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We used ascorbic acid for the preparation of bimetallic platinum-selenium nanoparticles (Pt-Se NPs). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra confirmed the co-existence of Pt and Se in Pt-Se NPs. The spherical-shaped Pt-Se NPs sized < 20 nm without agglomeration were evidenced transmission electron microscope (TEM). Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) spectrum indicated the presence of Pt (20%) and Se (10%) in Pt-Se NPs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the heterogenous Pt-enriched Pt-Se NPs with an atomic ratio of 0.32% / 0.06% of Pt/Se. The binding energies at 54.64 eV and 71.46 eV were assigned for Se (Se3d) and Pt (Pt4f) of Pt species, respectively. The zeta size of 117.9 ± 1.8 d. nm, with a poly-dispersion index (PDI) of 0.156 and a zeta potential of -20.7 mV, were measured for Pt-Se NPs. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed the peaks in Pt-Se NPs related to characteristic peaks of ascorbic acid. The Pt-Se NPs (100 µg) significantly inhibited S. enterica, E. coli, L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, and B. cereus. The hemolytic and cytotoxicity assays revealed that Pt-Se NPs (0–80 µg/mL) were non-toxic to red blood cells (RBCs) and the mouse fibroblast (NIH3T3) cell line.

Lung cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, highlighting the urgent need for more effective and targeted therapies. In this study, we report the development of glutathione (GSH)-responsive, cysteamine-modified, nisin-functionalized gold nanoparticles (nisin-cyst-PE-GNPs) designed to enhance the cytotoxicity in lung cancer cells. Initially, PE-GNPs were synthesized using an extract from Penicillium melanoconidium(PE). These nanoparticles were subsequently functionalized with cysteamine-modified nisin (nisin-cyst) to target GSH-mediated anticancer activity. The resulting nisin-cyst-PE-GNPs were polydisperse, with an average particle size of 34.5 ± 3.32 nm. Characterization by XRD and FTIR confirmed the successful functionalization of nisin-cyst on the PE-GNPs. The nisin-cyst-PE-GNPs demonstrated both hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility at concentration below 10 μg/mL. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were 0.88 μg/mL for nisin-cyst-PE-GNPs, compared to 62.5 μg/mL for nisin and 75.01 μg/mL for PE-GNPs against the human lung cancer cell line (A549). AO/EB and DCFH-DA assays indicated that nisin-cyst-PE-GNPs significantly induced cell death in A549 cells. These findings suggest that nisin-cyst-PE-GNPs offer a promising nanotherapeutic approach for targeted lung cancer treatment.

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This work reports the cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of starch encapsulated phytogenic silver nanoparticles synthesized from Paeonia lactifloraflowers (PLF-AgNPs). To optimize the synthesis of AgNPs, a total of 13 reactions were performed with the different combinations of AgNO3(1–5 mM), plant extract (5–15% v/v), and light exposure time (0–48 h). The UV-spectrum results indicated that AgNPs were not produced without the light exposure while the light exposure significantly triggered the production of AgNPs. Among the various combination of plant extracts, AgNO3concentration, and light exposure, only four combinations were successfully formed the AgNPs and they were named as PLF-AgNPs (1:5:48), PLF-AgNPs (3:5:24), PLF-AgNPs (3:15:3.5), and PLF-AgNPs (3:5:3) according to their ratio of AgNO3:plant extract:light exposure time. The physicochemical properties of newly synthesized all the NPs were studied using the various characterization techniques including FTIR, XRD, and FE-TEM, EDS. The encapsulation of the starch was significantly reduced the toxicity of AgNPs in the NIH3T3 cell line and LN229 cell line evidenced by cytotoxicity, AO/EB, and DACF-DA staining assay. Besides, ST-PLF-AgNPs has inhibited the bacterial growth higher than the PLF-AgNPs with MIC of 3.91 ± 0.11, 1.63 ± 0.09, 2.86 ± 0.39, 1.95 ± 0.24 μg/mL for Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,and Salmonella enterica,respectively. The present results proved that encapsulation of the starch reduced the cytotoxicity by increasing the antibacterial activity of ST-PLF-AgNPs, which is deserved for biotherapeutics analysis to treat bacterial infections.

