findings in a cohort of patients with MGN in which, by definition, only segmental immune deposits are present. This rare variant, termed segmental MGN (sMGN), is poorly characterized. We retrospectively identified all patients with sMGN diagnosed at Columbia University from January 2010 to October 2018, excluding those with systemic lupus erythematosus. Data on presenting features, pathologic findings, and outcomes were collected. Fifty cases of sMGN were identified, representing 2.5% of MGN. In 21 of 50 biopsies, there was an alternative, predominant disease process. The remaining 29 patients with isolated sMGN had a median creatinine of 0.97 mg/dl, median 24-hour urine protein 3.1 g/day, and 32% had nephrotic syndrome. Staining for NELL-1 (a protein kinase C binding protein) was positive in five of 17 cases. Staining for PLA2R, THSD7A, and exostosin 1 (autoantigens in primary MGN) was negative in all biopsies evaluated. Ultrastructural evaluation revealed predominantly early stage sMGN (stage 1 or 1-2 in 14/29). Follow-up was available for 21 of the 29 patients with isolated sMGN (median 12 months), including seven who received immunosuppression (primarily glucocorticoids). During follow-up, 86% had stable/improved kidney function and 45% achieved complete while 15% achieved partial remission. Among the 15 patients with isolated sMGN without full nephrotic syndrome, only two received immunosuppression; nonetheless, 50% achieved complete while 21% achieved partial remission. Thus, sMGN is a rare PLA2R-negative variant of MGN with 29% NELL-1 positivity and favorable prognosis, even in the absence of immunosuppressive treatment.
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- 2021
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12. Small-angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) Characterization of Clay- and Carbonate-rich Shale at Elevated Pressures
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Neil, Chelsea W., Hjelm, Rex P., Hawley, Marilyn E., Watkins, Erik B., Cockreham, Cody, Wu, Di, Mao, Yimin, Fischer, Timothy B., Stokes, M. Rebecca, and Xu, Hongwu
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Unconventional oil and gas from shale formations have emerged as some of the fastest growing energy resources in the United States, providing both cleaner energy to consumers and reducing the nation’s reliance on energy imports. To properly harness these important natural resources, the nanopore structure of associated shales must be fully understood, particularly under hydraulic fracturing conditions, where they are exposed to both overburden compressive and hydrostatic fluid pressures. The current study uses small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) to characterize pore structure, including porosity, pore accessibility, and pore size distribution, in the 1–100 nm regime at elevated pressures for mineralogically distinct clay- and carbonate-rich shales from the Permian Basin. Unlike typical porosity measurement techniques, SANS is uniquely capable of characterizing both open and closed porosity, allowing measurement of how pore accessibility changes with pressure and determination of the size range of accessible versus inaccessible pores. The porosity of the clay-rich shale was 7.7%, compared to 0.51% for the carbonate-rich shale. However, only 2.6% of the nanopores in the carbonate-rich shale were inaccessible to water at 8 kPSI (55.1 MPa) compared to 7.8% for the clay-rich shale. Further analyses indicated that the closed pores fall within distinct size ranges, likely corresponding with the chemical nature of the pore host material. These results provide valuable insight into the effects of shale petrophysical properties on hydrocarbon extraction from unconventional reservoirs.
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- 2020
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13. Small-angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) Characterization of Clay- and Carbonate-rich Shale at Elevated Pressures.
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Neil, Chelsea W., Hjelm, Rex P., Hawley, Marilyn E., Watkins, Erik B., Cockreham, Cody, Di Wu, Yimin Mao, Fischer, Timothy B., Stokes, M. Rebecca, and Hongwu Xu
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- 2020
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14. The spectrum of kidney biopsy findings in HIV-infected patients in the modern era
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Kudose, Satoru, Santoriello, Dominick, Bomback, Andrew S., Stokes, M. Barry, Batal, Ibrahim, Markowitz, Glen S., Wyatt, Christina M., and D’Agati, Vivette D.
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HIV-associated kidney disease is evolving rapidly. Few North American studies have addressed modern trends and none has applied the 2018 Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) pathologic classification. Therefore we performed a retrospective clinical-pathologic analysis of all HIV-positive patients with kidney biopsy interpreted at Columbia University from 2010-2018 using the KDIGO classification. The biopsy cohort of 437 HIV-positive patients had median age 53 years, including 66% males, 80% on anti-retroviral therapy, 57% with hypertension, 31% with diabetes, 27% with hepatitis C and 6% with hepatitis B co-infections. Race, known in 308 patients, included 58% black, 25% white and 17% Hispanic. Pathologic diagnoses were surprisingly diverse. Immune complex glomerulonephritis (ICGN) and diabetic nephropathy each outnumbered HIV-associated nephropathy, followed by tenofovir nephrotoxicity, FSGS- not otherwise specified (NOS) and global sclerosis (NOS). HIV-associated nephropathy was the most common disease in patients not on anti-retroviral therapy, and 94% were black. The association of FSGS (NOS) with black race (68%) and anti-retroviral therapy use (77%) suggests some cases may represent attenuated HIV-associated nephropathy. The most common ICGNs were IgA nephropathy and membranous glomerulopathy, both associating with anti-retroviral therapy (over 90%), followed by hepatitis C-associated proliferative ICGN. Among the 16 cases of uncharacterized ICGN lacking identifiable etiology, 69% were not on anti-retroviral therapy, possibly representing true HIV-associated immune complex kidney disease. Dual diseases occurred in 17% of patients, underscoring lesion complexity. Thus, anti-retroviral therapy has shifted the landscape of HIV-associated kidney disease toward diverse ICGN, diabetic nephropathy, and non-collapsing glomerulosclerosis, but has not eradicated HIV-associated nephropathy.
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- 2020
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15. P2.31-06 Real-World Treatment Patterns and Outcomes in Patients With Advanced NSCLC Treated After Prior Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy
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Haggstrom, D., Mhatre, S.K., Chen, F., Gao, R., Carroll, C., Patel, R., Park, J., Descoteaux, A., Stokes, M., and Daniel, D.
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- 2023
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16. The spectrum of kidney biopsy findings in patients with morbid obesity
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Choung, Hae-Yoon Grace, Bomback, Andrew S., Stokes, M. Barry, Santoriello, Dominick, Campenot, Eric S., Batal, Ibrahim, Markowitz, Glen S., and D’Agati, Vivette D.
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Morbid obesity, defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥40 kg/m2, affects approximately 8% of United States adults and is a recognized risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). We present the first focused biopsy-based study exploring the range of kidney diseases in this population. Among 3263 native kidney biopsies interpreted at Columbia University in 2017, we identified 248 biopsies from morbidly obese patients. In this cohort with median age of 53.5 years, 56% were female and median BMI was 44.0 kg/m2. Diabetes and hypertension were present in 47% and 81% of patients, respectively. Median estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 30 ml/min/1.73 m2, and most patients had nephrotic range proteinuria. Obesity related glomerulopathy (ORG), defined as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with glomerulomegaly or glomerulomegaly alone, was detected in 73 patients, including 29 with ORG alone and 44 with ORG plus another kidney disease. In contrast, 167 patients had other kidney diseases alone, without ORG, most commonly (in descending order) diabetic nephropathy, acute tubular necrosis, hypertensive nephrosclerosis, IgA nephropathy, membranous nephropathy, and lupus nephritis. In 49% of patients, kidney biopsy yielded a diagnosis predicted to change patient management. The strongest predictor of non-ORG lesions was eGFR <30 ml/min per 1.73 m2, and presentation with nephrotic syndrome or acute kidney injury (with or without background CKD) was more common in non-ORG than ORG. The findings reveal an unexpectedly broad spectrum of kidney pathology beyond metabolic syndrome-associated disorders and highlight the importance of kidney biopsy to guide management and prognosis in the morbidly obese population.
