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In this study aimed to evaluate the pollution extent of metals and nonmetals inside and outside the ferrosilicon production factory in Edfu, Aswan, Egypt, raw materials (quartz, cokes, iron oxides), ferrosilicon alloy, silica fume, dust and suspended dust (at different sites) samples were collected from the factory, and fallen dust samples were collected from outside the factory, horizontally (at different sites and different distance and directions) and vertically (at different floors in the selected buildings). Gravimetric methods, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), flame photometer, wide range carbon determinator and atomic absorption spectroscopy tools were used for elements determination. The results indicating that the fallen dust and its element contents on southern factory walls being higher than those on eastern factory walls may be due to the nature of the dusts and effects of wind force and wind direction. Fallen dust levels in different regions outside the factor were found to be affected by the distance, direction and floors. The nature of dust samples was affected by gravity and the suspended dust in different factory units depended on the work capacity and method of handling materials by personnel in different production units. Silica fume was a complicated problem, had dangerous effect against the workers' health, and was characterized by high concentrations of SiO2(90.6%~93.6%) and heavy metals (Mn, 420.6×10-6; Fe, 2354×10-6~2685×10-6; Co 80.7×10-6~101.6×10-6and Ni, 5.3×10-6~6.05×10-6). The TSP (Total Suspended Particulate) levels in all factory units were higher than the recommended air quality value (70 µg/m3) under Egyptian law. The effect of ferrosilicon factory fallen dust on the surrounding regions decreased with increasing distance between the factory and these regions. The suspended dust samples in the factory units and their components greatly exceeded national and international standards, so health and environmental criteria must be enforced on these units.

Determination for organic carbon and analyses of Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn were carried out on extractions (exchangeable and residual phases) of the fraction smaller than 63 μm of Nile sediment samples. Also, the fraction sediment samples were treated by synthetic solutions of metals with different concentrations. According to the index of geoaccumulation, the sediment samples are unpolluted by Mn, Cu and Zn, but they have high accumulation of Cd and Pb. The elevated concentrations of Cd and Pb can be attributed to lithogenic origin and anthropogenic sources (manufactures of metal alloys, batteries, and plastics; fertilizers and pesticides; and corrosion of galvanized materials). The adsorption data suggests that the pH is the important factor in the control of metal ions adsorption onto the bed sediments. Nile sediments exhibited high capacity for sorption of heavy metals, especially Pb and Cd followed by Zn, Cd, and Mn. The adsorption of metal ions on Nile sediments follows the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Statistical analysis was applied to the results and exhibited good and interesting relationships.

During the period from 23 November to 18 December 1992 water samples were collected from the surface and at 25,50,65 and 80% depth between Daal Cataract in Sudan and the High Dam wall in the most southern part of Egypt. The study concerned with measuring the velocity of water movement, temperature, electrical conductivity and pH, and with the determination of dissolved oxygen. CO23-,HCO-3, SO2-4, NO-2, PO3-4, Cl-, SiO2, Na, Ca, Mg, total hardness (TH) and total dissolved solids (TDS) , in the entire body of water, in order to follow up the distribution of physical components between surface and bottom water of the High Dam Lake and their effects on the water quality and on the life of biota (growth of the microorganisms communities, fish, turtles, birds, ..etc.)The study showed temperature ranges from 16.5-21.8°C , conductivity; 17.1-25.3 mSm-1, dissolved oxygen; 7.2-10.8 mg/L, pH; 7.20-8.25, CO2-3; 0.0-12.0 mg/L, HCO-3; 103.7-146.4 mg/L, PO3-4; 0.0-0.18mg/L, Cl-; 1.77- 6.21 mg/L, Na; 1.84-31.17mg/L, Ca; 19.24-28.86 mg/L, Mg; 3.39- 13.62 mg/L, TH; 71.98-112 mg/L, SiO2; 1.25-15 mg/L and TDS; 120-157 mg/L. The statistical analysis of the database exhibited positive and significant correlation coefficient values. On the basis of the results there was a stratification in the watermasses of the lake. This is consistent with the data obtained. Positive and lower correlations indicate anticorrelations, i.e. adsorption of Ca2+ & Mg2+ on CO2-3, HCO-3 & NO-2 on silicates.

