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Choral singing was embraced by many missionaries as a means of attracting potential converts to Christianity. A principal choral singing method in 19th century Britain, Tonic Sol-fa, was introduced by missionaries and others to the Indian subcontinent where it was used as both a pedagogical method and a music notation system. Building on the inherent musicality of the Mizo people in Assam, a fine choral singing tradition developed. Hymnbooks were published with Mizo words and Tonic Sol-fa notation. Although aspects of Tonic Sol-fa are utilized in some contemporary school music teaching methods, there is now little or no use made of the original Tonic Sol-fa method for community choral singing in Britain. Nevertheless, it is still used in some former British colonies, particularly for congregational hymn singing in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Asia-Pacific. Tonic Sol-fa has been, and remains, the mainstay of choral music making in Mizoram and neighboring areas. As such, it is a worthy inheritance from the missionary presence in India during the 19th century.

Purpose To understand what factors are associated with adolescents’ perceived healthfulness of sports drinks (SD) and of energy drinks (ED), with a focus on health risk, athletics, and media-related variables.Design Cross-sectional surveySetting OnlineSubjects U.S. adolescents ages 14-18 years (n = 501) recruited from a combination of non-probability and probability-based panels.Measures Outcome variables were perceived healthfulness of SDs and of EDs. Independent variables included adolescents’ health background (oral health, diabetes risk, self-reported weight); behaviors (SD and ED consumption, athletic identity, sports participation, physical activity), and media items (media literacy, exposure to advertisements on TV, YouTube, social media).Results Regression results indicated that adolescents’ increased perception that SDs are healthy was significantly associated (P<.05 level) with casual sports participation (b=.56, se=.27), athletic identification (b=.28, se= .11), exposure to SD advertisements on social media (b=.55, s =.25), and higher consumption (b=.28, se= .13). For adolescents’ perceptions of EDs, significantly related correlates included athletic identification (b=.26, se=10), having an increased risk of diabetes (b= −.79, s =.26), poorer oral health (b=.33, se=.16), and consumption (b=.76, s =.16); increased media literacy was associated with more accurate perceptions (b=−.35, se=.14).Conclusions Adolescents’ hold different perceptions about the healthfulness of sports and energy drink, and their beliefs about each drink are related to different types of factors that may have implications for public health interventions. Cross-sectional survey design and adolescent self-reports are limitations.

As an important component of particulate matter (PM), organic aerosols (OA) have a complex and uncertain effect on climate and health. The Athabasca oil sands in Canada are a significant source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), despite low concentrations of combustion markers. Following recent intensive aircraft campaigns evaluating emissions and transformation of pollutants from the oil sands in 2013, multiple possible sources of primary semi- and intermediate-volatility organic compounds (P-S/IVOC) have been characterized, with divergent volatility distributions. This work uses a customized box model to evaluate four published volatility distributions against field measurements with respect to the corresponding evolution of OA concentrations as well as oxygen-to-carbon (O : C) ratios. Specifically, the volatility distributions evaluated are for oil sands ore and bitumen as well as for vapours from excavated oil sands deposits heated at 20 °C and 60 °C. The box model approach includes using an ensemble of several volatility basis set (VBS) parameterizations to model SOA. This approach allows exploration of parameterizations for SOA precursor oxidation and yields, molecular fragmentation, aging rate constants, and organic–organic phase separation. In contrast to urban regions, the model parameterizations which favoured more rapid formation of SOA typically led to biased-high OA concentrations at short photochemical ages. By comparing sensitivity studies for the SOA formation model, we were able to determine that the model is most sensitive to the parameterizations of primary IVOC oxidation, VOC oxidation and of multi-generational oxidative aging. Meanwhile, the sensitivities to the parameterizations for phase separation and fragmentation were weaker in the model. Within the ensemble of model parameterizations, the volatility distribution of vapours from excavated deposits heated to 60 °C performed the best among the four evaluated volatility distributions. This result suggests that the emissions of P-S/IVOCs are more strongly linked to the active mining and hot-water extraction of the oil sands. However, this work also highlights the need to quantify the specific sources of P-S/IVOCs within the oil sands operations, as the totality of SOA precursor emissions likely comes from a wide range of sources.