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- 2019
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17. Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry
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Sawhney, Jitendra PS., Kothiwale, Veerappa A., Bisne, Vikas, Durgaprasad, Rajashekhar, Jadhav, Praveen, Chopda, Manoj, Vanajakshamma, Velam, Meena, Ramdhan, Vijayaraghavan, Govindan, Chawla, Kamaldeep, Allu, Jagan, Pieper, Karen S., John Camm, A., Kakkar, Ajay K., Kakkar, Ajay K., Bassand, Jean-Pierre, John Camm, A., Fitzmaurice, David A., Goldhaber, Samuel Z., Goto, Shinya, Haas, Sylvia, Hacke, Werner, Mantovani, Lorenzo G., Misselwitz, Frank, Pieper, Karen S., Turpie, Alexander G.G., van Eickels, Martin, Verheugt, Freek W.A., John Camm, A., Bassand, Jean-Pierre, Goldhaber, Samuel Z., Haas, Sylvia, Kayani, Gloria, Mantovani, Lorenzo G., Fox, Keith A.A., Gersh, Bernard J., Luciardi, Hector Lucas, Gibbs, Harry, Brodmann, Marianne, Cools, Frank, Barretto, Antonio Carlos Pereira, Connolly, Stuart J., Spyropoulos, Alex, Eikelboom, John, Corbalan, Ramon, Hu, Dayi, Jansky, Petr, Nielsen, Jørn Dalsgaard, Ragy, Hany, Raatikainen, Pekka, Le Heuzey, Jean-Yves, Darius, Harald, Keltai, Matyas, Kakkar, Sanjay, Sawhney, Jitendra Pal Singh, Agnelli, Giancarlo, Ambrosio, Giuseppe, Koretsune, Yukihiro, Sánchez Díaz, Carlos Jerjes, Ten Cate, Hugo, Atar, Dan, Stepinska, Janina, Panchenko, Elizaveta, Lim, Toon Wei, Jacobson, Barry, Oh, Seil, Viñolas, Xavier, Rosenqvist, Marten, Steffel, Jan, Angchaisuksiri, Pantep, Oto, Ali, Parkhomenko, Alex, Al Mahmeed, Wael, Fitzmaurice, David, Goldhaber, Samuel Z., Hu, D.Y., Chen, K.N., Zhao, Y.S., Zhang, H.Q., Chen, J.Z., Cao, S.P., Wang, D.W., Yang, Y.J., Li, W.H., Yin, Y.H., Tao, G.Z., Yang, P., Chen, Y.M., He, S.H., Wang, Ying, Wang, Yong, Fu, G.S., Li, X., Wu, T.G., Cheng, X.S., Yan, X.W., Zhao, R.P., Chen, M.S., Xiong, L.G., Chen, P., Jiao, Y., Guo, Y., Xue, L., Wang, F.Z., Li, H., Yang, Z.M., Bai, C.L., Chen, J., Chen, J.Y., Chen, X., Feng, S., Fu, Q.H., Gao, X.J., Guo, W.N., He, R.H., He, X.A., Hu, X.S., Huang, X.F., Li, B., Li, J., Li, L., Li, Y.H., Liu, T.T., Liu, W.L., Liu, Y.Y., Lu, Z.C., Luo, X.L., Ma, T.Y., Peng, J.Q., Sheng, X., Shi, X.J., Sun, Y.H., Tian, G., Wang, K., Wang, L., Wu, R.N., Xie, Q., Xu, R.Y., Yang, J.S., Yang, L.L., Yang, Q., Yang, Y.J., Ye, Y., Yu, H.Y., Yu, J.H., Yu, T., Zhai, H., Zhan, Q., Zhang, G.S., Zhang, Q., Zhang, R., Zhang, Y., Zheng, W.Y., Zhou, B., Zhou, Z.H., Zhu, X.Y., Kakkar, S., Sawhney, J.P.S., Jadhav, P., Durgaprasad, R., Ravi Shankar, A.G., Rajput, R.K., Bhargava, K., Sarma, R., Srinivas, A., Roy, D., Nagamalesh, U.M., Chopda, M., Kishore, R., Kulkarni, G., Chandwani, P., Pothiwala, R.A., Padinhare Purayil, M., Shah, S., Chawla, K., Kothiwale, V.A., Raghuraman, B., Vijayaraghavan, G., Vijan, V.M., Bantwal, G., Bisne, V., Khan, A., Gupta, J.B., Kumar, S., Jain, D., Abraham, S., Adak, D., Barai, A., Begum, H., Bhattacharjee, P., Dargude, M., Davies, D., Deshpande, B., Dhakrao, P., Dhyani, V., Duhan, S., Earath, M., Ganatra, A., Giradkar, S., Jain, V., Karthikeyan, R., Kasala, L., Kaur, S., Krishnappa, S., Lawande, A., Lokesh, B., Madarkar, N., Meena, R., More, P., Naik, D., Prashanth, K., Rao, M., Rao, N.M., Sadhu, N., Shah, D., Sharma, M., Shiva, P., Singhal, S., Suresh, S., Vanajakshamma, V., Panse, S.G., Koretsune, Y., Kanamori, S., Yamamoto, K., Kumagai, K., Katsuda, Y., Sadamatsu, K., Toyota, F., Mizuno, Y., Misumi, I., Noguchi, H., Ando, S., Suetsugu, T., Minamoto, M., Oda, Hiroshi, Shiraishi, K., Adachi, S., Chiba, K., Norita, H., Tsuruta, M., Koyanagi, T., Yamamoto, K., Ando, H., Higashi, T., Okada, K., Azakami, S., Komaki, S., Kumeda, K., Murayama, T., Matsumura, J., Oba, Y., Sonoda, R., Goto, K., Minoda, K., Haraguchi, Y., Suefuji, H., Miyagi, H., Kato, H., Nakamura, Tadashi, Nakamura, Tsugihiro, Nandate, H., Zaitsu, R., Fujiura, Yoshihisa, Yoshimura, A., Numata, H., Ogawa, J., Tatematsu, H., Kamogawa, Y., Murakami, K., Wakasa, Y., Yamasawa, M., Maekawa, H., Abe, S., Kihara, H., Tsunoda, S., Saito, Katsumi, Saito, Kazuyuki, Fudo, T., Obunai, K., Tachibana, H., Oba, I., Kuwahata, T., Higa, S., Gushiken, M., Eto, T., Yoshida, H., Ikeda, D., Fujiura, Yoshitake, Ishizawa, M., Nakatsuka, M., Murata, K., Ogurusu, C., Shimoyama, M., Akutsu, M., Takamura, I., Hoshino, F., Yokota, N., Iwao, T., Tsuchida, K., Takeuchi, M., Hatori, Y., Kitami, Y., Nakamura, Yoichi, Oyama, R., Ageta, M., Oda, Hiroyuki, Go, Y., Mishima, K., Unoki, T., Morii, S., Shiga, Yuhei, Sumi, H., Nagatomo, T., Sanno, K., Fujisawa, K., Atsuchi, Y., Nagoshi, T., Seto, T., Tabuchi, T., Kameko, M., Nii, K., Oshiro, K., Takezawa, H., Nagano, S., Miyamoto, N., Iwaki, M., Nakamura, Yuichiro, Fujii, M., Okawa, M., Abe, Masahiko, Abe, Masatake, Abe, Mitsunori, Saito, T., Mito, T., Nagao, K., Minami, J., Mita, T., Sakuma, I., Taguchi, T., Marusaki, S., Doi, H., Tanaka, M., Fujito, T., Matsuta, M., Kusumoto, T., Kakinoki, S., Ashida, K., Yoshizawa, N., Agata, J., Arasaki, O., Manita, M., Ikemura, M., Fukuoka, S., Murakami, H., Matsukawa, S., Hata, Y., Taniguchi, T., Ko, T., Kubo, H., Imamaki, M., Akiyama, M., Inagaki, M., Odakura, H., Ueda, T., Katsube, Y., Nakata, A., 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Cairns, J., Sathananthan, S., de