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Background: Testing etiologic heterogeneity, whether a disorder subtype is more or less impacted by a risk factor, is important for understanding causal pathways and optimizing statistical power. The study of mental health disorders especially benefits from strategic subcategorization because these disorders are heterogeneous and frequently co-occur. Existing methods to quantify etiologic heterogeneity are not appropriate for noncompeting events in an open cohort of variable-length follow-up. Thus, we developed a new method. Methods: We estimated risks from urban residence, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and parental psychiatric history, with subtypes defined by the presence or absence of a codiagnosis: autism alone, attention defi- cit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) alone, and joint diagnoses of autism + ADHD. To calculate the risk of a single diagnosis (e.g., autism alone), we subtracted the risk for autism + ADHD from the risk for autism overall. We tested the equivalency of average risk ratios over time, using a Wald-type test and bootstrapped standard errors. Results: Urban residence was most strongly linked with autism + ADHD and least with ADHD only; maternal smoking was associated with ADHD only but not autism only; and parental psychiatric history exhibited similar associations with all subgroups. Conclusion: Our method allowed the calculation of appropriate P values to test the strength of association, informing etiologic heterogeneity wherein two of these three risk factors exhibited different impacts across diagnostic subtypes. The method used all available data, avoided neurodevelopmental outcome misclassification, exhibited robust statistical precision, and is applicable to similar heterogeneous complex conditions using common diagnostic data with variable follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do lawyers have an ethical duty to cultivate client trust? Sociologist Matthew Clair's ethnographic study of the Boston-area court system, Being a Disadvantaged Defendant: Mistrust and Resistance in Attorney-Client Interactions, focuses on the ways criminal defendants engage with, withdraw from, and resist attorney-client interactions. Composed of Clair's observations and analysis, along with the actual words of clients and attorneys, it is a powerful--if somewhat unusual--addition to the professional responsibility (PR) curriculum for the professor looking to incorporate social science research on race and class into the law curriculum, and to inspire in-class discussions beyond the Model Rules of Professional Conduct. Clair's article offers opportunities to discuss both traditional legal ethics subject matter like the allocation of authority and communication in the attorney-client relationship, as well as complex topics too often neglected in the PR curriculum, like the role of race and class in said relationships. This Article, coauthored by a professor and student, discusses the whys, hows, and lasting impact of using Mistrust and Resistance as an assigned reading in a course on professional responsibility. After discussing the pedagogical justifications for including Clair's article in the course and practical considerations about how and when to assign it, the Article then describes student, professor, and guest speaker reactions to Mistrust and Resistance. This Article--like any good professional responsibility class--attempts to connect professional identity formation, the value of students' practical experience, quality of client experience, bias, and public perceptions of the legal profession to better understand the ethical duties facing attorneys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The California Cognitive Assessment Battery (CCAB; ccabstudy.com) is a remotely monitored, at‐home, computerized behavioral test and questionnaire suite. Here we evaluate the interpretation of 25 tests within the US English version of the CCAB using both an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of 155 healthy adults and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of 312 healthy older adults participating in a longitudinal study. We also estimated cross‐sectional age gradients for best fitting latent factors [1]. Method: First, one set of "classic" latent factors (from 1 factor to 8 factors) was extracted from the literature [2][3][4] for assignment of CCAB tests into traditional categories. Second, 155 adult participants (age 22‐86 y.o., mn 54, 57% male, education 8‐20 yrs., md 14) participated in a prefinal version of the CCAB. EFA was performed on their primary CCAB results using the 'psych' (v. 1.9.12.31‐1) toolbox in R (v. 3.6.3) with 11 different rotations to extract a second set of CFA latent factors. Third, above two sets of latent factors were used in the 'lavaan' CFA toolbox (v. 0.6.5‐1) in R and applied to the first timepoint (enrollment and session 1) of CCAB longitudinal data from an older adult group (age 56‐89 y.o., mn 71, 58% male, education 0‐20 yrs., mn 14). Result: The EFA and CFA model fit characteristics (Fig 1) show moderately good fits for the EFA and best fitting CFA models. The EFA produced reasonable models from 2 factors to 6 factors. The best fitting "classic" CFA along with its latent factor age regressions is shown in Figure 2. The best fitting EFA‐derived CFA along with its latent factor age regressions is shown in Figure 3. Conclusion: The best‐fit classic CFA results showed moderately good fit, and visual tests of both speed and memory showed steeper