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Online CSAM offending is a challenge for law enforcement, policymakers and child welfare organisations alike. The use of online warning messages to prevent or deter an individual when they actively search for CSAM is gaining traction as a response to some types of CSAM offending. Yet, to date, the technical question of how warning messages can be implemented, and who can implement them, has been largely unexplored. To address this, we use a case study to analyse the actions individuals and organisations within the technology, government, nongovernment and private sectors could take to implement warning messages. We find that, from a technical perspective, there is considerable opportunity to implement warning messages, although further research into efficacy and cost is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Results indicate forensic evidence may influence judicial outcomes of arson cases. • Identification of ignitable liquid residues (ILR) associated with increased charges laid and guilty findings. • Multiple factors are considered in reaching conclusions about the cause of fires. • Consideration of alternative hypotheses is part of the decision-making process. • Timely briefing police post scene examination contributes to the investigative value. There is a body of published research that has evaluated the contribution of forensic science to the criminal justice system, but many disciplines of forensic science remain unexplored in this regard. The aim of this study was to examine the contribution that forensic fire examination services provide to criminal investigations and court processes in arson cases. Forensic fire examination services differ in a number of ways to the disciplines covered in previous research on the impact of forensic evidence on justice outcomes. Forensic fire examinations involve a combination of scene examination and laboratory analyses, and the results can provide critical evidence of whether an incident that has occurred is a criminal offence (i.e. whether a fire has occurred as the result of an act of arson). Forensic fire examination is also a discipline that has faced challenges and undergone development in recent decades regarding its scientific basis and the issue of contextual bias. In this study, data were collated for 273 structural fires that were examined by the forensic fire services in Victoria, Australia. In this jurisdiction, scene and laboratory forensic services are delivered within short time frames with a focus on providing impartial scientific and investigative services to assist criminal investigations conducted by police. The current dataset was highly skewed in terms of criminal justice outcomes and was not suitable for conducting the planned statistical analyses. Nonetheless, the pattern of findings obtained suggested that the inclusion of forensic evidence which supported the prosecution of arson may be associated with an increased likelihood of suspects being charged and defendants found guilty. Examination of the decision-making process of the forensic fire examiners has provided insight into the variety of evidence that is considered by forensic experts in reaching the important conclusion about the origin and cause of structural fires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social conditions triggered by the global COVID-19 pandemic have been described as a 'perfect storm', which could incite and exacerbate incidences of family violence (FV). This article proposes strategies to reduce the anticipated impact of COVID-19 on FV based on lessons learnt from available evidence. The evidence base on factors linking pandemics, conflicts, and disasters with violence against women and children (VAW/C) as well as risk and protective factors for FV is examined. This reveals several overlapping factors associated with changes in vulnerability to FV, which would likely be worsened during and possibly beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. Strategies are then proposed to counteract the effects of the current pandemic on these overlapping factors. It is anticipated that these strategies may be effective both during and after the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of what we know about sexual offenders and risk management is derived from empirical studies on sex offender populations in North America. In comparison to Canada and the United States, the evidence base in Australia on sexual offender risk management is under-developed. In this paper, we describe a current research project tasked with developing a national sex offender recidivism database to advance the evidence base in Australia. It is argued that a national database would advance knowledge and practice in the field of sex offender risk management in Australia in a multitude of ways. Yet there are many obstacles and difficulties in developing such a database. After putting forward a case for the need for such a database, we outline the issues we have encountered and the approaches we have adopted to develop this database. It is intended that this contemporary comment may not only alert readers to this emerging data resource in Australia but also function as a road map to guide future empirical research on offender population databases in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persons with cognitive impairment(s) are over-represented in the criminal justice system (CJS), yet many instances of cognitive impairment go undiagnosed. As this article outlines, it would be both desirable and feasible to use automated alerts to flag accused persons who may require assistance in interacting with the CJS either due to a confirmed or likely diagnosis of a cognitive impairment or other relevant condition. A proposed method to develop this alert system is outlined, combining natural language processing (NLP) applied to electronic health records (EHRs) with data linkage (DL) of health and CJS data. Although there are technical barriers, this article focuses on the ethical and legal barriers of this proposed approach. It is concluded that the overall benefits of the proposed alert system would likely outweigh potential adverse outcomes. It