Kare-Silver, N., Gilliland, A., Strieder, E., Howitt, A., Vishwanathan, B., Bird, N., Gray, D., Evans, P., Clark, M., Bisatt, J., Litchfield, J., Fisher, E., Fooks, T., Kelsall, A.R., Alborough, E., Wakeling, J., Parfitt, M., Milne, K., Rogers, S., Priyadharshan, R., Oliver, J.L., Davies, E., Abushal, S., Jacobs, M., Hutton, C., Walls, N.I., Thompson, R., Chigbo, C., Zaidi, S.M.A., Howard, M., Butter, K.C., Barrow, S., Little, H., Haq, I.U., Gibbons, L., Glencross, S., McLeod, A.J., Poland, K., Mulholland, C., Warke, A., Conn, P., Burns, G., Smith, R.N., Lowe, S., Kamath, R., Dau, H.S., Webster, J., Hodgins, I., Vercoe, S., Roome, P.C., Pinnock, H., Patel, J.R.A., Ali, A., Hart, N., Davies, R., Stuart, E., Neden, C.A., Danielsen, M., Heath, R., Sharma, P., Galloway, S., Hawkins, C., Oliver, R., Aylward, M., Mannion, S., Braddick, M., Edwards, D., Rothwell, A.C., Sabir, A., Choudhary, F., Khalaque, S., Wilson, A., Peters, S., Coulson, W., Roberts, N., Heer, A., Coates, S., Ward, B., Jackson, D., Walton, S., Shepherd, D., Sterry, M., Wong, T., Boon, M., Bunney, R., Haria-Shah, R., Baron, R.T., Davies, S., Schatzberger, T., Hargreaves, N., Stephenson, T., Choi, H., Batson, R., Lucraft, L., Myhill, T., Estifano, S., Geatch, D., Wilkinson, J., Veale, R., Forshaw, K., Davies, T., Zaman, K., Vinson, P., Liley, C., Bandrapalli, M., McGinty, P., Wastling, R., McEleny, P., Beattie, A., Cooke, P., Wong, M., Gunasegaram, J., Pugsley, M., Ahmad, S., A'Court, C., Ayers, J., Bennett, J., Cartwright, S., Dobson, S., Dooldeniya, C., Flynn, A., Fox, R., Goram, J., Halpin, A., Hay, A., Jacobs, P., Jeffers, L., Lomax, L., Munro, I., Muvva, R., Nadaph, M., Powell, K., Randfield, S., Redpath, D., Reed, R., Rickenbach, M., Rogers, G., Saunders, P.B., Seamark, C., Shewring, J., Simmons, P., Simper, H., Stoddart, H., Sword, A., Thomas, N., Thomson, A., Gibbs, H., Blenkhorn, A., Singh, B., Van Gaal, W., Abhayaratna, W., Lehman, R., Roberts-Thomson, P., Kilian, J., Coulshed, D., Catanchin, A., Colquhoun, D., Kiat, H., Eccleston, D., French, J., Zimmett, L., Ayres, B., Phan, T., Blombery, P., Crimmins, D., O'Donnell, D., Choi, A., Astridge, P., Arstall, M., Jepson, N., Binnekamp, M., Lee, A., Rogers, J., Starmer, G., Carroll, P., Faunt, J., Aggarwala, A., Barry, L., Batta, C., Beveridge, R., Black, A., Bonner, M., Boys, J., Buckley, E., Campo, M., Carlton, L., Connelly, A., Conway, B., Cresp, D., Dimitri, H., Dixon, S., Dolman, M., Duroux, M., Eskandari, M., Eslick, R., Ferreira-Jardim, A., Fetahovic, T., Fitzpatrick, D., Geraghty, R., Gibbs, J., Grabek, T., Modi, M.H., Hayes, K., Hegde, M.P., Hesketh, L., Hoffmann, B., Jacobson, B., Johnson, K., Juergens, C., Kassam, I., Lawlor, V., Lehman, M., Lehman, S., Leung, D., Mackay, S., MacKenzie, M., McCarthy, C., McIntosh, C., McKeon, L., Morrison, H., Mussap, C., Myers, J.-D., Nagalingam, V., Oldfield, G., O'May, V., Palmer, J., Parsons, L., Patching, K., Patching, T., Paul, V., Plotz, M., Preston, S., Rashad, H., Ratcliffe, M., Raynes, S., Rose, J., Sanders, L., Seremetkoska, M., Setio, H., Shone, S., Shrestha, P., Singh, C., Singleton, C., Stoyanov, N., Sutcliffe, S., Swaraj, K., Tarrant, J., Thomas, N., Thompson, S., Tsay, I.M., Vorster, M., Waldman, A., Wallis, L., Wilford, E., Wong, K., Connolly, S.J., Spyropoulos, A., Eikelboom, J., Luton, R., Gupta, M., Pandey, A.S., Cheung, S., Leader, R., Beaudry, P., Ayala-Paredes, F., Berlingieri, J., Heath, J., Poirier, G., Du Preez, M., Nadeau, R., Dresser, G., Dhillon, R., Hruczkowski, T., Schweitzer, B., Coutu, B., Angaran, P., MacDonald, P., Vizel, S., Fikry, S., Parkash, R., Lavoie, A., Cha, J., Ramjattan, B., Bonet, J., Ahmad, K., Angaran, P., Aro, L., Aves, T., Beaudry, K., Bergeron, C., Bergeron, C., Bigcanoe, J., Bignell, N., Breakwell, L., Burke, E., Carroll, L., Clarke, B., Cleveland, T., Daheb, S., Dehghani, P., Denis, I., Djaidani, Z., Dorian, P., Douglass, S., Dunnigan, J., Ewert, A., Farquhar, D., Fearon, A., Ferleyko, L., Fournier, D., Fox, B., Grenier, M.-C., Gulliver, W., Haveman, K., Hines, C., Hines, K., Jackson, A.M., Jean, C., Jethoo, G., Kahlon, R., Kelly, S., Kim, R., Korley, V., Kornder, J., Kwan, L., Largy, J., Lewis, C., Lewis, S., Mangat, I., Moor, R., Navratil, J., Neas, I., Otis, J., Otis, R., Pandey, M., Petrie, F., Pinter, A., Raines, M., Roberts, P., Robinson, M., Sas, G., Schulman, S., Snell, L., Spearson, S., Stevenson, J., Trahey, T., Wong, S., Wright, D., Ragy, H., Abd El-Aziz, A., Abou Seif, S.K., El Din, M.G., El Etriby, S., Elbahry, A., El-Etreby, A., Elkhadem, M., Katta, A., Khairy, T., Mowafy, A., Nawar, M., Ohanissian, A., Reda, A., Reda, M., Salem, H., Sami, N., Samir, S., Setiha, M., Sobhy, M., Soliman, A., Taha, N., Tawfik, M., Zaatout, E., Jacobson, B., Kettles, D., Bayat, J., Siebert, H., Horak, A., Kelfkens, Y., Garda, R., Pillay, T., Guerra, M., van Zyl, L., Theron, H., Murray, A., Louw, R., Greyling, D., Mntla, P., Ueckermann, V., Loghdey, R., Ismail, S., Ahmed, F., Engelbrecht, J., Ramdass, A., Maharajh, S., Oosthuysen, W., Angel, G., Bester, C., Booysen, M., Boshoff, C., Cannon, C., Cassimjee, S., Chami, C., Conway, G., Davids, A., de Meyer, L., Du Plessis, G., Ellis, T., Henley, L., Karsten, M., Loyd, E., Marks, J., Mavhusa, L., Mostert, M., Page, A., Rikhotso, L., Salie, M., Sasto, J., Shaik, F., Skein, A., Smith, L., Tarr, G., Tau, T., van Zyl, F., Al Mahmeed, W., Yousef, G., Agrawal, A., Nathani, M., Ibrahim, M., Esheiba, E.M., Singh, R., Naguib, A., Abu-Mahfouz, M., Al Omairi, M., Al Naeemi, A., Maruthanayagam, R., Bazargani, N., Wassef, A., Gupta, R., Khan, M., Subbaraman, B., Abdul, A., Al Mulla, A., El Bardisy, S., Haridas, P., Jadhav, S., Magdaluyo, K., Makdad, M., Maqsood, I., Mohamed, R., Sharma, N., Sharma, R., Thanzeel, M., Goldhaber, S.Z., Canosa, R., Rama, P., Blumberg, E., Garcia, J., Mullen, P., Wilson, V., Quick, A., Ferrick, K., Kutayli, W.M., Cox, M., Franco, M., Falkowski, S., Mendelson, R., Williams, M., Miller, S., Beach, S., Sharma, N., Alfieri, A., Gutowski, T., Haque, I., Reddy, R., Ahmed, W., Delafontaine, P., Diercks, D., Theodoro, D., Remmel, K., Alberts, M., Ison, R., Noveck, H., Duffy, P., Pitta, S., Nishijima, D., Treasure, C., Asafu-Adjaye, N., Ball, K., Bartlett, M., Bentley, M., Bowers, S., Brown, A., Browne, A., Cameron-Watts, J., Canova, M., Cassidy, D., Cervellione, K., Congal, S., DePauw, J., Dickerson, A., Eley, M., Evans, L., Felpel, S., Ferdinand, K., Fielder, D., Gentry, P., Haideri, A., Hakimi, F., Harbour, T., Hartranft, E., Hawkins, B., Headlee, M., Henson, L., Herrick, C., Hicks, T., Jasinski, S., Johnson, K., Jones, A., Jones, L., Jones, P., Karl, S., Keeling, M., Kerr, J., Knowles, P., Langdon, J., Lay, M., Lee, J.A., Lincoln, T., Malone, E., Merliss, A., Merritt, D., Minardo, J., Mooso, B., Orosco, C., Palumbo, V., Parker, M., Parrott, T., Paserchia, S., Pearl, G., Peterson, J., Pickelsimer, N., Purcell, T., Raynor, J., Raziano, S., Richard, C., Richardson, T., Robertson, C., Sage, A., Sanghera, T., Shaw, P., Shoemaker, J., Smith, K., Stephanie, B., Thatcher, A., Theobald, H., Thompson, N., Treasure, L., Tripti, T., Verdi, C., and Worthy, V.