Selenium (Se) is a noble mineral that prevents oxidative stress and regulates metabolism by balancing the level of antioxidants in human body. The present work was the first time report of the comparative analysis of bioactivities of selenium nanoparticles (CS-SeNPs and AA-SeNPs) synthesized by Cirsium setidensextracts (CSE) and ascorbic acid (AA), respectively. The CS-SeNPs exhibited an average particle size of 117.8 nm with PDI of 0.162 and zeta potential of − 27.4 mV while average particle size of 108.9 nm with PDI 0.062 and zeta potential of − 32.4 mV for AA-SeNPs. FTIR analysis indicated the surface capping of phyto-compounds of CSE on CS-SeNPs while AA-SeNPs exhibited the functional groups corresponding to AA. The CS-SeNPs exhibited higher DPPH, ABTS, and antibacterial activities than CSE but less than AA-SeNPs. Moreover, both nanoparticles were nontoxic to normal fibroblast cell line (NIH3T3), but cytotoxic to human lung cancer cell line (A549). This work concluded that CS-SeNPs is promising in inhibition of A549 cell line proliferation through damaging the nucleus and mitochondrial membrane.

The conventional Drug Delivery System (DDS) has limitations such as leakage of the drug, toxicity to normal cells and loss of drug efficiency, while the stimuli-responsive DDS is non-toxic to cells, avoiding the leakage and degradation of the drug because of its targeted drug delivery to the pathological site. Thus nanomaterial chemistry enables - the development of smart stimuli-responsive DDS over the conventional DDS. Stimuliresponsive DDS ensures spatial or temporal, on-demand drug delivery to the targeted cancer cells. The DDS is engineered by using the organic (synthetic polymers, liposomes, peptides, aptamer, micelles, dendrimers) and inorganic (zinc oxide, gold, magnetic, quantum dots, metal oxides) materials. Principally, these nanocarriers release the drug at the targeted cells in response to external and internal stimuli such as temperature, light, ultrasound and magnetic field, pH value, redox potential (glutathione), and enzyme. The multi-stimuli responsive DDS is more promising than the single stimuli-responsive DDS in cancer therapy, and it extensively increases drug release and accumulation in the targeted cancer cells, resulting in better tumor cell ablation. In this regard, a handful of multi-stimuli responsive DDS is in clinical trials for further approval. A comprehensive review is crucial for addressing the existing knowledge about multi-stimuli responsive DDS, and hence, we summarized the emerging strategies in tailored ligand functionalized stimuli-responsive nanocarriers as the DDS for cancer therapies.

•This work identified the simple marker for carbon sequestration of Mangroves.•Carbon sequestration rate related to chlorophyll a, b, total, flavonoids, leaf surface wax.•Reported biochemical markers are suggested for selecting the mangrove clones of high carbon sequestration.

The present study investigated the effect of three different sterilization methods (high hydrostatic pressure sterilization, ultraviolet sterilization, and ultra-high temperature sterilization) on changes of physicochemical and microbiological properties of rice wine Makgeolliduring the preservation at 15 °C for 20 weeks. The results indicated that pH, titratable acidity, color, contents of reducing sugar and alcohol were not significantly varied between different sterilization methods but microbial counts and sensory evaluation were exhibited the significant differences. The microbial counts of the sterilized Makgeolliwere significantly lower than that in unsterilized one after 20 weeks of storage. Sensory profiles were markedly dependent on the sterilization methods. This work inferred, the high hydrostatic pressure treatment as the suitable method of sterilization for improving the shelf life of rice wine Makgeolli.

The present study reports the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD) from Trichodermastrains TSK8 and SKS1 enhance the growth mangroves (Rhizophora) evidenced by primary enzyme quantification followed by greenhouse experiments. The results indicated that ACCD enzyme activity about 20% higher in strain SKS1 than that of strain TSK8. In the greenhouse study, we analyzed the effect of Trichodermatreatment on physiological and biochemical characteristics of mangrove seedlings. The results demonstrated that SKS1 significantly enhanced the growth of mangroves (Rhizophora apiculataand Rhizophora mucronata) as compared to control (untreated). The strain TSK8 and SKS1 increased the plant total biomass by 43.26% and 41.23% respectively in R. mucronata. Particularly, SKS1 showed the 70.8% biomass increase in R. apiculata.The growth was investigated with and without the addition of soluble phosphate were investigated. Thusly, the fungal strains SKS1 and TSK8 derived ACCD has potency on the mangroves growth enhancement. Thus present work provided the platform for the development of Trichodermasp. based biofertilizer for a promising approach for the restoration of aquatic plants.

