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•The suitability of the millet variety Alba for producing spaghetti was shown.•Firmness of millet pasta were comparable to durum spaghetti.•Millet spaghetti were especially popular among diet-conscious consumers.•Millet pasta had a high content of iron, zinc and dietary fiber.•The production protocol could be implemented in the pasta industry.

Aims To assess the effect of high tibial and distal femoral osteotomies (HTO and DFO) on the pressure characteristics of the ankle joint.Materials and MethodsVarus and valgus malalignment of the knee was simulated in human cadaver full-length legs. Testing included four measurements: baseline malalignment, 5° and 10° re-aligning osteotomy, and control baseline malalignment. For HTO, testing was rerun with the subtalar joint fixed. In order to represent half body weight, a 300 N force was applied onto the femoral head. Intra-articular sensors captured ankle pressure.ResultsIn the absence of restriction of subtalar movement, insignificant migration of the centre of force and changes of maximal pressure were seen at the ankle joint. With restricted subtalar motion, more significant lateralisation of the centre of force were seen with the subtalar joint in varus than in valgus position. Changes in maximum pressure were again not significant. ConclusionThe re-alignment of coronal plane knee deformities by HTO and DFO altered ankle pressure characteristics. When the subtalar joint was fixed in the varus position, migration of centre of force after HTO was more significant than when the subtalar joint was fixed in valgus.Cite this article: Bone Joint J2017;99-B:59–65.

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectra of N_2 in the hybrid femtosecond/picosecond regime have been recorded with 0.7  cm^−1 resolution. The Q-branch rovibrational structure has been resolved, making it suitable for gas-phase simultaneous rotational and vibrational thermometry applications. Resolving this spectral structure requires synchronization of a narrowband picosecond probe pulse with a broadband femtosecond pair of pump and Stokes pulses. It is achieved using a single femtosecond ytterbium-laser source and a volume Bragg grating in a compact experimental arrangement.

The aim of the study is to develop a qualitative method to estimate the radiological vulnerability of soils to a radiocaesium contamination. In this context, the vulnerability is defined as the soil potential, to transfer or retain, the radionuclide deposited, according exclusively to its own soil properties. Two exposure pathways are considered, the internal exposure from the ingestion and the external irradiation exposure. The methodology combines hydrological and pedological processes, including specific soil parameters and properties, which are qualitatively represented by means of vulnerability indexes. All the input data needed for the assessment are collected from any complete and normalised soil sample analysis. The results obtained, identify the soil vulnerability in five indexes, that vary from a minimum to a maximum potentiality to transfer or fix the deposited radiocaesium. These allow the categorisation of the associated human exposure and could constitute a previous step in the design of an intervention strategy for the recovery of a contaminated area. The methodology has been applied to the different soil types of the Spanish Peninsula. For a same soil type, a wide variability of indexes is observed. This is expected, as the same soil type has a different evolution regarding the parent material and climate. The influence of the exposure pathway is also reflected, as the methodology considers different critical soil horizons in each case.

We demonstrate the first emitter, based on a single optical source device, capable of addressing three species of interest (CO_2, CH_4, and H_2O) for differential absorption Lidar remote sensing of atmospheric greenhouse gases from space in the 2 μm region. It is based on an amplified nested cavity optical parametric oscillator. The single frequency source shows a total conversion efficiency of 37% and covers the 2.05–2.3 μm range.

Together with surgery and chemotherapy, ionizing irradiation is one of the key therapeutic approaches to treat cancer. More than 50 percent of all cancer patients will receive radiotherapeutic intervention at some stage of their disease. The more precise instrumentation for delivery of radiotherapy and the emphasis on hypofractionation technologies have drastically improved loco-regional tumor control within the last decades. However, the appearance of distant metastases often requires additional systemic treatment modalities such as chemotherapy. High dose chemotherapy is generally considered as immunosuppressive and can cause severe adverse effects. Therefore, we want to elucidate the effects of ionizing irradiation on the immune system and provide immunological treatment strategies which are induced by the hosts stress response. Similar to other stressors, ionizing irradiation is known to enhance the synthesis of a variety of immune-stimulatory and -modulating molecules such as heat shock proteins (HSP), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and survivin. Herein, we focus on HSP that exhibit an unusual cell membrane localization and release mechanism in tumor cells. These tumor-specific characteristics render HSP as ideal targets for therapeutic interventions. Depending on their intra/membrane and extracellular localization HSP have the ability to protect tumor cells from stress-induced lethal damage by interfering with antiapoptotic pathways or to elicit anti-cancer immunity.

