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The sugar-producing industry generates tons of bagasse as a waste product. Sugarcane bagasse has the enormous potential to produce activated biochar as a novel adsorbent. Functionalizing sugarcane bagasse biochar with enhanced attributes like more functional groups provides a larger specific area and chemical and mechanical stability. The physicochemical properties of the sugarcane bagasse biochar (SBB) can also be chemically modified to improve its morphology, surface functional groups, and elemental composition cation-anion exchange capacity. The present review focused on the various thermochemical methods used for the synthesis of SBB/ modified SBB. It provides details of changes in morphology and properties of SBB/ modified SBB after functionalization to improve adsorption of pollutants from waste water. The study shows improvement in the adsorption potential of sugarcane bagasse biochar to remove all pollutants from aqueous solutions using practical, affordable activation and surface modification approaches. The review also incorporates detailed mechanisms which involved during the adsorption of pollutants by SBB/ modified SBB.

The extracts of different parts of plants (leaf, stem, and flower) act as a green, environmentally friendly, economical, and safe corrosion inhibitors. The eco-friendly extracts of plant material provide an excellent alternative that substitutes toxic traditional (organic and inorganic) corrosion inhibitors. The plant extracts are renewable and readily available; thus, they occupy a unique position in the family of green inhibitors. The plant extract contains several bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, phenolic acids, glycosides, flavonols, etc., which possess experienced significant interest as anti-corrosive agents. These plant extracts contain several heteroatoms like phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, etc., which are adsorbed on the metallic surface and form an inert protective layer that protects metal from a corrosive environment. Thus, this article aims to shed light on the efficiency of plant extract in protecting steel in an acidic environment.

ABSTRACTSeveral universities worldwide have been offering their courses and programs through the e-learning mode, and this offering is changing the landscape of higher education. Disruptive information and communication technology and Internet technologies have been steadily impacting delivery of education. Social net worlds, wikis, blogs, YouTube, interactive websites, and integrated handheld communication technologies have taken over face-to-face meeting for learning. Virtual campuses with massive open online courses such as Coursera already deliver virtually every possible course through e-learning. Open online courses have already become the norm. Learners are utilizing formal and informal learning venues to create competence-based skill sets for higher employability. This article describes the evolution of the web, and consequently the evolution of e-learning, which is changing the landscape of higher education.

•A novel Pyridazinium based ionic liquid 1-Benzylpyridazinium bromide ionic liquid tested as a corrosion inhibitor.•Results prove that 1-BzPyBr acts as a promising corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in sulfuric acid.•Chemical and electrochemical methods are used to evaluate the inhibition efficiency.•AFM and SEM-EDS confirm the formation of the protective layer of the inhibitor on the surface of mild steel indicating the anticorrosive property of investigated inhibitor.•Computational studies based on DFT prove and indicate a better inhibition performance of the examined ionic liquid.

The present study attempts to assess how far tourism development in a host region results in both positive as well as negative impacts. A series of paired t-tests are carried out between the expectation of the tourism business community on tourism impacts and their experience with the same, which reveal that their expectation is remaining unfulfilled on all eight positive impacts. Results of t-tests pertaining to eight negative impacts further indicate that the experience of the community with two negative impacts is significantly poor compared to their apprehensions. The study findings pertaining to step-wise multiple regression analysis have revealed that four tourism impacts are most influential in shaping the future scenario of tourism at Varanasi.

Corrosion is an acknowledged worldwide issue which has led to depletion of natural resources, reduction in efficiency and economic losses. The increased complexity and use of diverse materials have further extended it to a serious concern. Use of inhibitors as environment modifiers is nowadays playing an important role in supressing or mitigating the corrosion process. In the past two decades ionic liquids have emerged as promising green corrosion inhibitors. Among various chemical variants of ionic liquids those incorporating imidazole as the nucleus have been reported extensively due to their excellent corrosion resistant behavior on mild steel and other metals. This article reviews the recent developments in imidazolium based ionic liquids as corrosion inhibitors in acidic media on metals and alloy such as aluminum, copper, zinc and mild steel. Details of investigated data and techniques for characterization and their significance are also highlighted with respect to these ionic liquids. Outcomes of reported studies including maximum inhibition efficiency with varying metal and corrosive media have been summarized and analyzed. A critical analysis reveals that most of the imidazolium ionic liquids exhibit good corrosion inhibition behavior in sulphuric acid towards examined mild steel.

The present paper examines the attractiveness of Varanasi as a tourist destination from the perspective of foreign tourists considering several important dimensions simultaneously. These are demographic characteristics of tourists, their expectation on touristic attributes of the destination as also satisfaction with the same and finally holistic impressions of the destination. A factor analysis carried out on 24 touristic attributes pertaining to the expectation of visitors gives rise to seven meaningful constructs. Results of step-wise multiple regression analysis between the perceived attractiveness and the above seven constructs reveal the importance of each of these seven constructs in explaining the perceived attractiveness of the destination. Holistic impressions of Varanasi reveal that it is a city embodying the essence of Indian spiritualism and mysticism with Ganges and Ghats forming the heart of the city.

AbstractNegotiation is a means for intelligent agents of a market-oriented grid to communicate and compromise for reaching mutually beneficial agreements in terms of cost and quality of service. In this paper, we have presented a secure negotiation protocol for efficient management of resources in a market-oriented grid environment. The protocol enables both the resource providers and the resource consumers to find optimal deals in combinatorially and strategically complex settings through secure group communication. Preserving the privacy of the participants’ data is an important issue in this protocol.