Biopolymers are ubiquitous in biomedical and healthcare application. Its nanocomposites have gained more attention as antimicrobials, a drug carrier, sensors, disease diagnosis, tissue engineering, wound healing, and cancer therapy. These biopolymer composites are efficient in holding, protecting and releasing bioactive drugs such as pharmaceutics, nutraceuticals, enzymes, and probiotics. Several studies revealed a polymer-based drug delivery system in cancer therapy and microbial treatments. However, this mini-review emphasized the source, extraction, and characterizations of the biopolymers and their use in the fabrication of various drug or metals based nanocomposites followed by its utilization as drug carrier or drug to treat the various diseases such as antimicrobial infections and cancer.

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens are emerging as a major health and safety concern worldwide. Nanomaterials and phyto-compounds are become novel antibacterial agents to target MDR pathogens. To increase the efficacy of phyto-compound in the treatment of MDR bacteria, the present work aimed to develop and characterize the paeoniflorin (Pae) loaded silica oxide nanoparticles (Pae-SiO2NPs). The loading of the Pae on SiO2NPs and the crystallinity of Pae-SiO2NPs were determined by FTIR and XRD analysis. The Pae-SiO2NPs exhibited an average hydrodynamic size of 226 ± 7.79 d. nm and a zeta potential of 28.4 ± 4.59 mV. Furthermore, Pae-SiO2NPs showed a strong antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureusand Bacillus cereus. In addition, Pae-SiO2NPs showed lowest cytotoxicity and hemolysis in human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK 293) and red blood cells (RBC), respectively. Overall, the present results revealed that the Pae-SiO2NPs exhibited a higher antibacterial activity with lesser toxicity to HEK 293 cells and RBC.

Antibiotics (ampicillin (amp) and erythromycin (Ery)) loaded Cirsium setidensextract (CSE) mediated zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (ZrO2NPs) were developed for enhanced antibacterial activity. The CSE-mediated synthesized ZrO2NPs exhibited an average particle size of 54.67 ± 3.89 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.660 and a zeta potential of −7.79 ± 1.06 mV. The monoclinic and tetragonal crystalline structure of ZrO2was confirmed through XRD analysis. The functional characteristics of ZrO2 NPs and antibiotics-loaded ZrO2 NPs (ZrO2-Amp NPs and ZrO2-Ery NPs) were also validated by FTIR spectrum analysis. The ZrO2-Amp NPs showed higher inhibitory activity against Bacillus cereusand Escherichia colithan ZrO2-Ery NPs. Furthermore, biological assays confirmed that antibiotics-loaded ZrO2NPs did not show any significant cytotoxicity to NIH3T3 cells, chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), and red blood cells. Therefore, this work concluded that ZrO2-Amp NPs were biocompatible and promising in their antibacterial properties.

The present study employed ethyl acetate extract of Penicillium radiatolobatum(PR) to synthesis copper oxide nanoparticles (PR-CuO NPs), prepared PEGylated CuO NPs (PEG-PR-CuO NPs), studied their characterization, antibacterial activities against pathogenic strains, and cytotoxicity in HEK-293 cells. X-ray diffraction study evidenced the monoclinic cubic structure of PEG-PR-CuO NPs. FT-IR analysis substantiated the presence of PEG molecules on the surface of PR-CuO NPs. The average particle size and zeta charge of PEG-PR-CuO NPs were measured as 178.1 ± 24.0 nm and −32.3 ± 6.6 mV, respectively. TEM analysis unveiled the spherical and oval shapes of PEG-PR-CuO NPs with size ranges of 40–110 nm. The PEG-PR-CuO NPs impeded the growth of Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, and Escherichia coli. Interestingly, the combination of PEG-PR-CuO NPs and 20 μg/mL of tetracycline hydrochloride (TcH) exhibited the higher antibacterial effect compared to 40 μg/mL of TcH alone. Furthermore, the PEG-PR-CuO NPs (125 μg/mL) did not cause any toxicity to HEK-293 cells. Overall, this work suggested the combination of PEG-PR-CuO NPs and TcH (2x MIC + 20 μg/mL) were synergistically enhanced antibacterial activity, while nontoxic to HEK-293 cells.

