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Electrified solid–liquid interfaces (ESLIs) play a key role in various electrochemical processes relevant to energy1–5, biology6and geochemistry7. The electron and mass transport at the electrified interfaces may result in structural modifications that markedly influence the reaction pathways. For example, electrocatalyst surface restructuring during reactions can substantially affect the catalysis mechanisms and reaction products1–3. Despite its importance, direct probing the atomic dynamics of solid–liquid interfaces under electric biasing is challenging owing to the nature of being buried in liquid electrolytes and the limited spatial resolution of current techniques for in situ imaging through liquids. Here, with our development of advanced polymer electrochemical liquid cells for transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we are able to directly monitor the atomic dynamics of ESLIs during copper (Cu)-catalysed CO2electroreduction reactions (CO2ERs). Our observation reveals a fluctuating liquid-like amorphous interphase. It undergoes reversible crystalline–amorphous structural transformations and flows along the electrified Cu surface, thus mediating the crystalline Cu surface restructuring and mass loss through the interphase layer. The combination of real-time observation and theoretical calculations unveils an amorphization-mediated restructuring mechanism resulting from charge-activated surface reactions with the electrolyte. Our results open many opportunities to explore the atomic dynamics and its impact in broad systems involving ESLIs by taking advantage of the in situ imaging capability.

Employee creativity is essential for contemporary companies to survive and gain competitive advantages. Although previous studies have made efforts to identify organizational factors that improve or hinder employee creativity, a better understanding is still needed regarding the differences between radical and incremental creativity, especially the different mechanisms of how organizational factors impact two types of creativity. To address this issue, we aim to provide a systematic review through which to identify different antecedents that affect radical and incremental creativity, respectively, based on componential theory of creativity. At first, we clarified the definitions and measurements of radical and incremental creativity. Then, we categorized the antecedents of radical and incremental creativity to develop an integrative framework. Last but not least, we identified the different organizational factors regarding how to improve radical and incremental creativity. We also address several future research directions.

If it is desired to experimentally verify the regularity in the effects of air-voids on the properties of concrete, methods of altering voids must be relied on. Consequently, this research explored a method that reduced the curing air pressure after mixing concrete so as to modify air-void characteristics. In addition, in order to avoid introducing variables besides air-voids, a limit was placed on the duration of low-pressure maintenance, which was restoring the air pressure to atmospheric pressure after the formation of the concrete's air pressure transient resistant strength. The results showed that if the reduction in air pressure was insufficient, the differential pressure between the inside and outside of the original bubbles was not enough to cause them to break through energy barriers resulting in expansion. Only bubble regeneration due to the decrease in gas solubility was observed. When the differential pressure exceeded the energy barriers, bubble expansion could be achieved. In addition, it was possible to achieve the air pressure transient resistant strength in short time, which was achieved in only 7 h for the concrete used in this paper. Water loss calculation, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry-derivate thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscope, and mercury intrusion porosimetry were used to evaluate the hydration of the concrete confirming that the low-air pressure curing of 7 h had almost no effect on hydration. The method proposed can provide an effective means of specimen preparation for scientific research involving the effects of air-voids on the properties of concrete.

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and probing magnetic properties of atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) materials are of great interest for future information devices. Here, we report a CVD growth of 2D FeOCl crystals and a Raman spectroscopic study of the magnetic phase transition. 2D FeOCl crystals with different thicknesses have been grown on mechanically exfoliated h-BN by using KMnO4and FeCl3as precursors. Raman scattering has been conducted on the chemically grown FeOCl thin crystals, which can probe the magnetic orderings in various ways, such as quasi-particle scattering, quasi-elastic scattering (QES), magneto-optical effect, and so on. Under an external magnetic field, the Agphonon modes have shown a linear relationship of B/ρ to B2(Bis the external magnetic field and ρ is the degree of Raman circular polarization), which supports the calculated magnetic point group of m′m′min FeOCl thin crystals below TN. Other magnetic Raman features, including quasi-elastic scattering and two-magnon scattering, have been observed, which gives information about the magnetic specific heat and magnetic excitations, respectively. At last, temperature-dependent and thickness-dependent Raman spectroscopic measurements have shown a robust paramagnetic–antiferromagnetic (PM–AFM) phase transition in FeOCl thin crystals.

