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The Brushless DC Motor drive systems are used widely with renewable energy resources. The power converter controlling technique increases the performance by novel techniques and algorithms. Conventional approaches are mostly focused on buck converter, Fuzzy logic control with various switching activity. In this proposed research work, the QPSO (Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm) is used on the switching state of converter from the generation unit of solar module. Through the duty cycle pulse from optimization function, the MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor) of the Boost converter gets switched when BLDC (Brushless Direct Current Motor) motor drive system requires power. Voltage Source three phase inverter and Boost converter is controlled by proportional-integral (PI) controller. Based on the BLDC drive, the load utilized from the solar generating module. Experimental results analyzed every module of the proposed grid system, which are solar generation utilizes the irradiance and temperature depends on this the Photovoltaics (PV) power is generated and the QPSO with Duty cycle switching state is determined. The Boost converter module is boost stage based on generation and load is obtained. Single Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC) and Zeta converter model is compared with the proposed logic; the proposed boost converter achieves the results. Three phase inverter control, PI, and BLDC motor drive results. Thus the proposed grid model is constructed to obtain the better performance results than most recent literatures. Overall design model is done by using MATLAB/Simulink 2020a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Brushless DC Motor drive systems are used widely with renewable energy resources. The power converter controlling technique increases the performance by novel techniques and algorithms. Conventional approaches are mostly focused on buck converter, Fuzzy logic control with various switching activity. In this proposed research work, the QPSO (Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm) is used on the switching state of converter from the generation unit of solar module. Through the duty cycle pulse from optimization function, the MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor) of the Boost converter gets switched when BLDC (Brushless Direct Current Motor) motor drive system requires power. Voltage Source three phase inverter and Boost converter is controlled by proportional-integral (PI) controller. Based on the BLDC drive, the load utilized from the solar generating module. Experimental results analyzed every module of the proposed grid system, which are solar generation utilizes the irradiance and temperature depends on this the Photovoltaics (PV) power is generated and the QPSO with Duty cycle switching state is determined. The Boost converter module is boost stage based on generation and load is obtained. Single Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC) and Zeta converter model is compared with the proposed logic; the proposed boost converter achieves the results. Three phase inverter control, PI, and BLDC motor drive results. Thus the proposed grid model is constructed to obtain the better performance results than most recent literatures. Overall design model is done by using MATLAB/Simulink 2020a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of highly efficient lightweight flexible perovskite solar cells (PSCs) opens the way to high-throughput roll-to-roll manufacturing processes and new applications such as building integration and mobile products. Flexible PSCs are generally realized on small areas (< 0.2 cm 2 ), far from technology commercialization where modules-scale is necessary. In this work, we demonstrate highly efficient n-i-p PSCs grown on flexible substrates by proper interface engineering for improved electron extraction. We compared spin coated PEIE and vacuum deposited LiF as interlayers between Al-doped ZnO, as transport conductive oxide (TCO), and thermally evaporated C 60 , as electron transport layer (ETL). Once interlayers are applied, we observed a favorable band bending at TCO interface which results in enhanced charge extraction and lower recombination losses. We achieved flexible PSCs with stabilized efficiencies of 14.8%, both with PEIE and LiF interfacial modifications. In addition, we developed a flexible perovskite mini-module with stabilized efficiency of 10.5% onto an aperture area larger than 10 cm 2 . The monolithic interconnections are entirely obtained by highly accurate and reliable laser scribing methods. A geometric fill factor as high as ~ 94% is achieved, with a dead area width of ~ 250 µm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the comparative study with focus on mechanical long-term stability, we perform a temperature cycle (TC) test-to-failure for 1250 cycles according to IEC 61215 with laminated solar cell strings. The strings were produced with Multi Busbar (MBB) solar cells interconnected by wires and with solar cells with 3 busbars (3BB) interconnected by ribbons. One module sample comprises two electrically isolated 3-cell strings, one for each technology. The 3BB string displays a power loss of more than 5 % after 850 cycles, while the MBB string only exceeds 5% loss after 1250 cycles. After TC 1250 the 3BB string shows a degradation of -8.2 % in FF and -8.0 % in power, while the MBB string shows a degradation of -6.2 % in FF and of -5.3 % in power. In the second comprehensive comparative study we use for each interconnection technology 15 cells for isothermal storage (up to 130 °C, 42.8h) and 10 modules for TC (up to 400 cycles). Each reliability analysis includes IV and EL characterization as well as adhesion force measurements and microsection analysis. After TC 400 the MBB interconnection shows less than 1 % degradation in efficiency compared to 4-5 % degradation for 3BB ribbon interconnection in a common module setup. The cells and modules show that most of the electrical contacts are still intact with respect to the EL image after 42.8 h isothermal storage and TC 400, although the average peel forces degraded from about 2 N/mm to less than 0.5 N/mm. Both studies indicate a superior mechanical long-term stability for Multi Busbar technology compared to ribbon interconnection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatigue of the cell interconnectors is one of the main reasons for module