Airborne dust from glacial outwash sediments may alter properties of clouds and climate at high latitudes by acting as ice nucleating particles (INPs). Nevertheless, the ice nucleating ability of airborne dust from glacial outwash sediments remains uncertain. To address this uncertainty, we measured the ice nucleating ability of airborne dust near an actively retreating glacier in Yukon, Canada during a period when airborne dust concentrations were well above background levels and most likely originated from glacial outwash sediments in the region. The airborne dust caused freezing at temperatures from −6 to −23 °C. Based on a heat assay and an ammonium sulfate assay, the INPs from the airborne dust that caused freezing at temperatures warmer than −15 °C likely contained biological materials. We show that airborne dust from the retreating glacier likely led to high concentrations of ice nucleating particles at the site for at least most of May 2018. These concentrations, at a freezing temperature of −15 °C, were approximately one order of magnitude higher than predictions using a global chemical transport model that included low latitude natural dust sources, but not natural high latitude dust sources.

The Australian mezzo-soprano Ada Beatrice Bloxham (1865–1956) was the inaugural winner (in 1883) of the Clarke Scholarship for a promising musician resident in the Colony of Victoria to study at the Royal College of Music in London. She was the first Australian to enrol at the Royal College of Music and to graduate as an Associate of the College in 1888, and she was the first woman to be awarded a Fellowship of the Tonic Sol-fa College, London, also in 1888. After a period teaching and performing in Japan (1893–1899), she married and lived variously in South Africa, England, and France, returning to Australia in 1927. Due most probably to her marriage and family responsibilities, she appears not to have achieved her full potential as a performer and teacher. Nevertheless, Bloxham is worthy of recognition as having gained success as a musician and educator both in her native Australia and abroad during her early and middle years, and as a pathfinder and role model for other women during the early years of their musical careers.

The article describes the traditional tea of Taiwan called lei cha. This lei cha is a combination of ground tea, nuts and numerous other possible ingredients. This tea is considered as a specialty of the Hakka people, a minority group related to the Han people of China. It is claimed that the recipe of this tea varies from region to region and family to family, and the traditional version of this drink are soup like, with vivid savory flavors, oil and salt.

The article presents an in-depth examination of the different styles and services of teahouses in Taiwan. In 1970, the teahouse culture has greatly flourished in Taiwan. Its design are associated with various events of the country's political and economic past. Overview of the different brewing methods used in serving coffee is also offered.

Reports on the tea culture and how the tea industry changed in Taiwan. Narration of the evolution of tea culture in the country; Growth of tea throughout the country; Popular teas produced in Taiwan.

Music education research in Australia has grown almost exponentially over the past 25 years. Particularly in the area of doctoral research studies, there has been a substantial increase in the number of theses completed from two in 1977 to 72 in 2002. In addition, there have been increases in professional research undertaken by university academics, in the number of nationally competitive research grants being awarded by the Australian Research Council and other research funding agencies, and in commissioned research studies. This article reviews the various types of music education research being undertaken in Australia and also discusses the dissemination of the findings of research through articles in national and international scholarly journals and papers presented at local and international conferences. One of the conclusions drawn is that Australian music education has ‘come of age’ in terms of both the quantity and the quality of its national research profile.

In 1984, Lett undertook a review of the state of Australian music education research for the period to 1978. The present article considers the developments that have taken place since that time through a review of scholarly opinion to identify the principal themes and issues that have emerged since Lett's (1984) article. There is also an analysis of approximately 350 research theses completed or in progress to 1997. Conclusions are drawn regarding the level of the higher degree work being undertaken (honours, masters and doctoral degrees), the demographic spread across the various states, the distribution of music education research across the major educational research paradigms, and the focus of research in relation to both content / subject and educational level. The article also identifies general trends and issues in relation to these aspects as well as making recommendations for promoting music education research in the future.

The nineteenth century produced some outstanding figures in music education. One of these was Emily Patton (b. 1831) who propagated Tonic Sol-fa at Yokohama (Japan) from 1889 until her death in 1912 as well as in Shanghai (China) at various periods from 1901. Her principal reason for migrating to Japan was a "distaste" for Australia following the deaths over a three-year period of her father, husband and son. (Sadly, her daughter, who accompanied Patton to Japan, died soon after their arrival.) At Yokohama, Patton promoted the Tonic Sol-fa method through singing classes for both adults and children (including a highly successful Juvenile Tonic Sol-fa Choir). Patton also introduced Tonic Sol-fa to Julia Moulton, the music teacher at Ferris Seminary in Yokohama. As a result, Tonic Sol-fa was adopted as the sole music teaching method at Ferris until the early 1920s and, as such, demonstrated the successful transfer of this Western music pedagogy to the Japanese cultural setting. During 1894, Patton with an Australian colleague, Ada Bloxham, was appointed to teach Tonic Sol-fa at the Tokyo Academy of Music but her appointment was short-lived due to the increasing influence of the German "conservatory" approach to music education. Later in life, Patton went to Shanghai where she established a music teaching practice. Patton returned to Yokohama and died there at the age of eighty. This article discusses not only Patton's work at Yokohama and Tokyo, but also attempts to place her achievements within the broader context of music education in Japan during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Two experiments were performed on rats with hippocampal brain damage and on a control group with neocortical lesions. In the first experiment the hippocampal group learned a difficult visual discrimination as promptly as the controls, and neither group was subsequently impaired by adding relevant or irrelevant background cues to the original stimuli. In the second experiment the animals learned a simultaneous visual discrimination in which the stimuli differed in both brightness and orientation. The hippocampal group was impaired relative to the controls on acquisition, and showed poorer transfer to stimuli differing only in brightness or orientation. The results are incompatible with the hypothesis which attempts to explain the effects of hippocampal damage by a widespread reduction in sensory gating, but they are consistent with a more restricted version of the same hypothesis.