The Summer Olympics are the foremost sports event in the world, playing a crucial role in the national sports development strategy. The setting of Olympic events holds the key to the Olympic events. Through different stages of Olympic development, China has a relatively clear project layout and development strategy. In the new era, the dynamic changes in Olympic events are more frequent, and new trends have emerged. With the new trend of sports evolution, our strategic response needs to be adjusted in time to ensure timely and scientific project layout to continuously elevate the level of Olympic competition. This paper adopts the methods such as literature review, historical logic analysis, and mathematical statistics. Based on related theories in sociology and training, etc., it conducts an in-depth analysis and exploration of China's coping strategies in light of the evolving trend in Olympic events. The research believes that: 1) The strategic layout of China's Olympic events has laid a solid foundation for the achievement of the previous Olympic competition, and it is necessary to maintain strategic success; 2) Today, with the accelerated dynamic changes in Olympic sports, the cluster development of China's advantageous sports is facing new risks. It is essential to systematically deploy Olympic sports, expand the scope of gold winning, and improve the ability to deal with the risk of shrinking changes in Olympic sports; 3) People are expected to face up to the training characteristics of some emerging sports that differ from traditional sports, increase innovative research on training theory, and improve the practical guidance of training theory. 4) With the gradual integration of burgeoning events, urbanization events, and non-traditional high-tech events into the Olympic Games, China's traditional army regiment and systematized training model also needs to be fine-tuned to cope with the organizational management and training arrangements of emerging events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been widely known that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) plays an important role in gene expression and regulation. However, due to a few characteristics of lncRNA (e.g., huge amounts of data, high dimension, lack of noted samples, etc.), identifying key lncRNA closely related to specific disease is nearly impossible. In this paper, the authors propose a computational method to predict key lncRNA closely related to its corresponding disease. The proposed solution implements a BPSO based intelligent algorithm to select possible optimal lncRNA subset, and then uses ML-ELM based deep learning model to evaluate each lncRNA subset. After that, wrapper feature extraction method is used to select lncRNAs, which are closely related to the pathophysiology of disease from massive data. Experimentation on three typical open datasets proves the feasibility and efficiency of our proposed solution. This proposed solution achieves above 93% accuracy, the best ever.

Macrophages play a crucial role in both innate and adaptive immunity. However, their abnormal activation can lead to undesirable inflammatory reactions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of glycerol monolaurate (GML), a natural monoester known for its anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties, on avian macrophages using the HD11 cell line. The results indicated that a concentration of 10 μg/mL of GML enhanced the phagocytic activity of HD11 cells (P< 0.05) without affecting cell viability (P> 0.05). GML decreased the expression of M1 macrophage polarization markers, such as CD86 and TNF-α genes (P< 0.05), while increasing the expression of M2 macrophage polarization markers, such as TGF-β1 and IL-10 genes (P< 0.05). GML suppressed ROS production, apoptosis, and the expression of proinflammatory genes (IL-1β and IL-6) induced by LPS (P< 0.05). GML also promoted the expression of TGF-β1 and IL-10 (P< 0.05), both in the presence and absence of LPS exposure. Moreover, GML suppressed the gene expression of TLR4 and NF-κB p65 induced by LPS (P< 0.05), as well as the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 (P< 0.05). In conclusion, GML exhibited regulatory effects on the polarized state of avian macrophages and demonstrated significant anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties by suppressing intracellular ROS and the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Previous studies on deep learning (DL) applications in pathology have focused on pathologist-versus-algorithm comparisons. However, DL will not replace the breadth and contextual knowledge of pathologists; rather, only through their combination may the benefits of DL be achieved. A fully crossed multireader multicase study was conducted to evaluate DL assistance with pathologists' diagnosis of gastric cancer. A total of 110 whole-slide images (WSI) (50 malignant and 60 benign) were interpreted by 16 board-certified pathologists with or without DL assistance, with a washout period between sessions. DL-assisted pathologists achieved a higher area under receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC) (0.911 vs. 0.863, P= 0.003) than unassisted in interpreting the 110 WSIs. Pathologists with DL assistance demonstrated higher sensitivity in detection of gastric cancer than without (90.63% vs. 82.75%, P= 0.010). No significant difference was observed in specificity with or without deep learning assistance (78.23% vs. 79.90%, P= 0.468). The average review time per WSI was shortened with DL assistance than without (22.68 vs. 26.37 second, P= 0.033). Our results demonstrated that DL assistance indeed improved pathologists' accuracy and efficiency in gastric cancer diagnosis and further boosted the acceptance of this new technique.