Antibiotics administration to treat bacterial infections causing systemic toxicity due to the inapropriate usage. Therefore, a method for treating bacterial infections that can maintain the concentration of antibiotics for a long period of release without exceeding systemic toxicity. In this study, we developed a composite composed of chitosan (CS) and natural hydroxyapatite (HAP) extracted from chicken bone to deliver the Erythromycin (Ery) for enhanced treatment of bacterial infections. The results showed that CS-HAP-Ery NPs have an average particle size of 100–200 nm with a positive zeta potential of 18.4 mV. The optimum Ery encapsulation and loading efficiency was found at 69.28 ± 0.77% and 16.07 ± 0.10% respectively. Further, the CS-HAP-Ery NPs considerably inhibited the growth and biofilm formation of B. cereusand S. entrica. Moreover, CS-HAP-Ery NPs did not show toxicity in hemolytic and CAM assays.

The present study was carried out with the following objectives: (1) to isolate the endophytic bacilli strains from the leaves of mangrove plant Avicennia marina,(2) to screen the potential strains for the production of adenosine deaminase, (3) to statistically optimize the factors that influence the enzyme activity in the potent strain, and (4) to identify the potent strain using 16S rRNA sequence and construct its phylogenetic tree. The bacterial strains isolated from the fresh leaves of a mangrove A. marinawere assessed for adenosine deaminase activity by plating method. Optimization of reaction process was carried out using response surface methodology of central composite design. The potent strain was identified based on 16S rRNA sequencing and phylogeny. Of five endophytic strains, EMLK1 showed a significant deaminase activity over other four strains. The conditions for maximum activity of the isolated adenosine deaminase are described. The potent strain EMLK1 was identified as Lysinibacillussp. (JQ710723) being the first report as a mangrove endophyte. Mangrove-derived endophytic bacillusstrain Lysinibacillussp. EMLK1 is proved to be a promising source for the production of adenosine deaminase and this enzyme deserves further studies for purification and its application in disease diagnosis.

Extraction of biocompatible implantable biomaterials from bio-waste is a considerable strategy to protect environmental issues as well as human wellness. Hence, this work aimed to extract the hydroxyapatite (HAP) from beef bone (BB) by acid/alkali treatment, and calcination process. The hydrochloric acid (1 M), and sodium hydroxide (1 M) extraction followed by calcination at 600 °C for 5 h were facilitated to obtain the good quality of bovine bone-derived hydroxyapatite (BB-HAP). The characteristics of BB-HAP were demonstrated through XRD, FTIR, SEM, ICP-OES, and TGA analysis. The characteristics features of BB-HAP were compared with standard hydroxyapatite (Std-HAP). The FTIR spectrum confirmed the presence of carbonate and phosphate functional groups in BB-HAP, which is similar to Std-HAP. Further, XRD and SEM analysis confirmed the hexagonal crystalline structure of BB-HAP with size of 120 ± 12.5 nm. ICP-OES analysis evidenced the existence of Ca (40.42%), P (18.51%), Mg (0.55%), Na (0.22%), and Sr (0.05%) in BB-HAP. In vitrocytotoxicity assay confirmed that BB-HAP did not cause cytotoxicity to NIH3T3 cells, and augmented in vitrowound-healing activity. Hence, this study concluded that BB-HAP was biocompatible that would be used for the development of wound dressing and implantable material.