On days 1 and 4 after birth rats were injected with 100 µg of testosterone propionate (TP) or vehicle, and at 35 days of age they were injected intramuscularly with 400 µg of testosterone oenanthate (TO), a long acting androgen, or the vehicle. There were four groups (oil-oil, TP-oil, oil-TO, TP-TO), each group subdivided by sex. Females treated with testosterone neonatally or at puberty were masculinised or defeminised on adult open-field behaviours, being less active and rearing less than oil-oil females; the oil-TO group also defaecated significantly more than controls. The TP-TO female group was indistinguishable from the oil-TO group. In a second experiment, sex differences were found in head-dipping behaviour as well as in activity and rearing. Females treated with TP or TO reared less and defaecated more than controls, and TP also decreased activity, but neither hormone treatment affected head-dipping behaviour. There is thus a peripubertal as well as a neonatal period when testosterone can act organisationally to masculinise or defeminise female rats. Potentiation between effects of neonatal and pubertal androgens was found on female body weights. TO alone had no effect, but TP-TO females were significantly heavier than controls at 90 days of age and by 130 days of age the TP-oil group was also heavier than controls.

In a publication issued to commemorate the jubilee year of the tonic sol-fa movement in 1891, Samuel McBurney (1847–1909) was accorded the title of “the Stanley of Sol-fa” in recognition of his pioneering work in propagating the tonic sol-fa method in Australia. Born in Scotland, where he received his early musical training in tonic sol-fa, McBurney emigrated to the colony of Victoria in the southeast of mainland Australia, where he commenced a lifelong propagation of the tonic sol-fa system. On a return visit to Britain he qualified for a doctorate in music from the University of Dublin to prove that tonic sol-fa could be applied to the highest levels of musical scholarship and was subsequently appointed as inspector of music for Victorian state schools. He contributed significantly to music education through his teaching activities and his numerous publications, including textbooks, songbooks, choral compositions, journal articles, and a kindergarten music teaching method. However, McBurney's principal contribution was to lay the foundations for music teaching by the tonic sol-fa method in Victorian schools.

On days 1 and 4 after birth rats were injected with 100 μg of testosterone propionate (TP) or vehicle, and at 35 days of age they were injected intramuscularly with 400 μg of testosterone oenanthate (TO), a long acting androgen, or the vehicle. There were four groups (oil-oil, TP-oil, oil-TO, TP-TO), each group subdivided by sex. Females treated with testosterone neonatally or at puberty were masculinised or defeminised on adult open-field behaviours, being less active and rearing less than oil-oil females; the oil-TO group also defaecated significantly more than controls. The TP-TO female group was indistinguishable from the oil-TO group. In a second experiment, sex differences were found in head-dipping behaviour as well as in activity and rearing. Females treated with TP or TO reared less and defaecated more than controls, and TP also decreased activity, but neither hormone treatment affected head-dipping behaviour. There is thus a peripubertal as well as a neonatal period when testosterone can act organisationally to masculinise or defeminise female rats. Potentiation between effects of neonatal and pubertal androgens was found on female body weights. TO alone had no effect, but TP-TO females were significantly heavier than controls at 90 days of age and by 130 days of age the TP-oil group was also heavier than controls.

Two experiments were performed on rats with hippocampal brain damage and on a control group with neocortical lesions. In the first experiment the hippocampal group learned a difficult visual discrimination as promptly as the controls, and neither group was subsequently impaired by adding relevant or irrelevant background cues to the original stimuli. In the second experiment the animals learned a simultaneous visual discrimination in which the stimuli differed in both brightness and orientation. The hippocampal group was impaired relative to the controls on acquisition, and showed poorer transfer to stimuli differing only in brightness or orientation. The results are incompatible with the hypothesis which attempts to explain the effects of hippocampal damage by a widespread reduction in sensory gating, but they are consistent with a more restricted version of the same hypothesis.