This study investigated the effect of Macleaya cordataextract (MCE) on the performance, gut health, and microbiota of laying hens. A total of 192 thirty-wk-old Hyline brown laying hens were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups. The CON group received a basal diet, while the low (MCE250), medium (MCE350), and high (MCE450) dose groups were supplemented with 250, 350, and 450 mg/kg MCE, respectively. The egg weight and Haugh unit demonstrated a linear and quadratic increase with the MCE dose during the initial 4-wk period of the experiment (P< 0.05). Furthermore, the dietary supplementation of MCE led to a significant enhancement in eggshell thickness and Haugh unit at wk 8 and the data showed a statistically significant linear and quadratic increase (P< 0.05). Serum cytokine assay showed that dietary supplementation of MCE led to linear and quadratic increases in IL-4 and IL-10 level (P< 0.05). Dietary supplementation of 350 and 450 mg/kg MCE was observed to result in linear and quadratic increase in serum lysozyme levels (P< 0.05). The addition of MCE to the diet resulted in a linear and quadratic increase in the levels of sIgA in the jejunum and ileum (P< 0.05). In terms of gene expression, the addition of MCE to the diet resulted in linear and quadratic increases in the expression of IL-10, IgA, Serpinb14, Serpinb14B,and OIH(P< 0.05). The expression of jejunal genes pIgRand IL-4was observed to increase in a linear and quadratic manner, respectively, following the dietary addition of 350 mg/kg MCE and IL-1βdecreased in a linear manner (P< 0.05). Moreover, these favorable effects were maximized at medium dosage (350 mg/kg) of MCE addition, and intestinal microbial composition in the control and MCE350 groups was assessed. 350 mg/kg MCE increased the relative abundance of Bryobacterand Parasutterellaand decreased the relative abundance of Erysipelatoclostridiumin the cecum (P< 0.05). Spearman correlation analysis revealed that Bryobacter, Parasutterella, Skermanella, and Erysipelatoclostridiumwere associated with nonspecific immune functions (P< 0.05). In conclusion, 350 mg/kg MCE supplementation elevated the immune response, and upregulated the expression of genes related to protein production in eggs, thereby improving egg quality. These effects may be associated with changes in the microbiota, specifically Bryobacter, Parasutterella, and Erysipelatoclostridium.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary purple sweet potato polysaccharide (PSPP) supplementation on production performance, egg quality characteristics, jejunal morphology, and gut microbiota modulation of Hy-line Brown laying hens. A total of 288 23-wk-old Hy-line Brown laying hens were randomly divided into 1 of the 4 dietary treatment groups, with 6 replicates and 12 laying hens per replicate. The 4 groups were fed basal diet supplemented with varying concentrations of PSPP (0, 1, 2, or 4 g/kg) for 6 wks. At the end of the feeding trials, eggs were collected for egg quality analysis, jejunal samples were collected for morphology assessment, and cecal content was analyzed by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing to determine intestinal microbiota. Experimental treatments did not differ regarding laying performance and egg quality. However, polynomial contrast analysis showed that there was a linear decrease (P= 0.042) in yolk color. The jejunal morphology did not differ among the treatment groups. The alpha and beta diversity were not different between the treatment groups. The cecal microbiota was dominated by Bacteroidotaand Firmicutesat the phylum level and Bacteroides at the genus level. The relative abundance of Firmicuteswas increased (P = 0.012) and Bacteroidotawas decreased (P = 0.009) in the cecal content of PSPP2. Firmicutesto Bacteroidotaratio increased (P = 0.005) in the PSPP2 group. Polynomial contrast analysis showed that PSPP had a quadratic effect on Firmicutesto Bacteroidotaratio (P= 0.004) and on the relative abundance of Firmicutes(P= 0.006) and Bacteroidota(P= 0.006). At the genus level, increasing PSPP level showed a pattern of linear increase (P= 0.046) in [Ruminococcus]_torques_groupand linear decrease (P= 0.015) in the Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group. It can be concluded that PSPP altered the gut microbiota, but did not influence jejunal morphology or laying performance and egg quality of laying hens. Further research is recommended to fully understand the potential and determine the optimal level of PSPP in laying hens.

The effects of dietary Bacillus subtilis(BS) on the meat quality of broilers were evaluated, with an emphasis on the regulation of muscle fiber types and antioxidant capabilities. One hundred and forty-four Arbor Acres male broilers were divided into 3 treatment groups (0, 300 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg dietary BS) and raised for 35 d. The results suggested that BS improved meat quality by improving the muscular pH, meat color, water holding capacity and shear force. Immunofluorescence staining revealed a positive impact of BS on the muscle fiber transformation in thigh muscles, and the gene/protein expression data from specific muscle fiber types confirmed this finding. BS activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), silent information regulator 1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha. The postmortem analysis revealed that BS increased the activity of glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidant capacity while decreasing the malondialdehyde content. Additionally, BS increased the gene and protein expression of nuclear factor-like 2 (Nrf2) and activated the Nrf2 signaling pathway, including its downstream factors, such as heme oxygenase-1, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. In conclusion, dietary BS improved meat quality by modifying muscle fiber types and enhancing the antioxidant capacity in broilers.

Previous studies on deep learning (DL) applications in pathology have focused on pathologist-versus-algorithm comparisons. However, DL will not replace the breadth and contextual knowledge of pathologists; rather, only through their combination may the benefits of DL be achieved. A fully crossed multireader multicase study was conducted to evaluate DL assistance with pathologists’ diagnosis of gastric cancer. A total of 110 whole-slide images (WSI) (50 malignant and 60 benign) were interpreted by 16 board-certified pathologists with or without DL assistance, with a washout period between sessions. DL-assisted pathologists achieved a higher area under receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC) (0.911 vs. 0.863, P= 0.003) than unassisted in interpreting the 110 WSIs. Pathologists with DL assistance demonstrated higher sensitivity in detection of gastric cancer than without (90.63% vs. 82.75%, P= 0.010). No significant difference was observed in specificity with or without deep learning assistance (78.23% vs. 79.90%, P= 0.468). The average review time per WSI was shortened with DL assistance than without (22.68 vs. 26.37 second, P= 0.033). Our results demonstrated that DL assistance indeed improved pathologists’ accuracy and efficiency in gastric cancer diagnosis and further boosted the acceptance of this new technique.

To solve the problem of long logistics delivery time in supply chain, a Mixed Integer Non-linear Program (MINLP) model is built by using Mixed Integer nonlinear programming theory. Firstly, the General algebraic modeling system (GAMS) is used to build the model to fully integrate each parameter of logistics transportation, the total distribution time of the supply chain network, the coverage radius of the logistics base, the number of users, the total capacity of the logistics base, the mode of railway and road transportation, the nonlinear programming model is built and solved by DICOPT solver in GAMS. The cost of logistics can be decreased, transportation time can be reduced, and the logistics system's operating efficiency can be increased in the long term with the help of this algorithm. The proper operation of the logistics system is critical in encouraging the supply chain circulation of various industries and has a direct impact on the society's economic development. The optimal logistics distribution plan with 5 logistics bases covered users of 18 and railway capacity of 2. With the same railway capacity and the same total budget, the larger the number of covered users, the greater the total distribution time increases, but the larger the total budget, the growth of the total distribution time slows down significantly. Experiments show that MINLP model can solve the problem of logistics-based layout optimization in nonlinear logistics management.