- Abstract
The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD–Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry.
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- 2018
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18. Temperature and Composition Dependence of Sea Spray Aerosol Production
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Forestieri, S. D., Moore, K. A., Martinez Borrero, R., Wang, A., Stokes, M. D., and Cappa, C. D.
- Abstract
A discrepancy between laboratory and field‐derived parameterizations for the dependence of sea spray aerosol (SSA) particle number concentrations (Np) and size distributions on water temperature (Tw) exists. Here we address this discrepancy by quantifying the Twdependence of SSA production over the range −2–25 °C for laboratory‐generated particles using a marine aerosol reference tank (MART), a miniature MART (miniMART), and a plunging jet. Four water types were considered: NaCl water, reef salt (RS) water, filtered and autoclaved reef salt (FARS), and filtered but not autoclaved seawater (NASW). For NaCl, RS, and FARS water the Npexhibited a moderate, monotonic increase with Twfor all generation methods (sensitivity of 2.1–4.1%/°C). This contrasts with some previous laboratory studies but is consistent with parameterizations derived from ambient observations. The reconciliation of laboratory results with these parameterizations supports their use in global models. The Twsensitivity also increased with particle size in the submicron size range. This indicates the fraction of primary SSA that can act as cloud condensation nuclei has a different sensitivity to Twthan the total particle number. The particle production for actual seawater (NASW) differed from the other water types, exhibiting complex, irreproducible behavior with no clear Twdependence due most likely to biologically or physically driven temporal evolution of seawater composition. This suggests that variability in seawater composition may have as large an impact as temperature on actual SSA production. These observations provide new constraints and context for understanding the dependence of SSA production on water temperature and composition. Using recently developed methods for sea spray particle generation, we established that sea spray aerosol production increases monotonically to only a moderate extent as temperature increases for salt solutions. However, for real seawater the temperature dependence is complicated by the chemical composition of the seawater likely having evolved over time. Our findings are important for representing particle production from wave breaking in the ocean in global models. Laboratory experiments of sea spray aerosol production temperature dependence reconciled with ambient determinationsThe temperature sensitivity of sea spray aerosol production increases with particle sizeSea spray aerosol number production from filtered seawater varies with time, likely due to evolution of the seawater composition
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- 2018
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19. Effects of Salinity Beyond Coalescence on Submicron Aerosol Distributions
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Dubitsky, L., Stokes, M. D., Deane, G. B., and Bird, J. C.
- Abstract
Bubbles entrained by ocean waves rise to the surface and burst, creating a shower of droplets which contribute to sea spray aerosols. Submicron‐sized droplets, of which an estimated 60%–80% come from a bursting bubble film cap, play a key role in global climate atmospheric processes. However, many aspects of predicting the number and size of submicron drops emitted from a bursting bubble remain unknown. It is well‐documented that higher salinity increases submicron droplet production, which has been attributed to the role of salt in the suppression of bubble coalescence. We experimentally show that submicron drop production increases with salinity despite using a salt that does not affect bubble coalescence, indicating that salinity plays a role in the physics of submicron aerosol formation beyond coalescence. Laboratory experiments are conducted using sodium acetate solutions of salinity S= 0.001–0.1 M with millimeter‐sized bubbles generated via a needle. Unlike previous studies, the measured droplet size distributions are converted to formation diameter, revealing that the peak aerosol formation diameter decreases with higher salinity. Applying this diameter conversion to past studies, we find the peak formation diameter exhibits a scaling of Dform∼ S−0.32across three orders of magnitude in salinity and for a variety of salts, bubble coalescence behaviors, and bubble generation mechanisms. This result suggests that salinity has a systematic effect on the length scale of the rupturing bubble film which generates the aerosols. Consequently, salinity likely impacts the submicron aerosol production in oceanic environments even if bubble coalescence is negligible. Bubbles at the ocean surface, such as ones generated from breaking waves, create droplets when they burst. These droplets can remain in the atmosphere as sea spray aerosols and play a critical role in many atmospheric and global climate processes, where both the number and size of the droplets are important to their ultimate effects. Bubbles bursting in water that has higher salinity create more droplets. This is thought to be because salinity suppresses bubbles from coalescing, resulting in more bubbles and more aerosols. This study tests this hypothesis by measuring the aerosols from bursting bubbles in water that contains sodium acetate, a salt that does not affect bubble coalescence. Unexpectedly, when salinity is increased there is still an increase in aerosols produced. We find that the size of the aerosols at formation decreases with increasing salinity, suggesting that salt may be impacting how the aerosols form from a single bubble. These results are of importance to our understanding of aerosol production and size in the oceans, which is central to the physics of air‐sea exchange and climate science. Salinity may change submicron aerosol production not just through bubble coalescence, but also changes to the bubble filmSea salt aerosol production in a laboratory increased with concentrations of sodium acetate, a salt with no effect on bubble coalescencePeak aerosol diameters at formation decrease with increasing salinity as S−0.32 Salinity may change submicron aerosol production not just through bubble coalescence, but also changes to the bubble film Sea salt aerosol production in a laboratory increased with concentrations of sodium acetate, a salt with no effect on bubble coalescence Peak aerosol diameters at formation decrease with increasing salinity as S−0.32
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- 2023
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20. Characterization of a Quadrotor Unmanned Aircraft System for Aerosol-Particle-Concentration Measurements.
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Brady, James M., Stokes, M. Dale, Bonnardel, Jim, and Bertram, Timothy H.
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- 2016
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21. Single-grain and multi-grain OSL dating of river terrace sediments in the Tabernas Basin, SE Spain.
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Geach, M.R., Thomsen, K.J., Buylaert, J.-P., Murray, A.S., Mather, A.E., Telfer, M.W., and Stokes, M.
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OPTICALLY stimulated luminescence dating ,TERRACES (Geology) ,AGGRADATION & degradation ,THERMOLUMINESCENCE dating ,GEOMORPHOLOGY - Abstract
River terraces represent important records of landscape response to e.g. base-level change and tectonic movement. Both these driving forces are important in the southern Iberian Peninsula. In this study, Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating was used to date two principal river terraces in the Tabernas Basin, SE Spain. A total of 23 samples was collected from the fluvial terraces for dating using quartz OSL. Sixteen of the samples could not be dated because of low saturation levels (e.g. typical 2 x D 0 < 50 Gy). The remaining seven samples (5 fossil and 2 modern analogues) were investigated using both multi-grain and single-grain analysis. Single grain results show that: (i) measurements from multi-grain aliquots overestimate ages by up to ∼ 4 ka for modern analogues and young samples (<5 ka), presumably because (ii) the presence of many saturated grains has biased the multi-grain results to older ages. Despite the unfavourable luminescence characteristics we are able to present the first numerical ages for two terrace aggradation stages in the Tabernas Basin, one at ∼16 ka and the other within the last 2 ka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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22. On the imprint of surfactant‐driven stabilization of laboratory breaking wave foam with comparison to oceanic whitecaps
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Callaghan, A. H., Deane, G. B., and Stokes, M. D.
