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The lives of humans working in hazardous fields are often at risk. Therefore, replacing humans with robots can help to reduce the mortality rate. Hence, this work considers four dangerous operations, namely, earthquake rescue, fire rescue, water rescue and bomb disposal operation, and determines the most wanted field for the replacement of robots concerning their death rate. The fields’ prioritization is examined using multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) models. Since the alternatives (fields) lack information with respect to the criteria, this work utilizes the sub-alternatives (field performer) to fill in the information of the alternatives in order to prioritize the fields and detect the impact of the robots in the field. When uncertainty prevails in crisp data, the MCDM methods are generally considered in a fuzzy environment. The intuitionistic trapezoidal dense fuzzy (ITpDF) set which is one of the extensions of fuzzy set is dealt here. Considering the MCDM models such as extended PSI, COCOSO, PIV and MARCOS in the ITpDF field, the integrated ITpDF–PSI–COCOSO–PIV–MARCOS model is framed, where the final ITpDF score values from each considered models are aggregated using the Bonferroni mean aggregation method. The aggregated ITpDF score values are defuzzified and ranked using the novel ITpDF incircle ranking. The result reveals that earthquake rescue robots have a lesser impact compared to robots utilized in bomb disposal operations. Finally, the sensitivity and comparative analysis are performed to find the effectiveness of the model and the quality of the outcome, respectively.

Anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers (AEMWEs) have an intrinsic advantage over acidic proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers through their ability to use inexpensive, stable materials such as stainless steel (SS) to catalyze the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER). As such, the study of active oxide layers on SS has garnered great interest. Potential cycling is a means to create such active oxide layers in situas they are readily formed in alkaline solutions when exposed to elevated potentials. Cycling conditions in the literature are rife with unexplained variations, and a complete account of how these variations affect the activity and constitution of SS oxide layers remains unreported, along with their influence on AEMWE performance. In this paper, we seek to fill this gap in the literature by strategically cycling SS felt (SSF) electrodes under different scan rates and ranges. The SSF anodes were rapidly activated within the first 50 cycles, as shown by the 10-fold decline in charge transfer resistance, and the subsequent 1000 cycles tuned the metal oxide surface composition. Cycling the Ni redox couple (RC) increases Ni content, which is further enhanced by lowering the cycling rate, while cycling the Fe RC increases Cr content. Fair OER activity was uncovered through cycling the Ni RC, while Fe cycling produced SSF electrodes active toward both the OER and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). This indicates that inert SSF electrodes can be activated to become efficient OER and HER electrodes. To this effect, a single-cell AEMWE without any traditional catalyst or ionomer generated 1.0 A cm–2at 1.94 V ± 13.3 mV with an SSF anode, showing a fair performance for a cell free of critical raw materials.

The study has outlined the performance evaluation of bidirectional wavelength division multiple access broadband optical passive elastic networks operation efficiency. Signal power level, Qcoefficient parameter, and minimum data error rates are measured numerically in both downstream and upstream directions based on broadband passive optical networks (BPONs). The transmission data rate available in the downstream direction is 10 Gb/s, while its value in the upstream direction is 2 Gb/s. The suitable operating wavelength is selected in the near-infrared region around 1550 nm for minimum losses. The bits sequence length of the optical transmitter is taken in to account for testing the optical network performance efficiency. The proposed model has presented better performance than the previous model by 25.76 % in downstream direction and by 12.28 % in upstream direction. As well as the bidirectional wavelength division multiple access broadband passive optical elastic networks performance efficiency is measured.

The ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula(L.) Roxb.) is a crucial warm-season vegetable crop cultivated extensively in India and tropical regions of Asia and Africa. Despite its medicinal significance and popularity in Indian cuisine, ridge gourd faces numerous biotic stressors, with root-knot nematodes (Meloidogynespp.) being one of the most prevalent. This study aimed to investigate the post penetration development of Meloidogyne incognitaon ridge gourd by assessing the pathogenicity and histopathological changes induced in the host plants. Under controlled laboratory and glasshouse conditions, experiments were conducted to observe nematode penetration and development stages, as well as the impact of nematode inoculum levels on ridge gourd growth parameters and chlorophyll content. Histopathological studies were performed to visualize anatomical changes in infected roots. The results demonstrated swift penetration and developmental progression of M. incognitawithin ridge gourd roots, culminating in reproductive stages. Pathogenicity assessments revealed a dose-dependent relationship between nematode density and plant damage, with higher inoculum concentrations resulting in significant reductions in growth parameters and chlorophyll content. Histopathological analyses revealed extensive damage to root tissues, including gall formation and anatomical abnormalities. This study enhances the understanding of the interaction of M. incognitawith ridge gourd, emphasizing the need for effective management strategies to mitigate nematode-induced losses in agricultural productivity.