This experiment aims to study the effects of dietary selenium (Se) sources on the production performance, reproductive performance, and maternal effect of breeder laying hens. A total of 2,112 Hyline brown breeder laying hens of 42 wk of age were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups, with 8 repeats in each group and 88 chickens per repeat. The sources of dietary Se were sodium selenite (SS, added at 0.3 mg/kg), L-selenomethionine (L-SM, added at 0.2 mg/kg), and combination of SS and L-SM (SS 0.15 mg/kg + L-SM 0.15 mg/kg). The pretest period was 7 d, and the breeding period was 49 d. Compared with 0.3 mg/kg SS, the addition of 0.2 mg/kg L-SM in the diet significantly increased the hatchability (P < 0.05) and the Se content (P < 0.05) in egg yolk and chicken embryo tissues and improved the activity of yolk glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) effectively (P < 0.05). Treatment with 0.2 mg/kg L-SM also reduced the content of yolk malondialdehyde (P < 0.05) and significantly improved the antioxidant performance of 1-day-old chicks, as manifested by increased activity of antioxidant enzymes (GSH-px, total antioxidant capacity and the ability to inhibit hydroxyl radicals) in serum, pectoral, heart, and liver (P < 0.05). This treatment decreased the malondialdehyde content (P < 0.05) and increased the expression of liver glutathione peroxidase 4 and deiodinase 1 mRNA (P < 0.05). Adding L-SM to the diets of chickens increased the hatchability of breeder eggs as well as the amount of Se deposited and antioxidant enzyme activity in breeder eggs and embryos. Compared with SS, L-SM was more effectively transferred from the mother to the embryo and offspring, showing efficient maternal nutrition. For breeder diets, the combination of organic and inorganic Se (0.15 mg/kg SS + 0.15 mg/kg L-SM) is an effective nutrient supplementation technology program for effectively improving the breeding performance of breeders and the antioxidant performance and health level of offspring chicks.

The recent discovery of van der Waals magnetic materials has attracted great attention in materials science and spintronics. The preparation of ultrathin magnetic layers down to atomic thickness is challenging and is mostly by mechanical exfoliation. Here, we report vapor deposition of magnetic van der Waals NiI2crystals. Two-dimensional (2D) NiI2flakes are grown on SiO2/Si substrates with a thickness of 5–40 nm and on hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) down to monolayer thickness. Temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy reveals robust magnetic phase transitions in the as-grown 2D NiI2crystals down to trilayer. Electrical measurements show a semiconducting transport behavior with a high on/off ratio of 106for the NiI2flakes. Lastly, density functional theory calculation shows an intralayer ferromagnetic and interlayer antiferromagnetic ordering in 2D NiI2. This work provides a feasible approach to epitaxy 2D magnetic transition metal halides and also offers atomically thin materials for spintronic devices.

The present study determined the effects of in ovo feeding (IOF) of N-acetyl-L-glutamate (NAG) on early intestinal development and growth performance of broilers. A total of 702 fertile broiler eggs were randomly divided into 3 treatments: 1) non-punctured control group, 2) saline-injected control group, and 3) NAG solution–injected group (1.5 mg/egg). At 17.5 D of incubation, 300 μL of each solution was injected into each egg of injected groups. Results indicated that the hatchability and healthy chicken rate were not affected by NAG injection (P > 0.05). Chicks from NAG solution–injected group had significantly decreased average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio during 1–14 D than those in the non-punctured control group (P < 0.05). Compared with the non-punctured control group, IOF of NAG significantly increased the density of goblet cells in jejunum at hatch, duodenum at 7 D, and ileum at 14 D; decreased crypt depth in jejunum at hatch; and increased villus height in duodenum and jejunum and villus height:crypt depth ratio in duodenum at 7 D (P < 0.05). The intestinal mRNA expression of Na+-dependent neutral amino acid transporter, peptide transporter, and excitatory amino acid transporter 3 did not differ between groups at 7 or 14 D. However, the mRNA expression level of rBAT in jejunum significantly increased in the NAG solution–injected group than in the non-punctured control group at 7 D (P < 0.05). In conclusion, IOF of NAG (1.5 mg/egg) accelerated the early intestinal development by enhancing intestinal immune and absorption function, thereby positively affecting the feed efficiency for the first 2 wk post-hatch.

The strong interaction between excitons and plasmons, manifested as Rabi splitting of the eigen energies, is of fundamental interest for manipulating photons in nanoscale devices. Thanks to their enhanced photostability and minimal inhomogeneous broadening compared with organic molecules, inorganic emitters are preferred for practical applications. However, a relatively small Rabi splitting with inorganic materials severely hinders the active plasmonic operation, considering its weak optical nonlinearity and slow energy interexchange. Here, we circumvent this problem in a hybrid system consisting of high aspect ratio colloidal quantum wells (HARCQWs) and an individual plasmonic silver nanocube. By taking advantages of a highly in-plane oriented exciton, enhanced exciton binding energy, and non-stacking properties in HARCQWs, we demonstrate an unprecedented giant Rabi splitting energy up to 400 meV under ambient conditions, which is observed not only in scattering but also in photoluminescent spectra. These findings are a key step toward achieving inorganic plasmonic devices.

Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) acts as a sensor of cellular energy changes and is involved in the control of food intake. A total of 216 1-d-old broilers were randomly allotted into 3 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment and 12 broilers in each cage. The dietary treatments included 1) high-energy (HE) diet (3,500 kcal/kg), 2) normal-energy (NE) diet (3,200 kcal/kg), and 3) low-energy (LE) diet (2,900 kcal/kg). The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary energy level on appetite and the central AMPK signal pathway. The results showed that a HE diet increased average daily gain (ADG), whereas a LE diet had the opposite effect (P < 0.05, N = 6). The average daily feed intake (ADFI) of the chickens fed the LE diet was significantly higher than that of the control (P < 0.05, N = 6). Overall, the feed conversion rate gradually decreased with increasing dietary energy level (P < 0.05, N = 6). Moreover, the chickens fed the LE and HE diets demonstrated markedly improved urea content compared with the control group (P < 0.0001, N = 8). The triglyceride (TG) content in the LE group was obviously higher than that in the HE group but showed no change compared with the control (P = 0.0678, N = 8). The abdominal fat rate gradually increased with increased dietary energy level (P = 0.0927, N = 8). The HE group showed downregulated gene expression levels of liver kinase B1 (LKB1), neuropeptide Y (NPY), cholecystokinin (CCK), and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the hypothalamus compared with the control group (P < 0.05, N = 8). However, LE treatment significantly increased the mRNA level of AMP-activated protein kinase α2 (AMPKα2) compared with other groups (P = 0.0110, N = 8). In conclusion, a HE diet inhibited appetite and central AMPK signaling. In contrast, a LE diet activated central AMPK and appetite. Overall, the central AMPK signal pathway and appetite were modulated in accordance with the energy level in the diet to regulate nutritional status and maintain energy homeostasis in birds.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has reminded us of human infections with the H7N9-virus and raised questions on what is the clinical and molecular pathophysiological diversity between the two diseases. Here, we performed a proteomic approach on sera samples from patients with H7N9-virus or SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, and healthy controls. Compared to SARS-CoV-2-, H7N9-virus infection caused elevated Neutrophil concentrations, T cell exhaustion, and increased cytokine/interleukin secretion. Cell-type deconvolution and temporal analysis revealed that T cells and Neutrophils could regulate the core immunological trajectory and influence the prognosis of severe patients with H7N9-virus infection. The elevated Tissue-Enhanced Proteins (TEPs) combined with alterations of clinical biochemical indexes suggested that H7N9 infection induced more severe organ inflammatory injury and dysfunction in the liver and intestine. Further mechanical analysis revealed the high concentration of Neutrophils might impact the intestinal enterocyte cell through cytokine-receptor interaction, leading to intestinal damage in patients with H7N9-virus infection.

The study investigated the effects of dietary probiotic of dual-strain Bacillus subtilison production performance, intestinal barrier parameters, and microbiota in broiler chickens. In a randomized trial, male broiler chickens were allocated into 3 groups, a control group (basal diet), BS300 group (basal diet with 300 mg/kg of B. subtilis), and BS500 group (basal diet with 500 mg/kg of B. subtilis). The inclusion of 500 mg/kg of B. subtilissignificantly reduced the feed conversion ratio by 4.55% during the starting phase. Both 300 and 500 mg/kg of B. subtilissupplementation increased jejunal villus height (by 17.89% and 24.8%, respectively) significantly and decreased jejunal crypt depth (by 27.2% and 31.9%, respectively) on day 21. The addition of 500 mg/kg of B. subtilissignificantly elevated the gene expression of occludin on day 35. Moreover, of B. subtilissupplementation enhanced cytokine levels and immunoglobulins in both serum and jejunal mucosa. Microbial analysis indicated that B. subtilisincreased the abundance of potential probiotics (Sutterella) and butyrate-producing bacteria (Lachnoclostridium, Tyzzerella, Anaerostipes, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_13, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, and Lachnospiraceae_UCG-010). The abundances of Anaerostipesand Sutterella, are significantly correlated with growth performance and immune function. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with B. subtilisimproved the growth performance, potentially through the regulation of immunity, intestinal barrier function, and microbiota in broilers. Notably, 500 mg/kg of B. subtilisexhibited more benefits for broilers compared to the 300 mg/kg.This research highlights the efficacy of dual-strain Bacillus subtilisin improving feed conversion, intestinal morphology, immune function, and the gut microbiota in broiler chickens under the conditions of this experiment.Bacillusemerges as a promising probiotic candidate, offering a suitable alternative to antibiotics in animal feed. However, previous research predominantly focused on single-strain Bacillus, with limited exploration into dual-strain Bacillus subtilis-based probiotics. This study demonstrates that dietary supplementation with dual-strain B. subtilisenhances feed conversion ratio, intestinal morphology, gene expression related to tight junction proteins, Th1-like cytokines, immunoglobulins, as well as the abundance of potential probiotics (Sutterella) and butyrate-producing bacteria (Anaerostipes, Tyzzerella, UCG-010, etc.) in the cecum. The abundances of Anaerostipesand Sutterella, are significantly correlated with growth performance and immune function. These findings lay a foundation for incorporating dual-strain B. subtilis-based probiotics in broiler feed.