cross‐sectional age gradients than did respective verbal response tests. The EFA‐derived latent factors were better fitting than were the classic factors as they were derived from the CCAB itself. In both cases, however, CCAB test speed measures showed steeper cross‐sectional age gradients than did memory measures. Ongoing work will characterize longitudinal latent factor age gradients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Computerized cognitive assessments are an efficient and sensitive method of identifying cognitive impairments in aging and cognitively impaired populations. The current study examines the feasibility and reliability of remote, home testing with a new tool, the California Cognitive Assessment Battery (CCAB). Method: The CCAB runs on a remote tablet platform (Figure 1) and includes telemedical interaction with an examiner via video chat (Figure 2). Examiners administer a comprehensive set of cognitive tests, including verbal, visual, memory, and processing speed tasks, as well as psychological questionnaires (Figure 3). The tasks are scored automatically, including consensus automated speech recognition (CASR) for the transcription of responses on verbal tasks (e.g., list‐learning memory tasks, picture description, verbal fluency). For the current study, the CCAB was administered remotely to 185 healthy older military veterans (aged 60–89; 18% women) in their homes, with testing sessions under video and audio supervision and assistance. The battery was administered three times within one week to assess test‐retest reliability. Result: Reaction times, word onset latency, response accuracy, error types, and speech samples were collected and analyzed. Participant experience was generally favorable: 98% of participants completed all three testing sessions, with 99% of all tests in those sessions completed successfully. Additionally, after a mid‐year software and examiner procedure reformulation of a small subset of CCAB tests, there was a 42% decrease in test failures and a 6% decrease in repeated tests. Individual test times were overall highly uniform across participants (Figure 4), with an entire CCAB battery having low daily test time variability. Also, compared to home noise levels, recorded speech levels were sufficient to support CASR transcript generation for scoring verbal tasks (Figure 5). Finally, in a subset of 50 participants, similar test battery characteristics were found when a CCAB session was repeated later under laboratory conditions. Conclusion: The CCAB shows promise as an objective, reliable automated digital assessment tool to evaluate cognitive functioning in adults both at home and in the laboratory or clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Scores on cognitive tests in the bottom 7% of normative distributions are consistent with the possible diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The identification of patients with MCI is improved by correcting for the influence of demographic factors such as Age, Education, and Gender (AEG), on performance. Here, we evaluated whether estimates of premorbid verbal IQ derived from a brief vocabulary test would further improve classification accuracy. Method: We obtained vocabulary scores from 441 healthy adults (mean age = 65.1 ±14.4) using the 4‐min vocabulary subtest of the California Cognitive Assessment Battery (CCAB). The vocabulary subtest included 24 multiple choice items that adapted in difficulty based on the examinee responses using a 2:1 staircase with adjustable step sizes (Figure 1). Tests were telemedically administered in participants' homes by an experienced proctor who monitored performance via a web‐based interface. Result: Unlike cognitive measures of fluid intelligence, vocabulary scores improved significantly with Age (r = 0.25, p < 0.001, Figure 2). Scores were also higher for participants with more education and female gender. Vocabulary z‐scores were therefore calculated after correcting for the influence of Age, Education, and Gender. Vocabulary z‐scores correlated significantly with total recall scores on the Bay Area Verbal Learning Test (BAVLT, n = 398 participants, r = 0.35, p < 0.001) and significantly improved model fit when added to AEG regressors (z = 2.1, p< 0.02 one tailed)L the AEG model accounted for 25.6% of BAVLT score variance, whereas the AEG+vocabulary (AEG+V) model accounted for 34.7% of variance. AEG and AEG+V models classified different participants in the MCI performance range: 44% of participants in the lowest 7% of scores in the AEG+V model fell within the normal range in the AEG model, while 32% of participants classified as MCI in the AEG model fell within the normal range on the AEG+V model (Figure 3). Conclusion: The current results suggest that a brief vocabulary test improves MCI classification accuracy among older participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Verbal learning tests are sensitive measures of memory decline in pre‐clinical Alzheimer's Disease with recall scores correlating with amyloid and tau burden (Bejanin et al., 2017). Here we describe a digital version of the Bay Area Verbal Learn‐ing Test (BAVLT) (Woods et al., 2017)— a brief (8.5 minute), fully automated verbal learning test administered from participants' homes. Method: The BAVLT was administered to 399 healthy adults (41.5% female, Age = 64.4 years, ±15.0) from their homes using a tablet‐based testing interface (Figure 1). Participants underwent two test sessions on successive days and were remotely monitored via the test interface's remote proctoring function. Participants