Antimicrobial textiles are crucial in various industries for combating contamination and improving hygiene. Copper's potent antimicrobial properties enhance infection control in medical fabrics. This study aims to synthesize copper in the form of nanoparticles CuNPs using Curcuma aromatica, to provide an effective, eco-friendly solution for antimicrobial medical textiles. The powder of the rhizome of Curcuma aromaticawas boiled in sterile distilled water and the extract was used in the synthesis of CuNPs. The resulting CuNPs were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, SEM, FTIR analysis, and XRD. The antibacterial efficacy of the synthesized CuNPs was tested against Staphylococcus aureusand Escherichia coliusing the well diffusion method. The Cotton fabrics was embedded with synthesized CuNPs and again evaluated for its anti-bacterial property. The UV–VIS Spectroscopy showed absorption peaks above  554 nm due to the plasmon resonance of CuNPs. The size range of CuNPs was from 54 to 69 nm which was confirmed by SEM. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of various organic molecules associated with CuNPs. XRD analysis revealed the face-centered cubic crystal structure of the CuNPs. The CuNPs and CuNPs embedded cotton fabrics exhibited significant antibacterial activity against both Staphylococcus aureusand Escherichia coli.  These findings support the use of Curcuma aromaticaas a suitable source for CuNP synthesis and emphasize the significance of CuNPs in the development of effective antimicrobial fabrics for medical applications.

In the building industry, concrete is widely utilised as a foundation. In the construction of superstructures, structural concrete, slab construction, stair construction, and architectural components are all utilised. The most frequent components of concrete are cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate made of shattered stones or gravels, chemical admixtures, and water. During the curing or hardening process, concrete will shrink slightly. This shrinkage generates strain in the freshly poured concrete, resulting in shrinkage fractures. To rule out this problem, bioconcrete was employed, which is made up of microorganisms that can precipitate calcium carbonate and aid in crack sealing, giving it a self-healing capacity. These are considered to be more cost-effective, eco-friendly, and require less maintenance. Due to the formation of the microcracks leads to the failure of the structure due to corrosion. The importance and efficiency of bioconcrete madding using four different microorganisms—Bacillus subtilis,Brevibacillus sp.,Bacillus megaterium, and Microvirga sp.are discussed in this paper. It has been found that the bioconcrete made using Bacillus subtilishad higher compressive strength of 50.37 N/mm2followed by Brevibacillus sp.with the compressive strength of 42.81 N/mm2

Cancer is deadly diseases still exist with a lot of subtypes which makes lot of challenges in a biomedical research. The data available of gene expression with relevant gene selection with eliminating redundant genes is challenging for role of classifiers. The availability of multiple scopes of gene expression data is curse, the selection of gene is play vital role for refining gene expression data classification performance. The major role of this article is to derive a heuristic approach to pick the highly relevant genes in gene expression data for the cancer therapy. This article demonstrates a modified bio-inspired algorithm namely cuckoo search with crossover (CSC) for choosing genes from technology of micro array that are able to classify numerous cancer sub-types with extraordinary accuracy. The experiment results are done with five benchmark cancer gene expression datasets. The results depict that CSC is outperforms than CS and other well-known approaches. It returns 99% accuracy in a classification for the dataset namely prostate, lung and lymphoma for top 200 genes. Leukemia and colon dataset CSC is 96.98% and 98.54% respectively.

Fuzzy ranking plays a vital role in decision-making problems and various fuzzy applications. There are plenty of ranking methods that are used to rank fuzzy numbers. However, they fail to give satisfactory results in certain situations due to the complexity of the problem. In this present study, an attempt has been made to introduce four types of ranking methods in the field of intuitionistic dense fuzzy (IDF) depending on centroid and graded mean ranking. Also, arithmetic operations based on λ1,λ2-cuts, fuzzy numbers, and extension principles are defined for IDF environment. A model is framed to rank MCDM problems, which are aggregated using a weighted aggregation operator and ordered using the proposed and extended ranking methods. To illustrate the proposed MCDM model under the field of IDF, the problem of robot selection is taken for war fighter robots and exoskeleton robots to help and replace humans in war and help assistive walking patients with spinal cord injuries. The result reveals that the Ripsaw and Rewalk emerge as preferable options for substituting humans in the contexts of war fighters and exoskeleton robots, respectively. To analyze the effectiveness of the ranking results, comparative and sensitivity analyses are examined. Thus, the results provide a satisfactory output.