- Abstract
Surfactants are ubiquitous in the global oceans: they help form the materially‐distinct sea surface microlayer (SML) across which global ocean‐atmosphere exchanges take place, and they reside on the surfaces of bubbles and whitecap foam cells prolonging their lifetime thus altering ocean albedo. Despite their importance, the occurrence, spatial distribution, and composition of surfactants within the upper ocean and the SML remains under‐characterized during conditions of vigorous wave breaking when in‐situ sampling methods are difficult to implement. Additionally, no quantitative framework exists to evaluate the importance of surfactant activity on ocean whitecap foam coverage estimates. Here we use individual laboratory breaking waves generated in filtered seawater and seawater with added soluble surfactant to identify the imprint of surfactant activity in whitecap foam evolution. The data show a distinct surfactant imprint in the decay phase of foam evolution. The area‐time‐integral of foam evolution is used to develop a time‐varying stabilization function, ϕ(t)and a stabilization factor, Θ, which can be used to identify and quantify the extent of this surfactant imprint for individual breaking waves. The approach is then applied to wind‐driven oceanic whitecaps, and the laboratory and ocean Θdistributions overlap. It is proposed that whitecap foam evolution may be used to determine the occurrence and extent of oceanic surfactant activity to complement traditional in‐situ techniques and extend measurement capabilities to more severe sea states occurring at wind speeds in excess of about 10 m/s. The analysis procedure also provides a framework to assess surfactant‐driven variability within and between whitecap coverage data sets. The foam patches made by breaking waves, also known as “whitecaps”, are an important source of marine sea spray, which impacts weather and climate through the formation of cloud drops and ice. Sea spray chemistry depends on the chemistry of the whitecap that makes it. This chemistry is poorly understood, especially during storms when whitecaps are most prevalent but chemistry measurements are also the most difficult. In this article, we show that foam chemistry affects the persistence of laboratory whitecaps: the more surfactant a whitecap contains, the longer it persists. This effect has enabled us to develop a remote sensing tool to detect the presence of chemistry in whitecaps by analyzing a time‐series of photographs of the foam. We have applied the technique to an existing set of whitecap images, and get reasonable values for implied surfactant concentrations in the ocean but validation of the technique in the field will have to await simultaneous measurement of whitecaps and sea surface chemistry. If validated, the new remote sensing tool will provide the first large‐scale observations of ocean surface chemistry and its variation in space and time on wind‐driven seas. A surfactant effect in whitecap foam evolution is identifiable and largely confined to the decay stageA whitecap foam area stabilization factor ( Θ) is defined to quantify this surfactant imprintField and laboratory values of Θshow overlapping values
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- 2017
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23. The Mushroom: A half‐sky energetic ion and electron detector
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Hill, M. E., Mitchell, D. G., Andrews, G. B., Cooper, S. A., Gurnee, R. S., Hayes, J. R., Layman, R. S., McNutt, R. L., Nelson, K. S., Parker, C. W., Schlemm, C. E., Stokes, M. R., Begley, S. M., Boyle, M. P., Burgum, J. M., Do, D. H., Dupont, A. R., Gold, R. E., Haggerty, D. K., Hoffer, E. M., Hutcheson, J. C., Jaskulek, S. E., Krimigis, S. M., Liang, S. X., London, S. M., Noble, M. W., Roelof, E. C., Seifert, H., Strohbehn, K., Vandegriff, J. D., and Westlake, J. H.
- Abstract
We present a time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer design for the measurement of ions in the ~30 keV to 10 MeV range for protons (up to ~40 MeV and ~150 MeV for He and heavy ions, respectively) and ~30 keV to 1 MeV range for electrons, covering half of the sky with 80 apertures. The instrument, known as the “Mushroom,” owing to its shape, solves the field of view problem for magnetospheric and heliospheric missions that employ three‐axis stabilized spacecraft, yet still require extended angular coverage; the Mushroom is also compatible with a spinning spacecraft. The most important new feature of the Mushroom is the method through which uncomplicated electrostatic optics and clean position sensing combine to permit many apertures to fit into a compact, low‐mass sensor head (or wedge), several of which (ideally eight) compose a full instrument. Most of the sensor head's volume is an empty, equipotential region, resulting in the modest 250 g mass of each 10‐aperture wedge. The Mushroom is capable of separating ion species across most of its energy range and angular field of view. For example, separation of the neighboring 3He and 4He isotopes is excellent; the full width at half maximum mass resolution has been measured to be 0.24 amu to 0.32 amu, respectively. Converting this to a Gaussian width σmin mass m, this represents a σm/mmass resolution better than 0.04. This separation is highly desirable for the flight program for which the first Mushroom was built, the Solar Probe Plus mission. More generally, we estimate the mass resolution to be σm/m≈ 0.1, but this is energy, mass, and angularly dependent. We also discuss the solid‐state detector stack capability, which extends the energy range of protons and helium, with composition, to ~100 MeV. Anisotropy, pitch angle distributions, and large field of view are important for energetic ion and electron scienceThe “Mushroom” instrument has been developed by JHU/APL to provide needed large FOV and angular resolutionThe first Mushroom, EPI‐Lo, part of the ISʘIS investigation on Solar Probe Plus, has achieved excellent composition and spatial separation
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- 2017
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24. Pathological characteristics of light chain crystalline podocytopathy.
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Nasr, Samih H., Kudose, Satoru, Javaugue, Vincent, Harel, Stéphanie, Said, Samar M., Pascal, Virginie, Stokes, M. Barry, Vrana, Julie A., Dasari, Surendra, Theis, Jason D., Osuchukwu, George A., Sathick, Insara Jaffer, Das, Arjun, Kashkouli, Ali, Suchin, Elliot J., Liss, Yaakov, Suldan, Zalman, Verine, Jerome, Arnulf, Bertrand, Talbot, Alexis, Sethi, Sanjeev, Zaidan, Mohamad, Goujon, Jean-Michel, Valeri, Anthony M., Mcphail, Ellen D., Sirac, Christophe, Leung, Nelson, Bridoux, Frank, and D’Agati, Vivette D.
- Abstract
Monoclonal immunoglobulin light chain (LC) crystalline inclusions within podocytes are rare, poorly characterized entities. To provide more insight, we now present the first clinicopathologic series of LC crystalline podocytopathy (LCCP) encompassing 25 patients (68% male, median age 56 years). Most (80%) patients presented with proteinuria and chronic kidney disease, with nephrotic syndrome in 28%. Crystalline keratopathy and Fanconi syndrome were present in 22% and 10%, respectively. The hematologic condition was monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS) in 55% and multiple myeloma in 45%. The serum monoclonal immunoglobulin was IgG κappa in 86%. Histologically, 60% exhibited focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), often collapsing. Ultrastructurally, podocyte LC crystals were numerous with variable effacement of foot processes. Crystals were also present in proximal tubular cells as light chain proximal tubulopathy (LCPT) in 80% and in interstitial histiocytes in 36%. Significantly, frozen-section immunofluorescence failed to reveal the LC composition of crystals in 88%, requiring paraffin-immunofluorescence or immunohistochemistry, with identification of kappa LC in 87%. The LC variable gene segment, determined by mass spectrometry of glomeruli or bone marrow plasma cell sequencing, was IGKV1-33 in four and IGKV3-20 in one. Among 21 patients who received anti-plasma cell-directed chemotherapy, 50% achieved a kidney response, which depended on a deep hematologic response. After a median follow-up of 36 months, 26% progressed to kidney failure and 17% died. The mean kidney failure-free survival was 57.6 months and was worse in those with FSGS. In sum, LCCP is rare, mostly associates with IgG κappa MGRS, and frequently has concurrent LCPT, although Fanconi syndrome is uncommon. Thus, paraffin-immunofluorescence and electron microscopy are essential to prevent misdiagnosis as primary FSGS since kidney survival depends on early diagnosis and subsequent clone-directed therapy.
