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Appendicitis in patients with a sub-hepatic and retroperitoneal position is rare, often leading to delayed diagnosis and management due to its atypical presentation. A high index of clinical suspicion and the use of imaging modalities can improve the outcomes of patients with sub-hepatic appendicitis. A 20-year-old male presented with 36 h duration of right-sided abdominal pain, accompanied by nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and fever. He exhibited tachycardia and right lower quadrant abdominal tenderness. Laboratory tests revealed leukocytosis with a left shift and ultrasound showed simple appendicitis. An open appendectomy revealed a retroperitoneal, sub-hepatic, and sub-serosal inflamed appendix. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful. Sub-hepatic position of the appendix is rare accounting for 0.08 % of all cases of acute appendicitis. It is associated with mid-gut mal-rotation or arrested cecal descent during embryogenesis. Patients with sub-hepatic appendicitis usually have atypical presentation mimicking hepatobiliary pathologies which will lead to a delayed diagnosis and management. The standard management of sub-hepatic, retroperitoneal, and sub-serosal appendicitis relies on a laparoscopic approach however in case of difficulty and resource limitation, open appendectomy is the ultimate option. Sub-hepatic retroperitoneal and sub-serosal appendicitis, though rare, should be included in the differential diagnosis for patients with atypical abdominal pain. A high index of clinical suspicion, use of imaging modalities, and meticulous dissection with adequate exposure are crucial for a successful outcome. • Sub-hepatic, retroperitoneal, sub-serosal appendicitis is a rare occurrence with diagnostic and management challenges • Imaging modalities have a great role in guiding the diagnosis and surgical interventions of sub-hepatic appendicitis • Colonic mobilization along with a meticulous dissection is crucial in managing retroperitoneal and sub-serosal appendicitis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intimate partner violence is common in rural areas of Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and prevalence of domestic violence among women in Kersa district of Oromia region and identify the types, perpetuators and triggers for violence. A community-based cross-sectional interview-based survey was conducted in 2008 on 858 women of reproductive age. Only 39.7% of women reported that they recognized that violence against women was a problem in their area. Ever experience of violence by an intimate partner was reported by 166 women (19.6%) and 70.3% of the perpetuators were husbands. Ever experience of domestic violence among women was significantly related to Amhara ethnicity and age group 30–49 years. Only 33 (19.9%) women who ever experienced violence had reported it to the legal authorities. Women’s reasons for failing to report to the legal system were not wanting to expose the issue and not knowing where to go. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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An interview of aeronautics executive John S. MacDonald, President of the company MacDonald Dettwiler and Associates (MDA), is presented. He discusses the nature of entrepreneurship in the field of engineering. He notes the role of MDA in satellite imagery, as part of the firm's work for the U.S. government National Space and Aeronautics Administration (NASA) Landsat-1 program. MacDonald addresses the role of MDA in developing the digital processing of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data.