AbstractAs triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks a specific target, exploration of abnormally expressed genes during the progression of TNBC is important for a better understanding of tumorigenesis and to find a specific target. We intended to figure out genes associated with TNBC, which can provide unique insights into gene dysregulation in TNBC while also pointing to new possible therapeutic targets for TNBC. A meta-analysis of multiple TNBC mRNA profiles was performed to identify consistently differentially expressed genes (CDGs). The pathways involved in modulating these genes were analyzed by MsigDB, and the interaction map was constructed. These CDGs were evaluated for their expression in cell lines, and drugs that could modulate the expression of CDGs were obtained using the connectivity map. CDGs were docked with doxorubicin and anethole, which is a phytocompound. The expression of selected CDGs was analyzed in MDA-MB-231 cells after treatment with doxorubicin and anethole. We found 45 CDGs, out of which 36 were upregulated and 9 were downregulated. MDA-MB-231 cell line was found to have high expression of CDGs, and drug that could modulate the expression of CDGs was doxorubicin. Docking results revealed that anethole and doxorubicin had good interaction with the CDGs especially with the genes AURKA, CDC6, DEPDC1, KIF23, KPNA2, MELK, CTNNB1, FLI1and E2F1. Gene expression studies of the selected CDGs showed that the synergistic effect of anethole and doxorubicin effectively downregulated the expression. The CDGs identified from multiple cohorts have clinical significance and may be effectively exploited in the targeted therapy for TNBC.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

One-pot free radical precipitation polymerization was used to synthesize an aqueous suspension of nonionic poly ( ${N}$ -isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgel particles. For dielectric measurements in the frequency range of 100 MHz–50 GHz and the temperature range of 288–323 K, 10 wt% of freeze-dried PNIPAM microgels dispersed in heavy water were used. The relaxation process was seen at around 15 GHz, which corresponds to the entire rotational motion of the heavy water, both within and outside the microgel. Furthermore, in the high-frequency relaxation spectrum, heavy water outside the microgel ( ${h}1$ -process with a relaxation time of ${h}1$ , $\tau _{\mathbf {h{1}}}$ , fixed as that of pure heavy water) and confined heavy water within the microgel ( ${h}2$ -process with a relaxation time of ${h}2$ , $\tau _{\mathbf {h{2}}}$ ) were evaluated in view of the two-water model’s assumption and contribution. Under volume phase transition temperature (VPTT), $\tau _{\mathbf {h{2}}}$ is about 4 to $5\times $ larger than $\tau _{\mathbf {h{1}}}$ , and it does not change much even though the temperature is raised. However, $\tau _{\mathbf {h{2}}}$ rapidly increases above VPTT from 7 to 14, which reveals that the dynamics of heavy water are severely constrained inside the shrunken state of the PNIPAM microgel. The obtained results are compared to the dynamics of pure water in PNIPAM microgels aqueous suspension to better understand the effect of deuterium substitution for hydrogen on the dynamics of heavy water inside and outside of PNIPAM microgels.