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- 2023
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25. Matched-field processing of humpback whale song off eastern Australia.
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Caiti, Andrea, Chapman, N. Ross, Hermand, Jean-Pierre, Jesus, Sérgio M., Thode, Aaron, Gerstoft, Peter, Guerra, Melani, Stokes, M. Dale, Noad, Michael, and Cato, Douglas C.
- Published
- 2006
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26. Sea Spray Aerosol Structure and Composition Using Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy
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Patterson, Joseph P., Collins, Douglas B., Michaud, Jennifer M., Axson, Jessica L., Sultana, Camile M., Moser, Trevor, Dommer, Abigail C., Conner, Jack, Grassian, Vicki H., Stokes, M. Dale, Deane, Grant B., Evans, James E., Burkart, Michael D., Prather, Kimberly A., and Gianneschi, Nathan C.
- Abstract
The composition and surface properties of atmospheric aerosol particles largely control their impact on climate by affecting their ability to uptake water, react heterogeneously, and nucleate ice in clouds. However, in the vacuum of a conventional electron microscope, the native surface and internal structure often undergo physicochemical rearrangement resulting in surfaces that are quite different from their atmospheric configurations. Herein, we report the development of cryogenic transmission electron microscopy where laboratory generated sea spray aerosol particles are flash frozen in their native state with iterative and controlled thermal and/or pressure exposures and then probed by electron microscopy. This unique approach allows for the detection of not only mixed salts, but also soft materials including whole hydrated bacteria, diatoms, virus particles, marine vesicles, as well as gel networks within hydrated salt dropletsall of which will have distinct biological, chemical, and physical processes. We anticipate this method will open up a new avenue of analysis for aerosol particles, not only for ocean-derived aerosols, but for those produced from other sources where there is interest in the transfer of organic or biological species from the biosphere to the atmosphere.
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- 2016
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27. Mineral-chemistry quantification and petrophysical calibration for multimineral evaluations: A nonlinear approach.
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McCarty, Douglas K., Theologou, Paul N., Fischer, Timothy B., Derkowski, Arkadiusz, Stokes, M. Rebecca, and Ollila, Ann
- Subjects
MINERALOGICAL research ,MUDSTONE ,POROSITY ,HYDROCARBONS ,TRACE elements ,X-ray diffraction ,QUANTITATIVE research - Abstract
The mineralogical complexity of mudstone reservoirs has led to the increased usage of multimineral optimizing petrophysical models tor estimating porosity, water, and hydrocarbon volumes. A key uncertainty in these models is the log response parameter assigned for each log equation related to each volumetric variable. Default parameter values are commonly used and often need to be modified by considering subjective local knowledge or intuition to achieve a result that is considered acceptable. This paper describes the methods developed at Chevron for calibration of mineral log response parameters using core data. Mineral log response parameters are controlled by the major and trace element chemistry of the individual minerals in the formation rock matrix. BestRock™ uses a nonlinear approach to optimize whole-rock chemistry with mineralogy to calculate individual mineral structural formulas and trace element associations from which certain log response parameters can then be calculated. Accurate quantitative phase analysis (QPA) to determine mineral content is a critical step in the process, which is achieved here by rigorous sample preparation methods and QPA by x-ray diffraction (QXRD). The QXRD in combination with whole-rock elemental analyses are processed using Chevron's BestRock optimization software to provide relined quantities of the mineral species present in the formation, their structural formulas, and their predicted wireline log responses. Calibrated petrophysical models are built from the information obtained from the QXRD and BestRock results. The method described herein provides an independent and robust method for determining petrophysical parameters that is independent of the interpreter, quick to implement, and supported by quantitative measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Dehydration Effect on the Pore Size, Porosity, and Fractal Parameters of Shale Rocks: Ultrasmall-Angle X-ray Scattering Study.
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Sungwon Lee, Fischer, Timothy B., Stokes, M. Rebecca, Klingler, Robert J., Ilavsky, Jan, McCarty, Douglas K., Wigand, Marcus O., Derkowski, Arkadiusz, and Winans, Randall E.
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- 2014
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29. Dehydration Effect on the Pore Size, Porosity, and Fractal Parameters of Shale Rocks: Ultrasmall-Angle X-ray Scattering Study.
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Sungwon Lee, Fischer, Timothy B., Stokes, M. Rebecca, Klingler, Robert J., Ilavsky, Jan, McCarty, Douglas K., Wigand, Marcus O., Derkowski, Arkadiusz, and Winans, Randall E.
- Published
- 2014
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30. Proximal interphalangeal joint replacement in patients with arthritis of the hand: A meta-analysis.
- Author
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Adams J, Ryall C, Pandyan A, Metcalf C, Stokes M, Bradley S, and Warwick DJ
- Published
- 2012
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31. Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging of the lower trapezius muscle: technical description and reliability.
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O'Sullivan C, Bentman S, Bennett K, and Stokes M
- Abstract
STUDY DESIGN: Exploratory and reliability study. BACKGROUND: Shoulder dysfunction is common and often difficult to diagnose and treat. The trapezius muscle is an important stabilizer and primary mover of the scapula. The potential use of rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI) to evaluate scapular muscle function warrants investigation. OBJECTIVES: To establish a procedure for imaging the thickness of the lower trapezius muscle and to examine reliability within and among investigators. METHODS: In 16 asymptomatic subjects (12 female, 4 male), aged 20 to 41 years, 3 investigators used RUSI to measure the thickness of the left lower trapezius muscle with the subject at rest in prone. Investigator 1 took 3 images on each of 2 days, while the other 2 investigators took 2 images each on the second day. All measurements of lower trapezius muscle thickness were made off-line, at a point 3 cm lateral to the lateral edge of the spinous processes. To also obtain within-scan reliability, 1 image taken by investigator 1, once displayed on the scanner's screen, was measured 3 times. Investigator 1 also measured lower trapezius muscle thickness 1 cm medial to this site. Reliability was examined using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and the Bland and Altman plot. RESULTS: The intrarater within-scan reliability at the lateral site was ICC3.3 = 0.99 (95% CI: 0.98 to 1.0). The intrarater between-scan reliability (within-day) at the lateral site, medial site, and combined sites (mean of medial and lateral) were ICC3.3 = 0.96 (95% CI: 0.90 to 0.98), ICC3.2 = 0.90 (95% CI: 0.78 to 0.96), and ICC3.2 = 0.99 (95% CI: 0.99 to 1.0), respectively. Intrarater (between-day) reliability was good for the lateral site and combined sites (ICC3.3 = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.74 to 0.96, and ICC3.3 = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.70 to 0.96, respectively) and moderate for the medial site (ICC3.3 = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.68 to 0.96). Interrater reliability (among investigators) was also moderate (ICC2.2 = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.73 to 0.96). Mean lower trapezius muscle thickness was approximately 3.1 mm (SD, 0.8 mm). CONCLUSION: Thickness of the lower trapezius muscle can be measured reliably with RUSI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
32. Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging of the posterior paraspinal muscles.
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Stokes M, Hides J, Elliott J, Kiesel K, and Hodges P
- Abstract
Interest in rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI) of the posterior paraspinal muscles is growing, along with the body of literature to support integration of this technique into routine physical therapy practice. This clinical commentary reviews how RUSI can be used as an evaluative and treatment tool and proposes guidelines for its use for the posterior muscles of the lumbar and cervical regions. Both quantitative and qualitative applications are described, as well as measurement reliability and validity. Measurement of morphological characteristics of the muscles (morphometry) in healthy populations and people with spinal pathology are described. Preliminary normal reference data exist for measurements of cross-sectional area (CSA), linear dimensions (muscle depth/thickness and width), and shape ratios. Compared to individuals without low back pain, changes in muscles' size at rest and during the contracted state have been observed using RUSI in people with spinal pathology. Visual observation of the image during contraction indicates that RUSI may be a valuable biofeedback tool. Further investigation of many of these observations is required using controlled studies to provide conclusive evidence that RUSI enhances clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
33. Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging: understanding the technology and its applications.