The optical alignment of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) is potentially challenging, due to its fast three-mirror optical design and its large 3.5° field of view (FOV). It is highly advantageous to align the three-mirror optical system prior to the integration of the complex science camera on the telescope, which corrects the FOV via three refractive elements and includes the operational wavefront sensors. A telescope alignment method based on nodal aberration theory (NAT) is presented here to address this challenge. Without the science camera installed on the telescope, the on-axis imaging performance of the telescope is diffraction-limited, but the field of view is not corrected. The nodal properties of the three-mirror telescope design have been analyzed and an alignment approach has been developed using the intrinsically linear nodal behavior, which is linked via sensitivities to the misalignment parameters. Since mirror figure errors will exist in any real application, a methodology to introduce primary-mirror figure errors into the analysis has been developed and is also presented.

Group Milleri streptococci (GMS), a heterogeneous group of streptococci, are associated with purulent infections. This study was a retrospective analysis of all consecutive thoracic infections of GMS between 2001 and 2004. Of 246 surgical GMS infections, thoracic infections accounted for 4.5 per cent, including 10 pleural infections (eight empyemas and two infected pleural effusions) and one mediastinal infection. The etiology of pleural infection was parapneumonic (7), second to esophageal perforation (1), liver transplantation (1), and liver resection (1). Polymicrobial infections were present in 64 per cent. All patients underwent removal of the infected masses, including drainage (3), thoracoscopic decortication (5), thoracotomy with debridement (2), and incision with drainage (1). The case fatality rate was 9 per cent (there was one patient with congestive heart disease unfit to undergo surgical empyema evacuation) and the recurrence rate was 27.3 per cent (three patients). Combined antibiotic/surgical treatment was successful in all other cases. GMS isolates were susceptible to clindamycin and all ß-lactam antibiotics except ceftazidime, but were resistant to aminoglycosides. If found intrathoracically, GMS frequently progress to severe empyema. Therefore, timely removal of pleural collection by percutaneous drainage or surgical intervention seems indicated. If surgery is required, thoracoscopic decortication may be the preferred approach.

The α-amino acid ester rac-PhMe2SiCH2CH(NH2)COOEt (rac-4) was transformed into the disiloxane RMe2SiOSiMe2R (5; R = CH2CH(NH2)COOH) via an Si−C(Ph) cleavage in boiling hydrochloric acid. Upon dissolution of 5 in water, spontaneous formation of the racemic SiOH-containing α-amino acid HOMe2SiCH2CH(NH2)COOH (rac-6) occurred, which could be immobilized on silica via an Si−O−Si linkage between the α-amino acid and the silica support (characterization by solid-state NMR spectroscopy). The resulting silica-immobilized α-amino acid contains both characteristic functionalities:  the COOH and the NH2 group.

Sila-substitution (C/Si exchange) of one or both of the two quaternary carbon atoms of the histaminic H1 antagonist terfenadine (1a) leads to sila-terfenadine-A (1b; R3COH → R3SiOH), sila-terfenadine-B (1c; R4C → R4Si), or disila-terfenadine (1d; R3COH → R3SiOH, R4C → R4Si). Sila-substitution of the quaternary carbon atom of the histaminic H1 antagonist fexofenadine (2a) affords sila-fexofenadine (2b; R3COH → R3SiOH). The silicon compounds rac-1b, rac-1c, rac-1d, and rac-2b were synthesized in multistep syntheses, and the identities of these compounds and their precursors were established by elemental analyses and multinuclear NMR studies. Some of the precursors were additionally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The pharmacological profiles of rac-1a, rac-1b, rac-1c, rac-1d, rac-2a, and rac-2b were assessed across a range of histaminic receptor binding assays (radioligand binding studies at histamine central H1, peripheral H1, H2, and H3 receptors). The silicon compounds, within experimental error, exhibited an affinity and selectivity profile similar to their corresponding carbon analogues.