is argued that a waiver of consent would be appropriate and that legal barriers, in terms of privacy legislation at both Federal and State levels, which apply varying requirements for the disclosure of personal information, may be overcome in part through de-identification strategies. The examples provided in this paper of criminological data linkage projects support the feasibility of the method proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When asked about sentencing discretion and mandatory sentences, jurors participating in the Victorian Jury Sentencing Study expressed strong support for sentencing discretion and weak support for mandatory sentences despite a belief by jurors that, in general, sentences are too lenient. This strengthens the argument that polls that pose a general question about mandatory sentences or sentencing severity divorced from the context of a specific case are an inadequate and misleading measure of public opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental disorder, intellectual disability, intoxication and drug addiction are factors that are often raised in sentencing hearings, but the effect that these four conditions can have on an offender's sentence is rarely studied. This article fills two gaps in our understanding of the relevance of these ambiguous sentencing factors: first, by analysing how judges in the County Court of Victoria responded to these factors in 122 sentencing cases relating to 140 sentenced offenders; and second, by comparing the views of the judges with those of 426 jurors who had tried those cases and who participated in the Victorian Jury Sentencing Study. It concludes that lay opinion on the relevance of these factors does not always align with judicial practice and discusses the implications of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the light of proposals to give jurors a sentencing role in response to media portrayals of judges as soft on crime and out of touch, this article reports on a study which explored jurors’ thoughts about such a role using survey questions and interviews. Most shied away from such a role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports the findings of the first study in Australia to compare the responses of judges and jurors in 122 real cases who were asked to identify the appropriate relevance and weight that should be given to some of the most commonly listed aggravating and mitigating factors in sentencing. The research reveals that, while jurors and judges in Victoria are alike in giving more weight to aggravating factors than mitigating factors and in supporting an individualised approach to sentencing, jurors give less weight than judges to some mitigating factors, including good character, being a first offender, youth, old age and physical illness. Jurors also adopted broader interpretations of aggravating factors like breach of trust and the relevance of prior convictions. They also preferred a different rationale for discounting sentences due to family hardship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Big data' presents many interesting opportunities and challenges. This article focuses on the potential use of social media sentiment analysis as a legitimate tool for criminological research to better understand public perceptions of crime problems and public attitudes to responses to crime. While a degree of scepticism should always apply to the use of unsubstantiated sources on the internet, SMSA is likely to be a rich source of valuable information. Observational SMSA research presents low-level risks in terms of human research ethics principally because the information derived is unlikely to lead to the identification of research subjects. It is arguable, but less certain, that material posted publicly online does not attract a reasonable expectation of privacy for the author. However, the strength of this argument may depend on the particular circumstances in which the material to be analysed was posted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media claims and public opinion surveys suggest that there is a popular perception that judges are out of touch with what ordinary people think. This view is linked with punitiveness and confidence in the courts; those who think that judges are out of touch are also more likely to think that sentences are too lenient and less likely to have confidence in the courts. This article reports on a mixed methods study of the views of jurors, analysing data emanating from the question: 'How in touch do you think judges are with public opinion on sentencing?' The findings provide a striking contrast with those from public surveys. Most jurors in the quantitative phase did not agree that judges were out of touch with public opinion on sentencing. Some of those who did think that judges were out of touch indicated in qualitative interviews that this was not necessarily a criticism, or suggested that 'being out of touch' did not apply to the judge in their trial. The implication we draw from these results is that the findings from public opinion surveys suggesting that judges are out of touch need to be viewed with caution, rather than being treated as evidence of the need for constraints on judicial discretion and the introduction of harsher sentences. More broadly, we show the importance of employing mixed research methods that can uncover more fully the range and depth of public opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has indicated that cybercrime thrives when a corrupt social, economic, and political environment emerges such that law enforcement impact is minimised and key elements of crime prevention are absent. In this paper, using a snowball methodology we analyse patterns of ownership of "child model" sites which generate profits from advertising and/or subscriptions. While the material may not be traditional "pornography" in content, it is arguably exploitative. An open question is how the material compares to "beauty pageant" and other highly stylised mainstream photography that depicts children in adult situations, and whether access to all such material should be restricted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]