- Author
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Whittaker JL, Teyhen DS, Elliott JM, Cook K, Langevin HM, Dahl HH, and Stokes M
- Abstract
The use of ultrasound imaging by physical therapists is growing in popularity. This commentary has 2 aims. The first is to introduce the concept of rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI), provide a definition of the scope of this emerging tool in regard to the physical therapy profession, and describe how this relates to the larger field of medical ultrasound imaging. The second aim is to provide an overview of basic ultrasound imaging and instrumentation principles, including an understanding of the various modes and applications of the technology with respect to neuromusculoskeletal rehabilitation and in relation to other common imaging modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
34. Ultrasound imaging of lumbar multifidus muscle: normal reference ranges for measurements and practical guidance on the technique.
- Author
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Stokes, M., Rankin, G., and Newham, D.J.
- Abstract
Abstract: This cross-sectional, prospective study aimed to produce normal reference data for measurements of the lumbar multifidus muscle. A total of 120 subjects, 68 females (aged 20–64 years) and 52 males (20–69 years) were studied. Bilateral transverse ultrasound images were made of multifidus at the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae (L4 & L5). Cross-sectional area (CSA, cm
2 ) and linear dimensions (AP, anteroposterior; Lat, lateral) were measured and the latter expressed as a ratio (AP/Lat) to reflect shape. Relationships between CSA and anthropometric measures were examined. Multifidus CSA was larger in males (P<0.001) and age had no effect. The CSA was larger at L5 than L4 (P<0.001) and highly correlated between the two levels (males r=0.82, females 0.80). Differences in muscle shape were observed for gender, age and vertebral level. Between-side symmetry was high for size but not shape (CSA <10% difference). Linear measurements multiplied (AP×Lat) correlated highly with CSA (all groups r⩾0.94, P<0.0001). The AP dimension was also acceptably predictive of CSA at L4 (r⩾0.79). There were no clinically useful correlations between CSA and anthropometric measures. These findings provide normal references ranges for objective assessment of lumbar multifidus. This paper also addresses specific practical issues when scanning multifidus. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]- Published
- 2005
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35. Size and shape of the posterior neck muscles measured by ultrasound imaging: normal values in males and females of different ages.
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Rankin, G., Stokes, M., and Newham, D.J.
- Abstract
Abstract: Measurements of muscle strength or size are valuable indicators of muscle status in health and disease. When force cannot be measured directly, due to a particular muscle being one of a functional group or because of pain, size measurements may be the only option. For such data to be useful, normal values for age and gender are necessary. Procedures for scanning and measuring semispinalis capitis and the deep posterior neck muscles (semispinalis cervicis, multifidus and rotatores) using ultrasound imaging are described and normal data provided on size, shape and symmetry of these muscles from a sample of 99 healthy subjects (46 males aged 20–72 years and 53 females aged 18–70 years). Significant gender differences were found () but muscle size did not alter significantly with age. Between-side symmetry can be used to assess abnormality of the deep neck muscle group but not semispinalis capitis. A regression equation is provided for predicting the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the deep neck muscles from spinous process length in males. Clinically, linear measurements can be used to predict the neck muscle CSAs (, ). The method described for assessing the neck muscles is a potentially valuable tool in clinical practice. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
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36. Classification Systems in Renal Pathology
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Stokes, M. Barry
- Abstract
Kidney diseases are morphologically heterogeneous. Pathologic classifications of renal disease permit standardization of diagnosis and may identify clinical-pathologic subgroups with different outcomes and/or responses to treatment. To date, classifications have been proposed for lupus nephritis, allograft rejection, IgA nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody -related glomerulonephritis, and diabetic glomerulosclerosis. These classifications share several limitations related to lack of specificity, reproducibility, validation, and relevance to clinical practice. They offer a standardized approach to diagnosis, however, which should facilitate communication and clinical research.
- Published
- 2014
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37. Complete Sequence of pSAM7, an IncX4 Plasmid Carrying a Novel blaCTX-M-14bTransposition Unit Isolated from Escherichia coliand Enterobacter cloacaefrom Cattle
- Author
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Stokes, M. O., AbuOun, M., Umur, S., Wu, G., Partridge, S. R., Mevius, D. J., Coldham, N. G., and Fielder, M. D.
- Abstract
ABSTRACTThe same plasmid carrying blaCTX-M-14bwas identified from an Escherichia coliisolate and an Enterobacter cloacaeisolate collected from cattle in the United Kingdom by complete plasmid sequencing. This 35,341-bp plasmid, pSAM7, had an IncX4 backbone that is 99% identical to that of pJIE143 from a human isolate in Australia. PCR screening identified pSAM7-like plasmids in three other E. coliisolates of different multilocus sequence types isolated from cattle on different farms in the United Kingdom.
- Published
- 2013
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38. Quiz Page March 2013
- Author
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Kupferman, Juan C., Spitzer, Eric D., and Stokes, M. Barry
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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39. Proximal interphalangeal joint replacement in patients with arthritis of the hand
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Adams, J., Ryall, C., Pandyan, A., Metcalf, C., Stokes, M., Bradley, S., and Warwick, D. J.
- Abstract
We systematically reviewed all the evidence published in the English language on proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) replacement, to determine its effectiveness on the function of the hand and the associated post-operative complications.Original studies were selected if they reported clinical outcome with a minimum of one year’s follow-up. Quality was assessed using the Cowley systematic review criteria modified for finger-joint replacements. Of 319 articles identified, only five were adequately reported according to our quality criteria; there were no randomised controlled trials. PIPJ replacements had a substantial effect size on hand pain of -23.2 (95% confidence interval (CI) -27.3 to -19.1) and grip strength 1.2 (95% CI -10.7 to 13.1), and a small effect on range of movement 0.2 (95% CI -0.4 to 0.8). A dorsal approach was most successful. Post-operative loosening occurred in 10% (95% CI 3 to 30) of ceramic and 12.5% (95% CI 7 to 21) of pyrocarbon replacements. Post-operative complications occurred in 27.8% (95% CI 20 to 37).We conclude that the effectiveness of PIPJ replacement has not been established. Small observational case studies and short-term follow-up, together with insufficient reporting of patient data, functional outcomes and complications, limit the value of current evidence.We recommend that a defined core set of patients, surgical and outcome data for this intervention be routinely and systematically collected within the framework of a joint registry.
- Published
- 2012
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40. Measurement of Tracheobronchial Dose from Simultaneous Exposure to Environmental Radon and Thoron Progeny.
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Yu, K. N., Guan, Z. J., Young, E. C. M., and Stokes, M. J.
- Abstract
According to the theory and idea of Hopke et al., a bronchial dosimeter consisting of multiple metal screens has been developed to measure the deposition fractions of radon and thoron progeny in the nasal (N) and tracheobronchial (T-B) regions of the human respiratory tract and to give the dose conversion factors in the T-B region in units of mGy WLM
-1 and mSv y-1 per Bq m-3 . Different air treatments have been performed in a closed laboratory, which include the use of air conditioning and the application of positive and negative ions for the investigation of the change of the dose conversion factors. At the same time, the radon and thoron gas concentrations have also been measured in the laboratory by active sampling using newly designed activated charcoal canisters connected in series with the bronchial dosimeter for the calculation of the resulted annual effective dose under different air treatments. It is observed that the calculated dose conversion factors derived from the bronchial dosimeter have large discrepancies with those computed using existing lung models. It has also been found that the application of negative ions cannot reduce the annual effective dose in the T-B region; the application of positive ions can lead to a reduction, but not as much as the use of air conditioning. The mitigation of radon effects by air conditioning demonstrated using the bronchial dosimeter is more prominent than that shown by using lung models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 1998
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41. Hypolithic Colonization of Opaque Rocks in the Arctic and Antarctic Polar Desert
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Cockell, Charles S. and Stokes, M. Dale
- Abstract
AbstractThe colonization of the underside of rocks normally requires that the material is sufficiently translucent to allow the penetration of photosynthetically active radiation. We examined the underside of 950 opaque rocks in sixteen locations in the Arctic for hypolithic colonization by photosynthetic microorganisms. Greater than 90% of rocks were colonized. The mean width of the bands of colonization was 3.1 ± 1.9 cm on Devon Island, and 3.0 ± 1.6 cm on Cornwallis Island. The width of the bands of colonization was less in the interior of frost-sorted polygons compared to their edges (in the arctic location, 0.7 ± 0.8 and 3.6 ± 1.4 cm in the interior and at the edges, respectively), suggesting the importance of frost sorting in enhancing the penetration of light around the edges of rocks to their undersides, and thus allowing colonization by photosynthetic organisms. We observed a similar pattern of colonization in antarctic polygons. The hypolithic habitat provides protection from environmental extremes. We show that within the hypolithic habitat organisms are protected from UV radiation. From radiolabeled carbon uptake measurements we estimate the productivity of the arctic communities to be approximately 0.8 g m−2a−1, potentially as high as above-ground productivity. We discuss the potential implications of climate change for these communities.