Agriculture depends on different fertilizers ranging from living organism to wide range of synthetic chemicals. Due to the elevated toxic effects of chemical fertilizer, there is an urgent need for organic farming and cultivation. The current study aimed to use bacteria (Rhizobium, Azotobacterand Azospirillum), fungi (Trichoderma) and marine macroalgae (Turbinaria ornata) as efficient biofertilizers for maize cultivation and further to compare their effects under various conditions. Soil and irrigating water were evaluated for the physical, chemical and biological parameters prior to the experiments. Bacteria, fungi and macroalgae were used in four different concentrations (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) by using two different treatment methods (soil drench, seed coat). Seeds were soughed, watered and it was followed to monitor the growth and yield. Soil texture exhibits silt clay loam with percolation rate (3.11 min), water holding capacity (19%), capillary action (3.05 min), macronutrient (nitrogen 101 ppm, phosphorous 6 ppm and potassium 410 ppm) and micronutrient (zinc 0.9 ppm, iron 5.2 ppm, copper 1.0 ppm, manganese 2.1 ppm) and was present in the soil. Irrigating water contains sodium 7.9 mEq/l, potassium 4 mEq/l, calcium 0.4 mEq/l, magnesium 1.7 mEq/l, chlorine 0.405 mEq/l, sulphate 3.3 mEq/l and bicarbonate 0.7 mEq/l. Escherichia coli, Clostridiumsp., Proteussp., Bacillussp., Corynebacteriumsp. and Erwianasp. were isolated from untreated soil sample. At both early stage and flowering stage, the chlorophyll content was high in Turbinaria ornata, whereas Rhizobiumelicits very low content among the subjected groups. Soil enzyme dehydrogenase (0.95 μU/g), phosphatase (47.5 μU/g) and protease (14.3 μU/g) increased in the Turbinaria ornatatreatment. Soil was enriched with Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Trichodermaand Actinomyceteduring flowering stage. Maximum plant height (137.8 cm) was observed in T. ornataseed coat method as compared to other groups. Trichodermatreated obtained minimum in plant height. Root length and number of leaves were increased in macroalgae treatment than the other treatment. The weight of one maize seed was found to be maximum (147.8 g) in soil drench 100% treated. In case of yield, Turbinaria ornata–treated maize flour contains protein 14.47 mg/100 g, carbohydrate 81.03 mg/100 g, lipids 4.8 mg/100 g, total fiber 8 mg/100 g and total sugar 0.79 mg/100 g with macro- and micronutrients. Turbinaria ornatatreatment shows better growth and yield in maize cultivation than other treatments.

Abstract: The present research deals with the Risk assessment of groundwater quality. 79 groundwater samples were collected from domestic and agricultural usage open and bore wells during January 2021(COVID-19 Pandemic Period). Groundwater samples were tested to determine the physicochemical parameters using standard testing procedure for the preparation of spatial distribution maps of each parameter based on the World Health Organization (WHO) standard. Multivariate statistical analysis has shown the source of groundwater pollution from secondary leaching of chemical weathering of rocks. From the Water Quality Index and bivariate plot reveals that less than 20% of the area comes under high and very high-risk zone. The types of hardness diagram showed 32.91% of the samples fall in hard brackish water as illustrated by the Piper trilinear diagram. The research outcome result shows that the least percentage of industrials effluents due to the COVID-19 pandemic, not working for all industries during lock down period.

Abstract: The optimal therapeutic efficiency of any treatment depends on patient adherence to the medication regimen. Medication adherence is the cornerstone of treatment outcomes that may consequently impact economic and healthcare costs. With the oral route being the preferred route of drug administration, slow or extended-release oral formulations can, therefore, be utilized. Here, a biocompatible oral delivery system that can be retained in the stomach for a week, while providing continuous release of the encased drug, is proposed. The fabrication of the delivery system was achieved using a simple mold casting technique. The hydrogel-based raft was able to float under simulated gastric conditions for seven days with pH switches to mimic the fasted and fed states of the stomach. The functionality of such a delivery system has been exemplified using two different model drugs—risperidone and metoprolol tartrate of varied solubilities and has been shown to effectively sustain the release of drugs under the tested conditions. Impact statement: An oral delivery system is proposed to tackle the soaring problem of medication nonadherence predominantly for conditions that require long-term medication. The proposed delivery system is designed to float in the stomach, thereby prolonging gastric retention and sustaining drug release for more than a week. Subsequently, once drug release is completed, it can be dissolved away using an extrinsic trigger. Any chronic disease condition that requires multiple dosing per day or to be taken over a prolonged period would benefit from such a sustained-releasing drug delivery system. This reduces dosing frequency and consequently improves patient medication compliance. The proposed design allows for easy adaptation to different drugs making it customizable to the patient’s needs. The application of the delivery system may also be extended to the delivery and retention of miniature devices, such as glucose sensors that are to be retained for an extended period in the body, for the purpose of health monitoring or probing. In addition, this technology could have an impact beyond biomedical/pharmaceutical applications, where the need for extended release is a requirement. For instance, as a floating device for environmental purposes (i.e., slow release of pesticides into water bodies against mosquito breeding may be a possibility). Graphical abstract:

The role of tilt angle on strength and microstructural attributes of friction stir welded AZ91C Mg plates was investigated by employing three tilt angles. The presence of unique semicircular-shaped impressions on the surface of the joints attained at 1° tilt angle revealed the generation of ideal heat volume and transfer of plasticised metal towards the trailing end for attaining enhanced fusion. Zone of nugget of the joint obtained during 1° tilt angle, possessed smaller sized grain structures. The strength of joints escalated from 188 to 205 MPa (nearly 86% of the parent metal) when tilt angle was raised from 0° to 1°. But at 2° of tilt angle, strength reduced drastically, declaring the impact of tilt angle is a parabolic category of variation.