were instructed to remember two lists — each with 12 words in four semantic categories. List A was presented three times with immediate recall after each presentation, followed by a single presentation and recall of distractor List B, then an uncued recall of List A. Thirty minutes later, participants completed a List A delayed recall, followed by a 2‐choice List A recognition test (Figure 2). Result: The BAVLT showed excellent test‐retest reliability (r = 0.86 total, r = 0.73 delayed). Multiple regression analysis of total recall scores revealed significant effects of age (p< 10–13) (Figure 2), gender (p< 10–11), vocabulary (p<10‐15), and education (p<0.03), with these four variables aggregately accounting for 37.4% of variance. Total recall scores improved over list presentations and increased by 0.97 standard deviations on repeat testing (p<10‐15) (Figure 3). Conclusion: At‐home administration of the BAVLT demonstrated excellent psychometric properties that are similar to those of well‐established verbal learning tests such as the CVLT (Delis et al., 1987). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Face‐Name Associative Memory Exam (FNAME) is a sensitive measure of associative memory and age‐related cognitive decline, with FNAME scores declining in parallel with increasing amyloid and tau burden in preclinical Alzheimer's disease (Rentz et al., 2011). Here we describe the California FNAME (C‐FNAME), a fully automated, brief (8.8 min) computerized test designed for at‐home administration under telemedical supervision. Method: PARTICIPANTS. The C‐FNAME was remotely administered to 435 healthy adults (42.8% female, M = 64.8, ±14.7) in their homes via tablet computer. Participants underwent two C‐FNAME test sessions on successive days. TECHNOLOGY. C‐FNAME administration was automated, with instructions delivered using text‐to‐speech and responses scored with automatic speech recognition. Examiners monitored participant performance via video and audio feeds using a web‐browser interface that displayed recall scores in real time. TASK. Participants saw 6 faces with associated first names, last names, and occupations (encoding). Faces were presented individually, and participants repeated the names and occupations before the next face appeared. After each encoding trial, participants were asked to recall the associations when presented with the face alone (Figure 1a and 1b). After 30 minutes, participants saw the faces again one at a time and repeated the recall portion of the task (delayed recall). Result: The C‐FNAME showed excellent test‐retest reliability (r = 0.83 for total recall scores, r = 0.82 for delayed recall scores). Multiple regression analysis revealed highly significant effects of age (Figure 2), education, gender, and vocabulary on total recall (p < 0.001 for all comparisons), with these variables aggregately accounting for 28.2% of variance. Performance significantly improved by 1.23 standard deviations on repeated testing (p< 0.001). As in previous FNAME studies (Papp et al., 2014), participants recalled occupations more accurately than names (Figure 3). Conclusion: At‐home computerized administration of the C‐FNAME demonstrated excellent psychometric properties and produced results similar to those obtained with FNAME assessments administered in the laboratory. The design of the C‐FNAME allows for rapid, remote administration and scoring, which encourages the participation of populations that may be sometimes excluded from research protocols in laboratory settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is growing interest in the development of screening tests for AD and MCI that focus on non‐amnestic symptoms. Moreover, evidence suggests that declining mental rotation ability can be associated with prodromal Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Additional studies in healthy aging adults are therefore needed to determine whether computerized mental rotation tasks may prove useful in predicting cognitive decline. Method: Here, we report findings from a large group of aging adults (n = 276, 42% female, aged 56–89 years, M = 70.5) who were remotely administered a computerized mental rotation task as part of a larger California Cognitive Assessment Battery (CCAB). During the mental rotation task, participants had to decide as quickly as possible whether a presented letter was in its typical (e.g., R) versus mirror‐reversed (Я) orientation. Letters were presented either upright (at 0 degrees) or rotated (+/‐60, or +/‐120 degrees). Participants' responses on the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire were also collected as part of the assessment battery. Result: Response times (RT) and accuracy on the mental rotation task were captured and analyzed to determine whether any effects of age, sex, and rotation angle could be observed using this remotely administered mental rotation task. Analysis revealed that both age and sex were significantly associated with performance measures on this task. The expected pattern of longer response times with greater degree of stimulus rotation was also observed. Analysis of sex differences revealed greater accuracy overall by females, while males experienced smaller RT costs based on rotation angle. Finally, a significant relationship between forgetting scores and mental rotation response times was also observed. Conclusion: Increased age and forgetting scores were both associated with worse mental rotation performance. Continuing longitudinal assessment at 6‐month intervals is ongoing and will further establish trends in mental rotation