The development of large-scale and intensive breeding models has led to increasingly prominent oxidative stress issues in animal husbandry production. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is an important extract with a variety of biological activities. It is an effective antioxidant drug and shows different antioxidant capacities due to its different chemical structures. Therefore, it is a new research target to determine the proportion of chlorogenic acid isomers with high antioxidant activity to resist the damage caused by oxidative stress. In this experiment, the antioxidant activities of the chlorogenic acid monomer and its compounds were compared by a series of in vitro antioxidant indexes. Based on the above experiments, it was found that LB and LC have superior antioxidant abilities (P< 0.05). Subsequently, 300 healthy 1-day-old Arbor Acres (AA) male broilers with no significant difference in body weight (about 44g) were randomly selected and randomly divided into five groups with 6 replicates in each group and 10 chickens in each replicate. One group was the control group, one group was the model group, and the remaining three groups were the experimental groups. At 37 days of age, animals in the control group were injected with normal saline, and animals in the other four groups were injected with 1 ml/kg 5% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) through the chest muscle before the supplementation. The control group (control) and the model group (PC) were fed a standard diet. The remaining three groups included the chlorogenic acid (CGA) group, LB group (CIB) and LC group (CIC). In these groups, 50 g/t chlorogenic acid, LB compound or LC compound were added to the basal diet, respectively, and the other feeding conditions remained consistent. The addition of the LB complex to the diet could significantly improve the growth performance and antioxidant performance of broilers (P< 0.05), upregulate the expression of Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway related genes in liver and jejunum (P< 0.05), regulate the disordered intestinal flora, and alleviate the damage caused by oxidative stress. These results suggested for the first time that the LB complex exhibited superior effects in vitro and vivo.

AbstractThis experiment was to study the effects of newly harvested corn on growth performance, intestine development and metabolism of nutrients in broilers. A total of 380 one-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers were assigned to ageing corn group (AC group), 1/3 newly harvested corn group (1/3 NC group), 2/3 newly harvested corn group (2/3 NC group), and newly harvested corn group (NC group), which according to the proportion of newly harvested corn in the total amount of corn of basal diets. Each group included six replicates with 16 birds. Digestion and metabolism trials were conducted at 39 to 42 days of age. Results showed that feed: gain ratio (F/G) of NC groupwas higher than that of 1/3 NC groupand 2/3 NC groupat 22 to 42 and 1 to 42 days of age (p < .05). The metabolic rates of calcium and phosphorus in NC groupwere lower than those in AC group, 1/3 NC groupand 2/3 NC group(p < .05). In NC group, the relative weight of caecum was significantly higher than that in 2/3 NC groupand AC groupat 21 days of age (p < .05), while the relative weight of jejunum was lower than that in 2/3 NC groupand AC groupat 42 days of age (p < .05). In summary, newly harvested corn can reduce the growth performance and metabolism of some nutrients in broilers. Newly harvested corn should be controlled during actual production.HighlightsNewly harvested corn can reduce the growth performance in broilers.Newly harvested corn can reduce apparent metabolic rate of calcium and phosphorus in broilers.Newly harvested corn can affect the intestine development in broilers.

Novel two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors arsenene and antimonene are promising channel materials for next-generation field effect transistors (FETs) because of the high carrier mobility and stability under ambient conditions. Stimulated by the recent experimental development of sub-5 nm 2D MoS2FETs, we investigate the device performance of monolayer (ML) arsenene and antimonene in the sub-5 nm region by using accurate ab initio quantum transport simulation. We reveal that the optimized sub-5 nm double-gate (DG) ML arsenene and antimonene metal–oxide–semiconductor FETs (MOSFETs) can fulfill the low power requirements of the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors in 2028 until the gate length is scaled down to 4 nm. When the gate length is scaled down to 1 nm, the performances of the DG ML arsenene and antimonene MOSFETs are superior to that of the DG ML MoS2MOSFETs in terms of the on-current. Therefore, 2D arsenene and antimonene are probably more suitable for ultrascaled FETs than 2D MoS2in the post-silicon era.

Due to a higher environmental stability than few-layer black phosphorus and a higher carrier mobility than few-layer dichalcogenides, two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor InSe has become quite a promising channel material for the next-generation field-effect transistors (FETs). Here, we provide the investigation of the many-body effect and transistor performance scaling of monolayer (ML) InSe based on ab initio GW-Bethe–Salpeter equation approaches and quantum transport simulations, respectively. The fundamental band gap of ML InSe is indirect and 2.60 eV. The optical band gap of ML InSe is 2.50 eV for the in-plane polarized light, with the corresponding exciton binding energy of 0.58 eV. The ML InSe metal oxide semiconductor FETs (MOSFETs) show excellent performances with reduced short-channel effects. The on-current, delay time, and dynamic power indicator of the optimized n- and p-type ML InSe MOSFETs can satisfy the high-performance and low-power requirements of the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors 2013 both down to 3–5 nm gate length in the ballistic limit. Therefore, a new avenue is opened to continue Moore’s law down to 3 nm by utilizing 2D InSe.