The role of tilt angle on strength and microstructural attributes of friction stir welded AZ91C Mg plates was investigated by employing three tilt angles. The presence of unique semicircular-shaped impressions on the surface of the joints attained at 1° tilt angle revealed the generation of ideal heat volume and transfer of plasticised metal towards the trailing end for attaining enhanced fusion. Zone of nugget of the joint obtained during 1° tilt angle, possessed smaller sized grain structures. The strength of joints escalated from 188 to 205?MPa (nearly 86% of the parent metal) when tilt angle was raised from 0° to 1°. But at 2° of tilt angle, strength reduced drastically, declaring the impact of tilt angle is a parabolic category of variation.

The production chain of Gloriosa superbatrimming (G) and turmeric leaf trimming (T) is a potential source of biomass residue, leading to high productivity and value-added product generation. Gloriosa superva waste and residues from turmeric leaf production are incinerated, which can lead to potential environmental problems. However, briquetting this waste would serve as an alternative process to produce a relatively high-energy fuel. In this study, Gloriosa superbawaste and turmeric leaves were mixed in different ratios such as 0:100 (GT1), 25:75 (GT2), 50:50 (GT3), 75:25 (GT4) and 100:0 (GT5) with 20% cassava starch added as a binder. The produced briquettes were analysed for close-up analysis, physical properties, SEM analysis, elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and XRD analysis. The densities of the GT briquettes ranged from 840.33 to 1176.5 kg/m3. EDAX analysis revealed that the major elements in the briquettes samples of gloriosa superva waste and turmeric leaf waste were carbon and oxygen, 56.56% and 36.062%, respectively. The spontaneous combustion properties were reconfirmed by TGA and DSC analyses of the briquettes. The total calorific value of the briquettes produced varies between 11.66 and 15.64 MJ/kg. The briquettes had an ignition time of 3.3–4.0 s and a burning time of 20–28 min. Thus, briquettes made from Gloriosa superbawaste and turmeric leaves containing 20% cassava starch proved to be an alternative energy source due to their low moisture and ash content and associated high calorific value.

Division plane orientation contributes to cell shape and topological organization, playing a key role in morphogenesis, but the precise physical and molecular mechanism influencing these processes remains largely obscure in plants. In particular, it is less clear how the placement of the new walls occurs in relation to the walls of neighboring cells. Here, we show that genetic perturbation of the actin cytoskeleton results in more rectangular cell shapes and higher incidences of four-way junctions, perturbing the global topology of cells in the shoot apical meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana. Actin mutants also exhibit changes in the expansion rate of the new versus the maternal cell wall after division, affecting the evolution of internal angles at tricellular junctions. Further, the increased width of the preprophase band in the actin mutant contributes to inaccuracy in the placement of the new cell wall. Computational simulation further substantiates this hypothesis and reproduces the observed cell shape defects.

A study was undertaken to model the UV-C inactivation kinetics and determine the fluences required for the incremental inactivation of several strains of Cronobacterspp. suspended in clear phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). In total, 13 strains of Cronobacterspp. were individually suspended in PBS and treated with UV-C doses of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mJ cm−2with a collimated beam device emitting UV-C at 253.7 nm. The log reduction from each treatment was identified using the plate count method and plotted against the UV-C dose and then curve fitted using several mathematical models. The UV-C dose required for incremental inactivation of each isolate was determined using both linear and nonlinear regression. For the 13 strains tested, a UV-C dose of 10 mJ cm−2inactivated between 3.66±0.101 and 5.04±0.465 log CFU mL−1. The survival behavior of all strains was best fitted to the Weibull+tail model, with correlation coefficients between 97.17 and 99.71%, and was used to determine the fluences required for incremental inactivation. The UV-C fluences needed to inactivate 1 log (D10-value) of Cronobacterspp. in buffer were between 3.53 and 5.50 mJ cm−2, whereas a fluence greater than 6.57 mJ cm−2was required to achieve a 4-log inactivation. A clear understanding of the UV-C dose-response of several strains of Cronobacterspp. lays the foundation to design effective UV-based disinfection systems.