Antibacterial and anticancer activities of metallic nanoparticles are limited due to their instability and agglomeration. Therefore, we hypothesize that the coating of biocompatible polyethylene glycol (PEG) improves stability, prevents agglomeration, and prolongs blood circulation. Hence, this work reports the characterization, anticancer and antibacterial activities of Pd-dop-CeO2-PEG synthesized by Trichodermaextract (FE-En). The reduction of broad-spectrum intensity at 420 nm indicated the successful synthesis of Pd (2+)to Pd (0)NPs. The TEM results revealed that doping of CeO2and PEG conjugation did not affect the morphology and dispersion of Pd NPs, Pd-dop- CeO2, and Pd-dop-CeO2-PEG. All three nanoparticles were polydispersed and spherical in shape. The sizes were 8.01 ± 2.46 nm for PdNPs, 9.02 ± 3.15 nm for Pd-dop-CeO2, and 12.95 ± 3.41 nm for Pd-dop-CeO2-PEG. The zeta potential was −29.9 ± 0.89 mV for Pd NPs, −38.9 ± 0.15 mV for Pd–CeO2and - 42.2 ± 0.74 mV for Pd-dop-CeO2-PEG. FTIR results revealed the involvement of –OH and the amide group of TE in the synthesis of Pd (2+)ions to Pd (0)NPs. XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline structure of Pd NPs, Pd-dop- CeO2, and Pd-dop-CeO2-PEG. The Pd-dop-CeO2-PEG NPs were biocompatible with chick embryos and NIH3T3 cells. However, these NPs exhibited strong cytotoxicity to A549 cells with an IC50 of 81.25 ± 1.21 μg/mL for Pd-dop-CeO2-PEG, 118.75 ± 0.89 μg/mL for Pd-dop-CeO2, and 231.25 ± 2.08 μg/mL for PdNPs. Further, fluorescent staining results confirmed that the Pd-dop-CeO2-PEG induced cell death in A549 cells through cellular damage by oxidative stress. Also, Pd-dop-CeO2-PEG exhibited higher antibacterial activity against bacterial pathogens. Overall, these results confirmed the successful development of Pd-dop-CeO2-PEG as a promising anticancer and antibacterial agents.

A bimetallic mixed metal oxide developed with nickel oxide and copper oxide (NiO/CuO) and using nitrogen-doped graphene oxide (N-GO) resulted in the synthesis of a NiO/CuO/N-GO nanocomposite. Structural analyses of the NiO/CuO/N-GO nanocomposite, conducted using X-ray diffraction analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, revealed cubic NiO and monoclinic CuO crystalline characteristics. The nanocomposite showed Cu-O and Ni-O vibrations, with peaks observed at 491 cm−1and 606 cm−1, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy affirmed Cu, Ni, N, and O presence in the mixed-valence state of the NiO/CuO/N-GO nanocomposite. Morphological analyses, performed with high-resolution transmission electron and scanning electron microscopy, showed the 130 nm nanocomposite was a hexagonal bifrustum-shaped composite. Also, the antibacterial and anticancer potential of the nanocomposite was investigated. Antibacterial characteristics of NiO/CuO/N-GO (50 µg/mL) were shown against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereuswith inhibition zones of 18.5, 15.25, and 17.5 mm, respectively. The anticancer property of NiO/CuO/N-GO nanocomposite and its effect on cell cytotoxicity were evaluated in normal HEK293 human embryonic cells and A549 human lung cancer cells. Cell viability was observed using acridine orange/ethidium bromide dual staining. Reactive oxygen species generation analysis affirmed the anticancer potential of the NiO/CuO/N-GO composite.

Causes of diabetes could be associated with many dysfunctions regarding the regulation of insulin and progression of pancreatic beta cells. Phytonanotherapy provides a symbiotic properties of metal nanoparticles and plants as they exhibit medicinal benefits which may be biologically equivalent for synthetic drugs. The present study focused on rapid and ecofriendly biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using Eclipta alba(EA-AuNPs) and evaluated its pharmacological efficacy against pathogenic bacteria and streptozotocin (STZ) induced apoptosis in RIN-5F cell line. The bioreduction of auric chloride was attained through capping or stabilizing molecules offered by the phytoconstituents present in Eclipta alba.The green synthesized EA-AuNPs was characterized by spectrometric studies, such as UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) study, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and by microscopic studies such as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The synthesized EA-AuNPs showed surface plasmon resonance band at 536 nm and the particle was spherical about 26 nm with a good zeta potential value of −12mv. The anti-apoptotic potential of EA-AuNPs was proved by evaluating the NF-κB mediated apoptotic pathway in STZ-induced diabetes in RIN-5F cell line. We further showed the free radical scavenging potential of EA-AuNPs and stabilized EA-AuNPs demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, we conclude that Eclipta albahas a good potential to synthesize AuNPs and the synthesized EA-AuNPs are promising for biomedical applications in the field of nanomedicine.