Effluent industrial wastewater samples of Egyptian Chemical Industries Company (Kima Company, at Aswan produces nitrate fertilizer) were collected from the source, middle and just before the drain-Nile River interaction in the period October 1986-October 1987. The wastewater samples were analysed for temperature (19-36 °C), dissolved oxygen(0.64-136 mg/L), pH(2.0-10.9), free CO2 (0.0-5.28 mg/L), carbonates(0.0-96mg/L), bicarbonates(0.0-456 mg/L), nitrates (2.0-2240 mg/L), nitrites(0.91-54.5 mg/L), sulphates(9.5-92.5 mg/L), chlorides(25-1777.5 mg/L), phosphates(0.0-9.76mg/L), calcium(15.23-384.7 mg/L), magnesium(9.24-252.9 mg/L), total hardness, TH(84-2000 mg/L), iron(0.0-0.96 mg/L), total organic matter, TOM(5.2-68 mg/L), and total dissolved solids, TDS (369-3701 mg/L). Standard deviation and statistical errors were in the range 0.123-4071.151 and 0.034-1129. 134, respectively. Statistical analysis of the database of the industrial wastewater effluents exhibits high, positive and significant correlation coefficient values (r = 0.534-0.984). The pollutants from Kima drain wastewater had serious impact on biota living in the drain. Bacteria existing in the drain degradated nitrites, nitrates and sulphates in the wastewater.

Inorganic nonmetals (free CO2, CO22-, HCO3-, Cl-, SO2-4, NO2-, NO3-, PO43-, SiO2, COD, TSS, TH, TDS), pH values trace metals (Al, Ca, Cd, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn), and physical parameters (?-1 mSn-1 & T, °C) were determined in River Nile water samples collected from Aswan, Qena, Sohag, Assiut, El Menya, Beni Suef, Giza, Cairo, Mansoura, Damietta, Kafr El Zayat and Edfina (from the middle of the main stream and from the two branches of the Nile e.g., Damietta and Rosetta) . The results indicate that the Nile water characteristics are within the allowed and desired safety baseline levels, except those collected from Damietta which exhibit dangerously high levels of HCO-3, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO42-, Na+, K+, Li+ , TH, TSS and TDS as a result of the industrial wastewater effluents (pickled herring making, tanning, dyeing and textile, soap making, fertilisers, and cheese making factories), domestic, sewage and agricultural discharges drained directly into the Nile. Statistical analysis of the database exhibits positive and significant correlation coefficient values (r=0.61-1.0).

Major, minor, physical (electrical conductivity) & chemical components (HCO-3 ,SO2-4,Cl- ,Ca, Mg, Na, K, pH, TDS) and trace elements (Ag, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, and Zn) were determined in Kalabsha wells and in the High Dam Lake water. The water characteristics were followed up in the years 1991, 1992, 1993 and 1994. The results showed higher values for Cond. HCO-3 , Cl- , SO2-4, Ca, Mg, Na, K, TDS, Ag, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr and Zn in the water wells of Kalabsha area than in the Lake water. The pH values of the Lake water were higher than those of the wells water. There is no irregular interrelationship of major, minor and trace elements between the water of Kalabsha wells and the water of the High Dam Lake. However, Lake water is suitable for human consumption. The statistical analysis of the database of wells and Lake water shows positive and significant correlation coefficient values (r=0.665-0.986) between pairs: N: & Co, N. &Zn, Ni&Fe, Mn&Sr,etc.) standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variance (C.V.%) of the wells and Lake water are in the range 0.19-75 and 0.7-53, respectively.