performance during aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tasks using speech and language have proven to be useful in assessing for neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive decline. Specifically, deficits in naming have been associated with various degrees of cognitive impairment in those with dementia. Method: The Continuous Picture Naming (CPN) task was administered as part of a new computerized cognitive assessment tool, the California Cognitive Assessment Battery (CCAB), to 309 aging older adults (aged 56‐89, 40.6% female) with a six‐month and one‐year follow‐up to assess for cognitive changes due to aging. The CPN task measures how fast and accurately a subject can verbally produce the names of a series of items pictured onscreen. The battery scores tasks automatically and utilizes an online speech‐to‐text transcription, consensus automated speech recognition (CASR), to transcribe responses on verbal tasks. Result: Response times and accuracy were on CPN collected and analyzed to observe for effects on age and education. The analysis showed that age and education were significantly associated with the task's performance. Overall, CPN performance demonstrated good test‐retest reliability at the six‐month (r =.76, p<.001) and one‐year (r =.74, p<.001) follow‐ups. Moreover, a significant relationship was observed between the total time spent and the total errors on the task. Conclusion: Overall, the CPN demonstrates good reliability in tracking changes in cognition. Ongoing evaluation of the CCAB will aid in assessing cognitive impairments in aging populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: Knowledge about the epidemiology of mental disorders in children and adolescents is essential for research and planning of health services. Surveys can provide prevalence rates, whereas population-based registers are instrumental to obtain precise estimates of incidence rates and risks.Objective: To estimate age- and sex-specific incidence rates and risks of being diagnosed with any mental disorder during childhood and adolescence.Design: This cohort study included all individuals born in Denmark from January 1, 1995, through December 31, 2016 (1.3 million), and followed up from birth until December 31, 2016, or the date of death, emigration, disappearance, or diagnosis of 1 of the mental disorders examined (14.4 million person-years of follow-up). Data were analyzed from September 14, 2018, through June 11, 2019.Exposures: Age and sex.Main Outcomes and Measures: Incidence rates and cumulative incidences of all mental disorders according to the ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research, diagnosed before 18 years of age during the study period.Results: A total of 99 926 individuals (15.01%; 95% CI, 14.98%-15.17%), including 41 350 girls (14.63%; 95% CI, 14.48%-14.77%) and 58 576 boys (15.51%; 95% CI, 15.18%-15.84%), were diagnosed with a mental disorder before 18 years of age. Anxiety disorder was the most common diagnosis in girls (7.85%; 95% CI, 7.74%-7.97%); attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was the most common in boys (5.90%; 95% CI, 5.76%-6.03%). Girls had a higher risk than boys of schizophrenia (0.76% [95% CI, 0.72%-0.80%] vs 0.48% [95% CI, 0.39%-0.59%]), obsessive-compulsive disorder (0.96% [95% CI, 0.92%-1.00%] vs 0.63% [95% CI, 0.56%-0.72%]), and mood disorders (2.54% [95% CI, 2.47%-2.61%] vs 1.10% [95% CI, 0.84%-1.21%]). Incidence peaked earlier in boys than girls in ADHD (8 vs 17 years of age), intellectual disability (5 vs 14 years of age), and other developmental disorders (5 vs 16 years of age). The overall risk of being diagnosed with a mental disorder before 6 years of age was 2.13% (95% CI, 2.11%-2.16%) and was higher in boys (2.78% [95% CI, 2.44%-3.15%]) than in girls (1.45% [95% CI, 1.42%-1.49%]).Conclusions and Relevance: This nationwide population-based cohort study provides a first comprehensive assessment of the incidence and risks of mental disorders in childhood and adolescence. By 18 years of age, 15.01% of children and adolescents in this study were diagnosed with a mental disorder. The incidence of several neurodevelopmental disorders peaked in late adolescence in girls, suggesting possible delayed detection. The distinct signatures of the different mental disorders with respect to sex and age may have important implications for service planning and etiological research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The effect of aging on susceptibility to interference on Stroop‐like tasks is not clearly understood. Some previous studies have suggested slowed reaction time explains age‐related diminution on Stroop performance, while more recent meta‐analyses suggest that disproportionate interference effects are seen with aging, regardless of slower reaction times. In addition, other variables such as education and IQ have been suggested to mediate Stroop‐like effects in older participants. Method: In the current study, we assessed the relationship between age and Stroop effects in 348 participants, aged 40‐89, with a wide range of educational achievement. The Stroop tasks were administered as part of a novel computerized neuropsychological battery that utilizes advanced automatic speech recognition and transcription software, the California Cognitive Assessment Battery (CCAB). We are currently utilizing the CCAB to track changes in cognition associated with aging, including evolution of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia, in an ongoing longitudinal study. Result: Multiple regression analysis showed