failure. Especially with respect to module application in extreme climates new demands on solar cell interconnectors will arise. Optimizations in the manufacturing process to generate a product demand related microstructure are a key to improve the material behavior of interconnectors with respect to extreme climate loading conditions without increasing costs. For achieving this goal several aspects were considered in this paper: Influence of the annealing process on the fatigue behavior: Due to an optimization of the annealing process an increase in ribbon fatigue strength by a factor of four could be achieved. The effect consists of two parts: Firstly, annealing influences the geometrical shape generated during the fatigue experiment. Secondly, it affects crack formation and crack growth during fatigue. Influence of temperature on fatigue behavior: an increase in temperature leads to a significant reduction in fatigue strength (from 25 to 100 °C by factor 3). This results from increased dislocation creep at higher temperatures. Microstructural comparison of fracture patterns: The loading amplitude determines the roughness of the fracture surface: Smaller amplitudes lead to a coarser surface structure. This is important to compare accelerated lifetime testing in the lab and modules failures from the field. Simulation of temperature and microstructure dependent fatigue for lifetime prediction: Exemplarily it will be depicted how optimized fatigue behavior in the lab translates into real module lifetime under extreme climate conditions. Despite the actual numbers which show the potential of the approach, but could vary from sample to sample, the focus of the paper is the method itself and its physical background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical simulations of 4-terminal hybrid tandem modulescombining high-efficiency crystalline silicon(c-Si) cells with three different thin-film top cells respectively are presented. We considered three types of thin film PV cells: 1. Enlarged-bandgap oxygenated amorphous silicon (a-SiO:H) cells, 2. Wide-bandgap chalcopyrite (CuGaSe 2 ) cells, and 3. Perovskite (CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 ) cells. A methodology for evaluating the efficiency gain of the 4-terminal hybrid tandem module is proposed and used to show how the efficiency of aninterdigitated back contact (IBC)c-Si module with an efficiency of about 19.5% can significantly be increased through this 4-terminal tandem concept. In our model we also included the change in electrical output parameters by the color-filtering effect of the top cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical simulations of 4-terminal hybrid tandem modules combining high-efficiency crystalline silicon (c-Si) cells with three different thin-film top cells respectively are presented. We considered three types of thin film PV cells: 1. Enlarged-bandgap oxygenated amorphous silicon (a-SiO:H) cells, 2. Wide-bandgap chalcopyrite (CuGaSe2) cells, and 3. Perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3) cells. A methodology for evaluating the efficiency gain of the 4-terminal hybrid tandem module is proposed and used to show how the efficiency of an interdigitated back contact (IBC) c-Si module with an efficiency of about 19.5% can significantly be increased through this 4-terminal tandem concept. In our model we also included the change in electrical output parameters by the color-filtering effect of the top cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Renewable Energy resources vary with of the day and the season of the year and even some extent from year to year. Aim of this paper to conserve the energy, of the natural resources. For Solar Energy resource, we are mainly interested to find out the solar cell characteristics by plotting the I-V curve and monthly average energy output of a solar module. Also observe the average temperature versus output energy of this module in the month of January in order to verify the performance under fog, dust due to Kolaghat Thermal Power plant area and other external hazards. Then the development of performance is made on the solar tracking system and also calculation of the cost reduction of solar power plant using tracking system is also done. For Wind Energy purpose, the determination of the best Suitable place for wind farm in Midnapore zone in India using MATLAB Programming is done. Using HOMAR software for optimization of the hybrid generation and cost also reduction in the hybrid system. A real case study for hybrid generation is done by using the data of Kolaghat area. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The lighting energy consumptions of buildings are continuously increasing, and more studies on light shelves, which are natural lighting systems, are being carried out as part of an effort to address this issue. The purpose of this study is to propose a light shelf with a solar module covering only part of the light shelf so that lighting and generation are carried out at the same time, and to verify its effectiveness by conducting a performance evaluation. In order to accomplish these, a full-scale test bed was established in this study, and the performances of lighting systems were compared and analyzed by deriving the lighting energy consumption of the light-shelf according to the solar module attachment area, power generation quantity, and uniformity ratio of illumination. Results suggest that (1) the optimum angle varies for both the light shelf without a solar module for saving lighting energy and the optimum angle for a light shelf with a solar module for increasing the sunlight power generation efficiency; (2) the appropriate variable of the light-shelf with a solar module which is suitable to save the building energy is the light shelf with 66.8% attachment of the solar module and the proper angle of the adjustment is required for summer, intermediate season, and winter respectively; and (3) the uniformity ratio of illumination decreases according to the solar module attachment area on the light shelf with a solar module. • Energy evaluation by a light shelf depending on percentage coverage of solar panel. • Energy evaluation by light shelf with solar panel for various angles of light shelf. • Draw solar module attachment area to save energy. • Confirm energy saving through controlling angle of light shelf with solar module. • Examination of indoor uniformity factor based on solar module of light shelf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]