- Published
- 2006
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42. Assessment of some spatial and temporal issues in landslide initiation within the Río Aguas Catchment, South–East Spain
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Griffiths, J., Hart, A., Mather, A., and Stokes, M.
- Abstract
Abstract: A research programme underway in south–east Spain has the overall aim of developing a long-term landscape evolution model for the Tertiary depositional basins that lie within the eastern part of the Betic cordillera. As part of the work it has become apparent that there are multiple natural hazards to development in the region, and the nature and distribution of these is presently under investigation. For one hazard, namely landsliding, a database of over 300 cases has been compiled within one defined 425 km
2 river catchment, namely the Río Aguas. Evaluation of the database has demonstrated that the contemporary distribution of landslides correlates with areas of steepest slopes across a range of the different lithologies. However, the “slope” component of the landscape is controlled by a wave of incision associated with a river capture event c. 100000 years ago which locally increased erosion by between 5 and 10 times. This event was a function of differential uplift between the depositional basins and resulted in over-steepened slopes within parts of the catchment which have yet to reach equilibrium in this evolving landscape.- Published
- 2005
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43. A Rare Cause of Posttransplantation Nephrotic Syndrome
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Foster, Kirk, Matsunaga, Akira, Matalon, Robert, Saito, Takao, Gallo, Gloria, D’Agati, Vivette, and Stokes, M. Barry
- Published
- 2005
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44. Injury prevention during physical activity in the Australian Defence Force
- Author
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Sherrard, J, Lenné, M, Cassell, E, Stokes, M, and Ozanne-Smith, J
- Published
- 2004
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45. The β fibrinogen gene G-455-A polymorphism is a risk factor for Legg–Perthes disease
- Author
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Dilley, A., Hooper, W.C., Austin, H., Jamil, M., Miller, C., Stokes, M., Evatt, B., and Eldridge, J.
- Abstract
Legg–Perthes disease is a pediatric hip disorder characterized by avascular necrosis of the femoral head. The etiology of Legg–Perthes disease may involve repeated interruptions of the blood supply to the proximal femur. Thus, the role of thrombosis in Legg–Perthes disease is of interest. The focus of this analysis is an evaluation of the relationship between Legg–Perthes disease and the β fibrinogen gene G-455-A polymorphism in 55 cases of Legg–Perthes disease and 56 age, race, and gender-matched healthy controls. Parents of subjects completed a questionnaire about their child's lifestyle and medical history. Blood was obtained for plasma and DNA analysis. Study subjects were predominantly white (93%), male (77%) and under age 16 (70%). Cases were more likely to be exposed to passive smoke than were controls (odds ratio 5.6, 95% confidence interval 2.0–12.0). Assuming a dominant genetic model, individuals who possessed either the G/A or A/A genotype were over three times more likely to have Legg–Perthes disease compared to those without the polymorphism (odds ratio 3.4, 95% confidence interval 1.5–7.8). Separate analyzes by smoke exposure revealed that the excess risk of the G-455-A polymorphism occurred in those exposed (odds ratio 7.0) as opposed to those unexposed to passive smoke (odds ratio 1.9). Although this difference in the odds ratios is not statistically significant (P = 0.2), it suggests a possible interactive effect of cigarette smoke and the b fibrinogen gene G-455-A polymorphism in the risk of developing Legg–Perthes disease.
- Published
- 2003
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46. EDXRF studies on Chinese Yue ware
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Wu, J, Leung, J. P.L, Li, Z., and Stokes, M. J.
- Abstract
The major and trace element composition of Chinese Yue ware, widely recognized as the earliest Chinese porcelain (probably the earliest worldwide), is analysed using non-destructive, energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). The results are subject to multivariate statistical analysis. Different compositional patterns were found for specimens from different production sites (Cixi, Ningbo, Shaoxin, Shangyu City, Zhejiang province). In particular the specimens excavated at Hangzhou palace, called Mise (mysterious colour) ware, can be identified by a small number of key element concentrations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
- Published
- 2002
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47. A Simple buoyant craft for autonomous exploration
- Author
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Stokes, M. D.
- Published
- 2002
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48. Microbiology and Vegetation of Micro-oases and Polar Desert, Haughton Impact Crater, Devon Island, Nunavut, Canada
- Author
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Cockell, Charles S., Lee, Pascal, Schuerger, Andrew C., Hidalgo, Loretta, Jones, Jeff A., and Stokes, M. Dale
- Abstract
The input of nutrients into arctic polar deserts, aided by some physical processes, can result in localized areas of high biological productivity—“micro-oases.” We examined the vegetation cover, and microbial and nematode abundance in the polar desert and in 38 micro-oases at the Haughton impact crater, Devon Island, Arctic Canada. Our sites were split between the alluvial terraces along the banks of the Haughton River and the breccia deposits resulting from the asteroid or comet impact 22 Myr ago that flank the alluvial terraces. The alluvial terraces have a vegetation cover that ranges from 2 to 11% depending on substrate and water availability with a species richness of 5 in most locations. The vegetation cover on the breccia is much lower, between 0.02 and 3% depending on water availability. The micro-oases on both substrates support between 2 and 98% cover, but they are smaller and more sparsely distributed than similar features found in the Truelove Lowland, Devon Island, and on Bathurst Island. Microbial and nematode numbers were an order of magnitude greater inside the micro-oases compared to outside. Micro-oases are often dominated by a particular species, resulting in well-defined groups of micro-oases that were separated by TWINSPAN analysis. The micro-oases at Haughton Crater provide insights into the process of colonization of a substrate resulting from an asteroid or comet impact and the unique biological characteristics of such substrates.
- Published
- 2001
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49. EDXRF surface shape correction for thick sample measurement using an outer mark membrane
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Leung, P. L., Daze, Sun, and Stokes, M. J.
- Abstract
In non-destructive x-ray fluorescence analysis of ancient ceramics with varied surface shapes, a correction of the measured x-ray fluorescence intensity is required. Owing to the variations in geometry, the x-ray pathlengths will differ from those obtained for the calibration of a standard sample. A method is proposed using yttrium-39 as an outer mark element on a membrane. A comparison of characteristic peak counts before and after correction is reported for pottery pieces with different shapes. The analytical error involved in this method is discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
- Published
- 2000
50. EDXRF studies of porcelains (8001600 A.D.) from Fujian, China with chemical proxies and principal component analysis
- Author
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Leung, P. L., Peng, Z. C., Stokes, M. J., and Li, Mike T. W.
- Abstract
Dehua white porcelain was an important product for exportation in China since the Song Dynasty (1000 A.D.). The energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence technique was applied to the study of 41 pieces of Dehua porcelain from Fujian Province, China. The chemical proxies and principal component analysis show that most of the samples are basically distributed in three areas, corresponding to their origins of production, but a few of the samples are scattered owing to the abnormal concentration of the trace elements. These findings indicate the sensitivity of chemical proxies/trace element techniques for discriminating the provenance postulations. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
- Published
- 2000
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