that age independently predicted both Stroop interference (incongruent minus neutral response times) and facilitation effects (neutral minus congruent response times). However, other variables including gender and vocabulary also independently predicted Stroop facilitation, while gender also independently predicted Stroop interference. Conclusion: In summary, while aging has a significant impact on interference and facilitation effects on Stroop‐like tasks, additional variables such as gender and vocabulary (a proxy for IQ) also play a role in performance on these measures of selective attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: The origins and development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remain unresolved. No individual-level study has provided estimates of additive genetic, maternal, and environmental effects in ASD across several countries.Objective: To estimate the additive genetic, maternal, and environmental effects in ASD.Design, Setting, and Participants: Population-based, multinational cohort study including full birth cohorts of children from Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Israel, and Western Australia born between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 2011, and followed up to age 16 years. Data were analyzed from September 23, 2016 through February 4, 2018.Main Outcomes and Measures: Across 5 countries, models were fitted to estimate variance components describing the total variance in risk for ASD occurrence owing to additive genetics, maternal, and shared and nonshared environmental effects.Results: The analytic sample included 2 001 631 individuals, of whom 1 027 546 (51.3%) were male. Among the entire sample, 22 156 were diagnosed with ASD. The median (95% CI) ASD heritability was 80.8% (73.2%-85.5%) for country-specific point estimates, ranging from 50.9% (25.1%-75.6%) (Finland) to 86.8% (69.8%-100.0%) (Israel). For the Nordic countries combined, heritability estimates ranged from 81.2% (73.9%-85.3%) to 82.7% (79.1%-86.0%). Maternal effect was estimated to range from 0.4% to 1.6%. Estimates of genetic, maternal, and environmental effects for autistic disorder were similar with ASD.Conclusions and Relevance: Based on population data from 5 countries, the heritability of ASD was estimated to be approximately 80%, indicating that the variation in ASD occurrence in the population is mostly owing to inherited genetic influences, with no support for contribution from maternal effects. The results suggest possible modest differences in the sources of ASD risk between countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Several structures are now available of broadly reactive antibodies in complex with GP. • Many broadly reactive antibodies bind along the 'waist' of GP in three primary competition groups. • Several broadly reactive antibodies access cryptic epitopes on GP. • Antibody-directed modifications of GP may enhance vaccine design. Filoviruses are the causative agents of highly lethal outbreaks in sub-Saharan Africa. Although an experimental vaccine and several therapeutics are being deployed in the Democratic Republic of Congo to combat the ongoing Ebola virus outbreak, these therapies are specific for only one filovirus species. There is currently significant interest in developing broadly reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with utility against the variety of ebolaviruses that may emerge. Thus far, the primary target of these mAbs has been the viral spike glycoprotein (GP). Here we present an overview of GP-targeted antibodies that exhibit broad reactivity and the structural characteristics that could confer this cross-reactivity. We also discuss how these structural features could be leveraged to design vaccine antigens that elicit cross-reactive antibodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have suggested that impaired verbal fluency is a sensitive measure of semantic impairment in dementia that appears several years prior to diagnosis. This early impairment has been associated with neural changes and altered activation in key regions of bilateral temporal and frontal cortex. Method: In the current study, we report verbal fluency findings from a large group of healthy older adults (n = 270, ages 56–89) on a new computerized neuropsychological battery that utilizes advanced automatic speech recognition and transcription software. In an ongoing longitudinal study, we are testing healthy older participants on the California Cognitive Assessment Battery (CCAB) every six months for three years, in order to track changes in cognition associated with aging, including evolution of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. The CCAB includes six semantic categories: Animals, vegetables, countries, sports, furniture, and fruit. Participants are given one minute per category to generate as many exemplars as possible. Online speech‐to‐text transcription was implemented using consensus automatic speech recognition (CASR) software, which utilizes six different speech recognition systems and chooses the most common transcription. Result: Overall verbal fluency performance was significantly predicted by age. However, this effect depended on the semantic category. For example, females and more educated participants generated more exemplars for the category "countries." Conclusion: Findings from the current study enhance understanding of aging effects on verbal fluency and serve as a critical baseline against which to monitor alterations in performance that coincide with the development of MCI and dementia in