Monkeypox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus, was first identified as the etiology of monkeypox in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo and remains endemic in regions of Central and West Africa. Following the most recent outbreak of monkeypox in multiple countries throughout Europe and North America, the infection has been declared a public health emergency by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Within this report, we aim to provide clinicians with a focused overview of the epidemiology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, and approaches to treat and prevent monkeypox infection amidst the global outbreak.

The cultivation of crops, conservation of plants, restoration of landscape, and management of soil are the phases incorporated in agriculture and horticulture. During the cultivation and conservation stages, the plants and the crops are affected by various diseases such as Bacterial scourge, Bacterial Leaf Blight, Brown spot, Seeding blight, Leaf streak, Powdery Mildew, Fire Blight, Black Rot and Apple Scab. These diseases in plants will lead to losses such as manufacturing and financial loss in farming industry worldwide. To maintain the sustainability in horticulture, the detection of crop disease and maintaining the condition of the plants are important. The Computer Aided Detection (CAD) in the agriculture and horticulture is the emerging trend, based on the digital imaging that provides the detailed analysis about the disease by applying the image mining process. In this work, the Cross Central Filter (CCF) technique is proposed to perform the noise removal process in the image and the identification of objects in the image is applied by using the Cognitive Fuzzy C-Means (CFCM) algorithm to differentiate the suspicious region from the normal region. The evaluation is conducted against the diseases affected in the rice crop and apple trees. The performance evaluation proves that the proposed design achieves the best performance results compared to the other filters and the segmentation techniques.

Microalgae-based biofertilizers have been proven to be very successful and an alternate source for agricultural sectors in reducing the usage of harmful chemical fertilizers. Focusing on this, liquid biofertilizer extracts of Chlorella vulgarisand Spirulina platensisare used to improve the growth of green gram Vigna radiata(L.). The microalgal extracts of Chlorella vulgarisand Spirulina platensisshowed maximum chemical composition and elemental contents. Growth parameters of shoot, root length, and weight of green gram (Vigna radiata) at flowering stage were found to be at a higher level with treatments I and II. Similarly, maximum number of fresh weights of root nodules, plant heights, plant branches, plant leaves, and leaf area index were recorded as 100% with treatment I of Chlorella vulgarisand treatment II of Spirulina platensisin treated plants. The leaf chemical composition such as N, P, and K, total carbohydrates, Indole, and phenol evidenced with good results in plants treated with Chlorella vulgarisand Spirulina platensis.The soil characterisstics such as pH, EC (ds/m), Ca++, Na+, Mg++, K+, CO−3, Cl−, HCO−3, and So4and physical characteristics of green gram including water absorption index, water solubility index, water absorption, and oil absorption were observed in superior level in microalgae-treated plants. The proximate composition and mineral composition of green gram seed flour were also recorded to be higher with Chlorella vulgarisand Spirulina platensistreatments. The antinutritional factors and phytohaemagglutinating activities of green gram were also found to be higher in microalgal-treated plants. Thus, the implications of Chlorella vulgarisas well as Spirulina platensiswere proven to be pros of liquid biofertilizers in the production of green gram.

Cold spray process (CSP) is a thermal spray technology in which coating (10–40 µm) is formed in the solid state by the impingement of power particles with supersonic velocity (200–1,200 m/s2) on coupon employing compressed gas jet, below the melting point of coating powder. It is commonly referred as cold gas dynamic spray, high velocity powder deposition, kinetic spray and kinetic energy metallisation process. Using CSP, various engineering materials (metals, polymers and ceramics) and its composites can be deposited. It is unique and promising approach for obtaining surface coating and offers various technological benefits over thermal spray as kinetic energy is employed for deposition rather than thermal energy. This offers great benefits in additive manufacturing (AM) to develop a component denser, low oxide coating free of tensile residual stresses, and undesired chemical reactions compared to conventional AM and coating techniques. Cold spray additive manufacturing (CSAM) is the powerful and emerging technique in the field of AM to develop engineering components with improved performance covering broad range of functionalities of surface, subsurface and interfaces. There are few flaws in this technique; however, extensive research work is going in CSAM and repairing of components to meet the real-time applications. The main objective of this review article is to summarise the history, effect of process parameters on surface coating, research and development in CSP along with its implementation in AM, component repairing and biomedical, antimicrobial and electrical applications. A discussion on future trends in CSAM is also provided at the end part of this article.