Since the 1960s, mining science and technology in China has experienced two technical innovations, i.e. the “Masonry Beam Theory (MBT)” and “Transfer Rock Beam Theory (TRBT)”. Based on those theories, the conventional mining method (being called the 121 mining method) was established, consisting of excavating two tunnels with a pillar left for mining a working panel. However, with increasing mining depth, engineering geological disasters in the underground caverns have been frequently encountered. In addition, the use of the coal-pillar mining results in a large amount of coal resources unexploited. In order to address the problems above, the “Roof Cut Short-Arm Beam Theory (RCSBT), being called the 110 mining method)” was proposed by He Manchao in 2008. The 110 mining method features the mining of one coal seam panel, excavating necessarily only one roadway tunnel and leaving no pillars. Realization of the 110 mining method includes the following steps: (1) directional pre-splitting roof cutting, (2) supporting the roof by using high Constant Resistance Large Deformation bolt/cable (CRLD), and (3) blocking gangue by hydraulic props. This paper presents an overview of the principles, techniques and application of the 110 mining method. Special emphasis is placed on the numerical simulation of the geostress distribution found in the mining panel using the 110 method compared to that of the 121 method. In addition, the stress distribution on the “short beam” left by the roof cutting when performing the 110 method was also investigated using both numerical simulation and theoretical formulation.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary sodium butyrate (SB) supplementation on the reproductive performance of female broiler breeders under intensive rearing conditions and to analyze antioxidant capacity, immune function, and intestinal barrier function of the female breeders and their offspring. A total of 96,000 40-wk-old Ross308 female broiler breeders were divided into the control (CON) and SB groups, each with 6 replicates of 8,000 birds. Each house with similar production performance characteristics was considered a replicate. The experiment lasted for 20 wk, whereupon sampling took place. Results showed that SB improved the egg production performance, egg quality of broiler breeders, and hatchability (P< 0.05). Maternal supplementation with SB substantially increased serum immunoglobulin A levels in broiler breeders and offspring (both P = 0.04) and offspring immunoglobulin G (P< 0.001). The levels of interleukin-1β (P< 0.001) and interleukin-4 (P = 0.03) in the offspring were downregulated, while the total superoxide dismutase in the offspring and the eggs increased (P< 0.05). The serum biochemical components in breeders and offspring were altered by SB, as evidenced by the reduction in triglycerides, total cholesterol, and high- and low-density lipoproteins (P< 0.05). The intestinal morphology of broiler breeders and offspring also improved by the SB with the decreasing the jejunal crypt depth (P = 0.04) and increasing villus height in offspring (P = 0.03). Maternal jejunal and ileal intestinal barrier-related genes were also shown to be significantly affected by SB. Furthermore, SB altered the microbial diversity in maternal cecal contents, thus increasing the abundance of Lachnospiraceae(P = 0.004) and Ruminococcaceae(P = 0.03). Dietary SB enhanced the reproductive performance and egg quality of broiler breeders and improved the antioxidant capacity and immune function of broiler breeders and offspring, with the benefits potentially arising from the regulation of the maternal intestinal barrier and gut microbiota by SB.

AbstractThe eighteen Party’s Fifth Plenary Session put forward the concept of innovation development, advocating innovation become common practice in the whole society. As a reserve force of high-tech knowledge, college students have great potential to create. On the basis of summarizing the existing experience, this study explores the mechanism of College Students’ leadership on innovative behavior, constructs the theoretical model of policy perception as the mediating variable, and uses the relevant data to verify the model.

Bismuthene, a bismuth analogue of graphene, has a moderate band gap, has a high carrier mobility, has a topological nontriviality, has a high stability at room temperature, has an easy transferability, and is very attractive for electronics, optronics, and spintronics. The electrical contact plays a critical role in an actual device. The interfacial properties of monolayer (ML) bismuthene in contact with the metal electrodes spanning a wide work function range in a field-effect transistor configuration are systematically studied for the first time by using both first-principles electronic structure calculations and quantum transport simulations. The ML bismuthene always undergoes metallization upon contact with the six metal electrodes owing to a strong interaction. According to the quantum transport simulations, apparent metal-induced gap states (MIGSs) formed in the semiconductor–metal interface give rise to a strong Fermi-level pinning. As a result, the ML bismuthene forms an n-type Schottky contact with Ir/Ag/Ti electrodes with electron Schottky barrier heights (SBHs) of 0.17, 0.22, and 0.25 eV, respectively, and a p-type Schottky contact with Pt/Al/Au electrodes with hole SBHs of 0.09, 0.16, and 0.38 eV, respectively. The effective channel length of the ML bismuthene transistors is also significantly reduced by the MIGSs. However, the MIGSs are eliminated and the effective channel length is increased when ML graphene is used as an electrode, accompanied by a small hole SBH of 0.06 eV (quasi-Ohmic contact). Hence, an insight is provided into the interfacial properties of the ML bismuthene–metal composite systems and a guidance is provided for the choice of metal electrodes in ML bismuthene devices.