older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID‐19 pandemic has limited in‐lab cognitive testing. While at‐home alternatives exist (testing over the phone), differences in test design and delivery complicate direct comparison of most in‐lab and at‐home tests. Here we describe the design, infrastructure, and implementation of the California Cognitive Assessment Battery (CCAB), a cognitive test battery and administration system. Using automated remote administration over cellular networks, identical computerized cognitive tests can be administered at‐home or in the lab. Method: The CCAB comprises 30+ computerized cognitive tests. Test delivery is automated through text, text‐to‐speech, and graphical instructions; test scoring is also automated, using automatic speech recognition for verbal responses. The test delivery infrastructure consists of two components: the test kit (MS Surface Pro tablet computer with mouse, headset, and cellular dongle) , and a web‐browser application "CCAB Examiner," used by the test administrator to control test delivery, view real‐time progress and scores, and monitor/chat with the participant via AV feeds. The system is coordinated by a cloud‐based server which also delivers the CCAB Examiner application to any browser. Once connected, the "CCAB Test Station" application and CCAB Examiner communicate over a commercial Communication as a Service (CAAS) provider, which transmits AV streams and a text messaging protocol. CCAB Test Station is designed to isolate control, communications, and testing functions for maximal fault tolerance. For example, test administration continues automatically even if Examiner and Test Station lose connection. Test data is uploaded to the server during sessions and re‐synced when the test kit returns. Result: 442 participants underwent three 90‐minute CCAB test sessions on successive days (72 total tests per participant). More than 98% of participants finished all three sessions, and >99% of tests were completed. Cellular connection failures occurred occasionally, but >98% resulted only in the loss of A/V feeds for the examiner, while tests continued automatically and examiners were able to monitor real‐time performance data. Conclusion: The CCAB permits identical tests to be administered at home or in the laboratory, while cellular‐network based remote administration allows for nationwide access for all socioeconomic groups, even for people in remote areas without Wi‐Fi, or those with limited technical expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anatomy of the female genitalia sets the arena for sperm competition in species in which females mate multiply and store sperm. In spiders, females possess cuticular internal structures that have evolved into diverse sperm storage sites. Here, we investigate the female genital morphology of seven eresid spider species. We used X-ray micro-computed tomography for 3D reconstruction of the anatomy of the female genital system in the social Stegodyphus dumicola, S. mimosarum and S. sarasinorum, and the subsocial S lineatus, S. pacificus, S. tentoriicola as well as Eresus sandaliatus . We used histology to assess the sites of sperm storage in two selected species S. lineatus and S. dumicola . Our results show that the internal genitalia of the Stegodyphus species consist of two bilateral folds instead of closed ducts as often reported for entelegyne spiders. Along each fold, three regions are discriminable that differ in their specific morphology but are all surrounded by glandular tissue. Between species, the regions differ in shape and dimension. In virgin females, the lumina of all regions are filled with secretion. In mated females, spermatozoa were found in all three regions; however, only those sperm that are stored in the posterior region seem to become activated. Sperm found in anterior regions are embedded in a substance that might act as a mating plug. Our data suggest that the regions of the female genital tract differ in accessibility by the male as well as in their potential use for ejection and manipulation of sperm by the female. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Les carcinomes à cellules rénales peuvent métastaser en des sites nombreux et variés, mais rarement dans les muscles. Cette éventualité ne doit, cependant, être jamais négligée car des métastases musculaires peuvent survenir très longtemps après la néphrectomie radicale initiale. La surveillance programmée selon les recommandations en fonction des critères pronostiques, avec une imagerie thoraco-abdomino-pelvienne (tomodensitométrie ou résonance magnétique nucléaire) qui permet de détecter d’éventuelles métastases, dont des métastases musculaires au niveau du tronc, ne doit pas en négliger la recherche au niveau des membres. Celle-ci doit s’appuyer sur l’examen clinique, complété par une imagerie ciblée en cas de symptômes ou de masse palpable. Renal cell carcinoma can metastasize to several locations but rarely in muscles. However, this possibility must never be overlooked because muscle metastases may occur a very long time after the initial nephrectomy. So the post-operative follow-up, according to the recommendations, with thoraco-abdomino-pelvic imaging (computed tomography or nuclear magnetic resonance) allowing to detect metastases, including muscle metastases in the trunk, does not have to neglect the metastases located in the members. This search is based upon a thorough clinical examination, completed by targeted imaging in case of symptoms and/or palpable mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]