The C/Si analogues 2-methyl-2-(3-methylbenzyl)but-3-en-1-ol (2a) and (hydroxymethyl)methyl(3-methylbenzyl)vinylsilane (2b) are chiral derivatives of the achiral fragrance materials majantol (1a) and sila-majantol (1b). Compounds 2a and 2b were synthesized as racemates, and the respective (+)- and (−)-enantiomers were obtained by chromatographic resolution (HPLC) of rac-2a and rac-2b using a chiral stationary phase. The enantiomerically pure compounds (+)-2a, (−)-2a, (+)-2b, and (−)-2b (optical rotations determined in methanol) were studied for their sensory properties. Both the odor character and the odor intensity of the silicon compounds (+)-2b and (−)-2b differ totally from those of the respective carbon analogues (+)-2a and (−)-2a.

The main aim of this work is to determine the geographical distribution of the potential soil capacity to transfer 137Cs and 90Sr in Spanish soils. The behaviour of these radiological contaminants in the soil is of key importance to determine the vulnerability, which in this case is related with the availability and transferability of the contaminants. Therefore, the transfer of the contaminants through the food chain pathway (soil-plant) is considered to be within a maximum depth of 60 cm in the soil. A categorisation of the contaminant behaviour is carried out considering soil processes, which are influenced by pedological and hydrological factors. Separate indexes are determined, namely water availability, physicochemical retention and a K or Ca content for the respective contaminants. Combining these individual indexes, a final index is obtained representing the results divided into five classes ranging from a minimum to a maximum vulnerability. The results are obtained using data from 1655 Spanish soil profiles, which are introduced into a Geographic Information System data base. A cartographic reference map, based on the soil map of the European Communities, is used to determine a regional distribution of the most representative soils found within Spain. The distribution for the potential transferability of 137Cs and 90Sr is represented by determining the most frequent value for the different soil types from results obtained for the individual soil profiles.

The main aim of this work is to determine the geographical distribution of the potential soil capacity to transfer 137Cs and 90Sr in Spanish soils. The behaviour of these radiological contaminants in the soil is of key importance to determine the vulnerability, which in this case is related with the availability and transferability of the contaminants. Therefore, the transfer of the contaminants through the food chain pathway (soil-plant) is considered to be within a maximum depth of 60 cm in the soil. A categorisation of the contaminant behaviour is carried out considering soil processes, which are influenced by pedological and hydrological factors. Separate indexes are determined, namely water availability, physicochemical retention and a K or Ca content for the respective contaminants. Combining these individual indexes, a final index is obtained representing the results divided into five classes ranging from a minimum to a maximum vulnerability. The results are obtained using data from 1655 Spanish soil profiles, which are introduced into a Geographic Information System data base. A cartographic reference map, based on the soil map of the European Communities, is used to determine a regional distribution of the most representative soils found within Spain. The distribution for the potential transferability of 137Cs and 90Sr is represented by determining the most frequent value for the different soil types from results obtained for the individual soil profiles.

The perfume ingredient majantol [2,2-dimethyl-3-(3-methylphenyl)propan-1-ol (1a)] and its silicon- and germanium-containing analogs sila-majantol [(hydroxymethyl)dimethyl(3-methylbenzyl)silane (1b)] and germa-majantol [(hydroxymethyl)dimethyl(3-methylbenzyl)germane (1c)], respectively, were synthesized from i-PrC(O)Ph (four steps, → 1a), Me2Si(CH2Cl)Cl (three steps, → 1b), or Cl3GeCH2Cl (four steps, → 1c). The structures of the C/Si/Ge analogs 1a/1b/1c were determined by crystal structure analyses and computational studies [RI-MP2 calculations (TZVP level)]. The odor of majantol (1a) was found to be strong fresh-floral, aqueous-aldehydic, and characteristic of lily-of-the-valley flowers, whereas that of sila-majantol (1b) was considerably less intense than that of 1a. It lacked the aqueous-aldehydic freshness, but possessed nevertheless the characteristic lily-of-the-valley odor, but it was more terpineol-like. The odor of germa-majantol (1c) was very weak and not characteristic; the majantol impression could be recognized only as a shade.