The conventional betavoltaic battery design fails to eliminate the inherent influence of the radioactive source self-absorption effect, leading to a bottleneck in the efficiency and power of betavoltaic batteries. In this paper, a feasible high-efficiency 63NiO/ZnO integrated betavoltaic battery is designed and compared with the conventional betavoltaic battery. Simulation results show that the proposed betavoltaic battery has better output performance and breaks the upper limit of efficiency and power. The work presented here provides valuable insights for radioisotope battery designs, and the physical modeling procedure discussed can serve as a good reference for further applications in simulating heterojunctions of type-II semiconductors.

Correlated quantum phenomena in one-dimensional (1D) systems that exhibit competing electronic and magnetic order are of strong interest for the study of fundamental interactions and excitations, such as Tomonaga–Luttinger liquids and topological orders and defects with properties completely different from the quasiparticles expected in their higher-dimensional counterparts. However, clean 1D electronic systems are difficult to realize experimentally, particularly for magnetically ordered systems. Here, we show that the van der Waals layered magnetic semiconductor CrSBr behaves like a quasi-1D material embedded in a magnetically ordered environment. The strong 1D electronic character originates from the Cr–S chains and the combination of weak interlayer hybridization and anisotropy in effective mass and dielectric screening, with an effective electron mass ratio of mXe/mYe∼ 50. This extreme anisotropy experimentally manifests in strong electron–phonon and exciton–phonon interactions, a Peierls-like structural instability, and a Fano resonance from a van Hove singularity of similar strength to that of metallic carbon nanotubes. Moreover, because of the reduced dimensionality and interlayer coupling, CrSBr hosts spectrally narrow (1 meV) excitons of high binding energy and oscillator strength that inherit the 1D character. Overall, CrSBr is best understood as a stack of weakly hybridized monolayers and appears to be an experimentally attractive candidate for the study of exotic exciton and 1D-correlated many-body physics in the presence of magnetic order.

Medium-chain fatty acids and their derivatives are natural ingredients that support immunological functions in animals. The effects of glycerol monolaurate (GML) on intestinal innate immunity and associated molecular mechanisms were investigated using a chicken embryo model. Sixty-four Arbor Acres broiler embryos were randomly allocated into four groups. On embryonic day 17.5, the broiler embryos were administered with 9 mg of GML, which was followed by a 12 h incubation period and a 12 h challenge with 32 μg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). On embryonic day 18.5, the jejunum and ileum were harvested. Results indicated that GML reversed the LPS-induced decline in villus height and upregulated the expression of mucin 2 (P< 0.05). GML decreased LPS-induced malondialdehyde production and boosted antioxidant enzyme activity (P< 0.05). GML alleviated LPS-stimulated intestinal secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (P< 0.05). GML also normalized LPS-induced changes in the gene expression of toll-like receptor 4, nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), cyclooxygenase-2, NOD-like receptor protein 3, IL-18, zonula occludens 1, and occludin (P< 0.05). GML enhanced as well the expression of AMP-activated protein kinase α1 and claudin 1 (P< 0.05). In conclusion, GML improved intestinal morphology and antioxidant status by alleviating inflammatory responses and modulating NF-κB signaling in LPS-challenged broiler embryos.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of diets supplemented with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25-(OH)D3] and additional vitamin E on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, bone development, and carcass characteristics at different stocking densities on commercial broiler farms. A total of 118,800 one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial treatment consisting of two dietary vitamin levels (5,500 IU vitamin D3 and 60 IU vitamin E: normal diet, using half 25-(OH)D3 as a source of vitamin D3 and an additional 60 IU of vitamin E: 25-(OH)D3+VE diet) and two stocking densities (high density of 20 chickens/m2: HD and 16 chickens/m2: LD). The experiment lasted for 42 d. The results showed that high-density stocking negatively affected the growth performance of broilers during the first four weeks, whereas the vitamin diet treatment significantly improved the feed conversion ratios (FCR) during the last 2 wk. Vitamin diets increased catalase at 14 and 42 d, and the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) levels at 42 d in high-density-stocked broilers. The interaction showed that serum vitamin E levels were significantly improved at 28 d of age in high-density-stocked broilers as a result of the vitamin diets. Stocking density and dietary treatments were found to significantly affect bone development, with the vitamin diet significantly increasing metatarsal length and femoral bone strength in broilers from high-density stocking density at 28 d of age. High stocking density increased the proportion of leg muscles and meat yield per square meter. In general, 25-(OH)D3 and additional vitamin E suppressed oxidative stress and ameliorated the negative effects of high-density stocking on bone development in a commercial chicken farm setting. Vitamin diets improved the FCR of broilers, while high-density stocking resulted in better economic outcomes.The 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and additional vitamin E diets could alleviate oxidative stress and have negative effects on bone development in broilers caused by high-density stocking in commercial farms.High-density stocking is often associated with animal welfare risks in broilers, mainly in terms of oxidative stress and bone development. Nevertheless, farming at too low a density remains for the most part economically unviable. Modulation of antioxidant capacity and bone development by nutritional strategies in high-density-farmed broilers has proven an effective tool in developing countries. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of applying diets with a higher biological potency of vitamin D3 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25-(OH)D3] and a higher concentration of vitamin E on broiler production performance, antioxidant capacity and meat production performance at different densities of stocking under commercial farming conditions. The results indicated that the vitamin dietary treatments suppressed oxidative stress and ameliorated the negative effects of high-density farming on bone development.