Interviews were conducted with 100 female undergraduate students to investigate the relationship between anxiety, work related stress and abnormal eating habits. Dietary habits were examined using the EAT-26 questionnaire and an anorexia check list (derived from the DSM classification for anorexia nervosa). Anxiety and stress were assessed using self report questionnaires and blood leukocyte counts. Dietary restraint was associated with anxiety, irritability and psychosomatic complaints. Additionally, subjects with high EAT-26 scores tended to have low leukocyte counts. A six month follow-up study, carried out prior to examinations, showed a decrease in leukocyte counts, an increase in mean weight and an increase in abnormal eating habits.

Rats treated on the day of birth with progesterone (50 üg) or testosterone pro-pionate (200 üg) or the oil injection vehicle alone were tested in the open-field on four consectuve days at 45 days and 85 days of age. Averages across treatments showed that females ambulated more and reared more than males at both ages, that they groomed more than males at 45 days of age, and defaecated less at 85 days of age. Progesterone treatment significantly reduced defaecation in males at 45 days of age, and reduced grooming in both sexes. At 85 days of age progesterone significantly increased activity in females. Testosterone-treated animals of both sexes groomed significantly less than same-sex controls at 45 days of age, whereas at 85 days of age activity scores were significantly reduced only in females although testosterone treated males were less active on 2 test days and more active on 1. Early postnatal treatment with progesterone appeared to feminise male rats, and testosterone to masculinise female rats. Both hormones also altered the behaviour of opposite sexed rats, indicating that male rats may be further masculinised by exogenous testosterone and female rats further feminised by progesterone. Progesterone may have acted as an anti-androgenic agent by blocking gonadal and adrenal androgens in males and adrenal androgens in females.

Rats treated on the day of birth with progesterone (50 üg) or testosterone pro-pionate (200 üg) or the oil injection vehicle alone were tested in the open-field on four consectuve days at 45 days and 85 days of age. Averages across treatments showed that females ambulated more and reared more than males at both ages, that they groomed more than males at 45 days of age, and defaecated less at 85 days of age. Progesterone treatment significantly reduced defaecation in males at 45 days of age, and reduced grooming in both sexes. At 85 days of age progesterone significantly increased activity in females. Testosterone-treated animals of both sexes groomed significantly less than same-sex controls at 45 days of age, whereas at 85 days of age activity scores were significantly reduced only in females although testosterone treated males were less active on 2 test days and more active on 1. Early postnatal treatment with progesterone appeared to feminise male rats, and testosterone to masculinise female rats. Both hormones also altered the behaviour of opposite sexed rats, indicating that male rats may be further masculinised by exogenous testosterone and female rats further feminised by progesterone. Progesterone may have acted as an anti-androgenic agent by blocking gonadal and adrenal androgens in males and adrenal androgens in females.

Presents information on the favorite books of editors of "Out/Look," a magazine targeted at gays and lesbians. "The Alchemy of Race and Rights," by Patricia Williams; "Can't Say That, Can She?," by Molly Ivins; "Bardic Voices," by Mercedes Lackey.

Interviews Jaime Hernandez, the artist and author behind "Love and Rockets," a comic book about a lesbian couple. Description of Hopey and Maggie, the lead characters in the comic book; Opinion of Hernandez on feminism; Outlook on portraying women in his comic books.

Discusses issues concerning international lesbian and gay political activism. Efforts to include lesbians and gays in human rights works and to address homophobic responses of state officials in Mexico towards a gay conference; Concern in imposing lesbian and gay politics of first world culture on third world nations; Limitations in the ability of "OUT/LOOK" magazine to analyze international gay activism.

Comments on the National Lesbian Conference held in Atlanta, Georgia in April 1991. Approximate number of women who attended the conference; Information on anecdotes repeated from the conference; Complaints from the conference attendees; Reason many of the women on the conference left with the feeling that the event was worthwhile.

A personal narrative is presented which explores the author's experience of repairing a Steinway D piano during the concert of pianist Peter Nero in Adelaide, South Australia.

The article offers tips to piano technicians on how to reinsert long hinge pins on side-hinged upright lids. One way is to round the end of the pin with a file and apply a small amount of grease. Then, using locking pliers, grip the pin and wriggle it around until it goes through the first section of the hinge.

Several letters to the editor are presented in response to articles in previous issues, including "A Life in Tea" in the April 2006 issue, "My Best/Worst Day" in the February 2006 issue, "Barista Playlists," "The Urban Tea Party in Cafe Crossroads" in the November 2005 issue and "Imposters: Jamaica Battles Coffee Con Artists" in the January 2006 issue.