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In the kidney a striking parallel exists between the expression of ecto-5'-nucleotidase and of erythropoietin by renal fibroblasts. It was therefore hypothesized that the expression of ecto-5'-nucleotidase in fibroblasts might be controlled by oxygen tension. In order to test this hypothesis, we examined the distribution of the enzyme in a tissue which displays a defined zonation in respect to oxygen tension, namely in the liver; anaemia was used in order to exaggerate this zonation. The distribution of ecto-5'-nucleotidase was investigated by light and electron microscopy using enzyme and immunohistochemical methods in the livers of healthy and of anaemic rats. Anaemia was produced by haemolysis combined with X-ray irradiation. The enzyme was detected in the bile canaliculi, in the connective tissue of the portal triads and of the central veins, and in fat-storing cells probably corresponding to a special form of fibroblasts. In healthy animals the perisinusoidal ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity was slightly higher in the pericentral than in the periportal area of the acinus whereas the inverse was observed for the staining of bile canaliculi. Anaemia provoked an increase of ecto-5'-nucleotidase in fat-storing cells in the pericentral zone of the acinus and in fibroblasts around the central veins, resulting in steepended gradients along the sinusoids. The intralobular gradient of ecto-5'-nucleotidase in perisinusoidal cells and the effect thereon of anaemia suggest that the expression of the ecto-5'-nucleotidase might be directly or indirectly controlled by local oxygen tension.

Articular chondrocytes embedded in alginate gel produce de novo a matrix rich in collagens and proteoglycans. A major advantage of this culture system is that the cells can be recovered by chelating the calcium, which otherwise maintains the alginate in its gel state. Chondrocytes thus released are surrounded by tightly bound cell-associated matrix, which seems to correspond to the pericellular and territorial matrices identified in cartilage by electron microscopy. The cells and their associated matrix can be easily separated by mild centrifugation from more soluble matrix components derived principally from the 'interterritorial' matrix. This new cell culture system thus makes it possible to study the assembly and turnover of molecules present in two distinct matrix pools. Importantly, a significant proportion of the aggrecan molecules in each of these two pools can be extracted using a non-denaturing solvent, thereby making possible studies of the metabolism and turnover of native proteoglycan aggregates. We show in this report that chondrocytes isolated from the full depth of adult bovine articular cartilage and maintained for 8 months in alginate gel are still metabolically active and continue to synthesize cartilage-specific type II collagen and aggrecan. The cells did not synthesize large amounts of type I collagen or of the small nonaggregating proteoglycans as usually occurs when chondrocytes lose their phenotypic stability. After this extended period of time in culture, the cells were present as two populations exhibiting differences in size, shape and amount of extracellular matrix surrounding them. The first population was found only near the surface of the bead: these cells were flattened and surrounded by a matrix sparse in proteoglycans and collagen fibrils. The second population was found throughout the remaining depth of the bead: the cells were more round and almost always surrounded by a basket-like meshwork consisting of densely packed fibrils running tangential to the surface.

In order to prevent nipple-sliding of the everted small bowel, conventional Brooke ileostomies in 26 patients were stabilized on both sides of the mesentery by longitudinal rows of staples. There were no early complications. With respect to historical controls with unstapled ileostomies, late complications (retraction, prolapse) could be reduced from about 16 to 0% in a median observation time of 2 years. The ileostomies were stable in size and form and therefore appliances were facilitated.

A recent immunoelectron microscopic study of type X collagen in developing cartilage gave results that could be explained by movement of the molecule from one region of the cartilage matrix to another, there becoming associated with preexisting collagen fibrils. In the present study, to test the feasibility of this model we incubated pieces of nonhypertrophic, embryonic chicken sternal cartilage (which has no endogenous type X collagen) in medium with type X collagen and then used immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy to evaluate movement of the molecule through the matrix. The results show that type X collagen molecules can indeed pass through embryonic sternal cartilage matrix and subsequently become fibril-associated.

Background Liver cysts are not uncommon. Rarely, they become symptomatic and require intervention. Surgery is the usual form of treatment; laparoscopic cyst unroofing has recently been introduced.
Methods The current status of diagnosis and conventional therapy of hepatic cysts was summarized. The surgical literature was surveyed to collect all reported cases of minimally invasive treatment of these lesions, and the advantages and limitations of the methods were evaluated.
Results and conclusion The general application of the minimally invasive technique should await a thorough evaluation of the operative complications and the outcome in terms of cyst recurrence in larger series of patients. However, laparoscopic wide cyst unroofing and laparoscopic cyst excision will probably become the methods of choice for the treatment of symptomatic liver cysts in carefully selected patients.

The in vitro activities of two investigational quinolones, sparfloxacin (previously designated AT 4140) and PD 127391, were determined for 30 strains each of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum and compared with those of ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, clindamycin, and erythromycin. Erythromycin was the most active compound against M. pneumoniae (maximum MIC, less than 0.008 microgram/ml). PD 127391 (MICs, less than 0.008 to 0.031 microgram/ml), sparfloxacin (MICs, less than 0.008 to 0.25 microgram/ml), clindamycin (MICs, less than 0.008 to 0.5 microgram/ml), and tetracycline (MICs, 0.063 to 0.25 microgram/ml) were superior to ciprofloxacin (MICs, 0.5 to 2 microgram/ml). Sparfloxacin and PD 127391 were active against M. hominis (MICs, less than 0.008 to 0.031 microgram/ml for each) at concentrations comparable to those of clindamycin (MICs, less than 0.008 to 0.063 microgram/ml) and at concentrations lower than those of ciprofloxacin (MICs, 0.125 to 0.5 microgram/ml). As expected, M. hominis was resistant to erythromycin (MICs, 32 to greater than or equal to 256 micrograms/ml). For U. urealyticum, PD 127391 (MICs, 0.031 to 0.5 microgram/ml) and sparfloxacin (MICs, 0.063 to 1 microgram/ml) were superior to erythromycin (MICs, 0.25 to 4 micrograms/ml), ciprofloxacin (MICs, 0.5 to 8 micrograms/ml), and clindamycin (MICs, 0.25 to 64 micrograms/ml. Both new quinolones were equally active against tetracycline-susceptible as well as resistant strains of M. hominis and U. urealyticum. The possible influence of medium components and/or pH on MICs was evaluated by testing a Staphylococcus aureus reference strain with each antibiotic in SP-4 broth and 10-B broth and comparing the results with published MICs for this strain. MICs determined in 10-B broth for erythromycin were affected most. This study shows that the activities of sparfloxacin and PD 127391 are similar to one another and comparable or superior to those of other drugs used to treat mycoplasmal infections. The MICs of both new quinolones were consistently 2 to several dilutions lower than those of ciprofloxacin for each species.

Type X collagen is a recently discovered product of hypertrophic chondrocytes that is localized to presumptive mineralization zones of hyaline cartilage. Thus, in the epiphyseal growth plate of long bones it is present only in the zone of hypertrophic chondrocytes and absent in the resting and rapidly growing cartilage and in bone. Type X collagen represents, therefore, a transient and developmentally regulated collagen which is synthesized by a subpopulation of chondrocytes. We report here the isolation and characterization of cDNA and genomic clones specific for the chicken protein. The results demonstrate that the polypeptide chains of this collagen contain three distinct domains: a short non-collagenous, amino-terminal region, a collagenous domain of 460 amino acid residues, and a non-collagenous, carboxyl-terminal domain of 170 amino acid residues. The nucleotide sequence of the gene shows that these domains are encoded by a long open reading frame that is not interrupted by introns. Examination of the amino acid sequence derived from this nucleotide sequence reveals the presence of a hydrophobic segment localized 10 amino acid residues upstream from the translational stop codon. The length and sequence characteristics of this segment raise the intriguing possibility that Type X collagen polypeptides may contain a transmembrane segment.

Zusammenfassung: Eine Zunahme mononuklerer Zellen im Pankreassaft nach klinischer Pankreastransplantation erwies sich als indikativ fr eine Abstoungsreaktion. Im Tiermodell sollte diese Methode verfeinert und mit morphologischen Vernderungen korreliert werden. Zur Gewinnung von reinem Pankreassaft wurde dieser in einem selbstgebauten und voll implantierbaren Katheter-Reservoir-System aufgefangen und durch tgliche Punktion gewonnen. Fr die histologische Untersuchung wurden die Tiere zwischen Tag 4 und 14 gettet. Insgesamt 36 mittels Streptozotocin diabetisierte Lewis-(LEW-) Ratten erhielten entweder LEW-(Gruppe 0, n=10), oder Brown-Norway-(BN-)Pankreata ohne Immunsuppression (Gruppe 1, n=16), oder mit Cyclosporin A (CyA) 12 mg/kg/KG/d (Gruppe 2, n=10). Neben der lichtmikroskopischen Pankreassaftzytologie (PSZ) erfolgte zustzlich die flowzytometrische Bestimmung der Lymphozyten und einiger Untergruppen (Pan T-Zellen, aktivierte Lymphozyten, T4-Zellen, T8-Zellen). Whrend in Gruppe 1 zwischen Tag 5 und 7 ein signifikanter Lymphozytenanstieg auftrat, blieb dieser in Gruppe 0 und 2 aus. Gleiches zeigte sich auch in der Flowzytometrie (FCM) durch einen Anstieg der Pan T-Zellen und eine prozentuelle Verschiebung der Subpopulationen. Die Transplantatabstoung beginnt am 4. Tag mit einer infiltration des Azinusepithels durch mononuklere Zellen (Phase I). Kurz darauf kommt es zur Infiltration der Pankreasgnge, welche in den folgenden 4 bis 5 Tagen zerstrt werden (Phase II). Eine Vaskulitis und Insulitis wird erst ab Tag 7 beobachtet und fhrt zur vlligen Destruktion der Drse (Phase III). CyA kann zwar die Infiltration der Azini und gering-gradige Ganglsionen nicht verhindern, schwere Vernderungen am Gangsystem und an den Gefen sowie Insulitiden bleiben jedoch aus. Da es im Bereich von fokalen Pankreatitiden auch bei Kontrolltieren zu Azinusinfiltrationen kommt, kann alleine die Ganglsion als sicherer morphologischer Hinweis fr Abstoungsvorgnge gewertet werden. Diesen Vernderungen kommt mehr Spezifitt als den Azinuslsionen und mehr Sensitivitt als den Gefvernderungen zu. Aufgrund der konstanten Korrelation mit den morphologischen Lsionen erlaubt die PSZ eine frhe und sichere Abstoungsdiagnose.

Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen induction was investigated on enterocytes of heterotopic rat small bowel allografts in the Lewis-Brown Norway strain combination and on isografts in the Lewis-Lewis strain combination. I a antigens were detected with monoclonal antibodies using an immunoperoxidase technique. Generally, MHC class II antigens were not exhibited in the isografted group, with the exception of two long-term isografts that presented the same pattern as normal small bowel. In these cases, I a was expressed in a patchy distribution predominantly in the villi, and only very few enterocytes stained positive in Lieberkühn's crypts. Allografted rats showed a typical pattern of I a expression on the enterocytes during the rejection course. The initial expression was confined to the crypts, indicating a very early stage of rejection when compared to histological findings. More advanced stages of rejection were accompanied by increasing I a biosynthesis in the crypts and I a expression by the epithelium lining the villi. Cyclosporin (CyA) was not able to fully inhibit MHC class II antigen expression; however, the appearance of I a was delayed.

After 5 weeks in secondary culture, chondrocytes derived from specific regions of the embryonic chick tibiotarsus secrete greater than 90% of their culture medium collagen as a short chain (SC) collagen. Quantities of the molecule, sufficient for biochemical characterization, were isolated without proteolytic treatment from the medium of such mass cell cultures. The chains, Mr = 59,000, of SC collagen are cleaved to Mr = 45,000 by limited pepsin digestion of the native molecule. These two forms of SC collagen are referred to as the 59K form and the 45K form. The CD spectrum of the 59K form confirms the presence of a triple helical domain within the molecule. The amino acid composition of the two forms of SC collagen show it to be different from any other known collagen, including the short chain collagens that have been isolated by the proteolytic extraction of cartilages. The most characteristic features of SC collagen are its high content of methionine, low level of arginine, and a lack of cysteine. The amino acid composition of the 45K form shows it to be the collagenous domain, while the differences between the 45K and 59K form presumably reflect the composition of the nonhelical domain of the 59K form. The nonhelical domain contains greatly elevated levels of aromatic amino acids which contribute to the hydrophobic character of this domain.