Sorghum Panicle, an agricultural waste material, contributes to air pollution when burned, causing health hazards. This research focuses on green synthesizing ZnO nanoparticles from Sorghum Panicle for Photocatalytic degradation, Antibacterial, and Phytotoxicity applications. The nanoparticles underwent surface and optical, morphological, structural, thermal, and zeta potential analyses. The Plasmon peak appeared at 381 nm, and XRD analysis revealed a crystallite size of 59.49 nm. Stability was confirmed via FTIR and Zeta potential analyses. FESEM analysis showed spherical particles sized 50–90 nm, aligning with XRD results. EDX analysis verified the presence of zinc and oxygen. TGA and DSC analyses demonstrated thermal stability. Paracetamol, a common painkiller, was used as a model pollutant. At pH 8, a 15 ppm nanoparticle concentration achieved a 90–95 % removal efficiency at 20 °C with 150 rpm agitation under UV light. The antibacterial study included both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The Phytotoxicity study, using mung beans, showed a 100 % seed germination rate with treated water, indicating high efficiency.

AbstractChitin synthase (CHS) is one of the crucial enzymes that play an essential role in chitin synthesis during the molting process, and it is considered to be the specific target to control insect pests. Currently, there are no potent inhibitors available in the market, which specifically target this enzyme. Pyrimidine nucleoside peptide, nikkomycin Z, binds to nucleotide-binding sites of fungal and insect CHS. But, their mode of action is still fragmentary due to the lack of a 3Dstructure of CHS. Chilo partellusis a severe pest insect of major food crops such as maize and sorghum, in an attempt to target integument expressed cuticular CpCHS. The CpChsAcDNA was cloned, and subsequently, their developmental and tissue-specific expression was studied. The 3D structure of the CHS catalytic domain was modeled, after which natural compounds were screened using a virtual screening workflow and resulted in the identification of five hit molecules. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the dynamics and interactions of hits with CpCHS. The obtained results revealed that the compounds kasugamycin, rutin and robinin could act as potent inhibitors of CpCHS. All three molecules were observed to significantly reduce the chitin production as validated using in vitroand in vivostudies. Thus, this study aims to provide a set of novel inhibitor molecules against CpCHS for controlling the pest population. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

In the Indian stock market, the stock market price volatility is an unavoidable part of an investment decision of individual investors. It is essential to identify that share price of listed companies affected due to the financial statement information like EPS, DPO, PE, return on capital employed, and return on investment, which are treated as influential factors of investors investment decision making. Therefore, the study examined the effect of listed companies' financial information towards stock price instability. The present research work has taken 12 listed companies from various industrial sectors listed under the National Stock Exchange of India and to determine the effect of accounting variables like EPS, PE and DPO ratio on stock cost volatility for the duration of five years (2014-2019). The result of the study revealed that most of the company stock prices are indicated instable due the accounting indicators like EPS and dividend payout among those periods but not because of PE ratio. Hence, the study has concluded and suggested that all companies should focus on providing absolute information about their financial statement indicators and it is helpful to the individual investor's investment decisions.

Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies such as bamlanivimab emerged as promising agents in treating kidney transplant recipients with COVID‐19. However, the impact of bamlanivimab on kidney allograft histology remains unknown. We report a case of a kidney transplant recipient who received bamlanivimab for COVID‐19 with subsequent histologic findings of diffuse peritubular capillary C4d staining. A 33‐year‐old man with end‐stage kidney disease secondary to hypertension who received an ABO compatible kidney from a living donor, presented for his 4‐month protocol visit. He was diagnosed with COVID‐19 44 days prior to his visit and had received bamlanivimab with an uneventful recovery. His 4‐month surveillance biopsy showed diffuse C4d staining of the peritubular capillaries without other features of antibody‐mediated rejection (ABMR). Donor‐specific antibodies were negative on repeat evaluations. ABMR gene expression panel was negative. His creatinine was stable at 1.3 mg/dl, without albuminuria. Given the temporal relationship between bamlanivimab and our observations of diffuse C4d staining of the peritubular capillaries, we hypothesize that bamlanivimab might bind to angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2, resulting in classical complement pathway and C4d deposition. We elected to closely monitor kidney function which has been stable at 6 months after the biopsy. In conclusion, diffuse C4d may present following bamlanivimab administration without any evidence of ABMR. Peritubular C4d staining observed in the kidney allograft of a patient who received Bamlanivimab for COVID‐19 may reflect classical complement pathway activation by the interaction of Bamlanivimab and angiotensin converting enzyme 2.

Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies such as bamlanivimab emerged as promising agents in treating kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19. However, the impact of bamlanivimab on kidney allograft histology remains unknown. We report a case of a kidney transplant recipient who received bamlanivimab for COVID-19 with subsequent histologic findings of diffuse peritubular capillary C4d staining. A 33-year-old man with end-stage kidney disease secondary to hypertension who received an ABO compatible kidney from a living donor, presented for his 4-month protocol visit. He was diagnosed with COVID-19 44 days prior to his visit and had received bamlanivimab with an uneventful recovery. His 4-month surveillance biopsy showed diffuse C4d staining of the peritubular capillaries without other features of antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR). Donor-specific antibodies were negative on repeat evaluations. ABMR gene expression panel was negative. His creatinine was stable at 1.3 mg/dl, without albuminuria. Given the temporal relationship between bamlanivimab and our observations of diffuse C4d staining of the peritubular capillaries, we hypothesize that bamlanivimab might bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, resulting in classical complement pathway and C4d deposition. We elected to closely monitor kidney function which has been stable at 6 months after the biopsy. In conclusion, diffuse C4d may present following bamlanivimab administration without any evidence of ABMR.

AbstractObjective:We evaluated the risk of patients contracting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during their hospital stay to inform the safety of hospitalization for a non–COVID-19 indication during this pandemic.Methods:A case series of adult patients hospitalized for 2 or more nights from May 15 to June 15, 2020 at large tertiary-care hospital in the midwestern United States was reviewed. All patients were screened at admission with the severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. Selected adult patients were also tested by IgG serology. After dismissal, patients with negative serology and PCR at admission were asked to undergo repeat serologic testing at 14–21 days after discharge. The primary outcome was healthcare-associated COVID-19 defined as a new positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test on or after day 4 of hospital stay or within 7 days of hospital dismissal, or seroconversion in patients previously established as seronegative.Results:Of the 2,068 eligible adult patients, 1,778 (86.0%) completed admission PCR testing, while 1,339 (64.7%) also completed admission serology testing. Of the 1,310 (97.8%) who were both PCR and seronegative, 445 (34.0%) repeated postdischarge serology testing. No healthcare-associated COVID-19 cases were detected during the study period. Of 1,310 eligible PCR and seronegative adults, no patients tested PCR positive during hospital admission (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.0%–0.3%). Of the 445 (34.0%) who completed postdischarge serology testing, no patients seroconverted (0.0%; 95% CI, 0.0%–0.9%).Conclusion:We found low likelihood of hospital-associated COVID-19 with strict adherence to universal masking, physical distancing, and hand hygiene along with limited visitors and screening of admissions with PCR.

ABSTRACTIn nature, plants are constantly exposed to many transient, but recurring, stresses. Thus, to complete their life cycles, plants require a dynamic balance between capacities to recover following cessation of stress and maintenance of stress memory. Recently, we uncovered a new functional role for macroautophagy/autophagy in regulating recovery from heat stress (HS) and resetting cellular memory of HS in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we demonstrated that NBR1 (next to BRCA1 gene 1) plays a crucial role as a receptor for selective autophagy during recovery from HS. Immunoblot analysis and confocal microscopy revealed that levels of the NBR1 protein, NBR1-labeled puncta, and NBR1 activity are all higher during the HS recovery phase than before. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis of proteins interacting with NBR1 and comparative proteomic analysis of an nbr1-null mutant and wild-type plants identified 58 proteins as potential novel targets of NBR1. Cellular, biochemical and functional genetic studies confirmed that NBR1 interacts with HSP90.1 (heat shock protein 90.1) and ROF1 (rotamase FKBP 1), a member of the FKBP family, and mediates their degradation by autophagy, which represses the response to HS by attenuating the expression of HSPgenes regulated by the HSFA2 transcription factor. Accordingly, loss-of-function mutation of NBR1resulted in a stronger HS memory phenotype. Together, our results provide new insights into the mechanistic principles by which autophagy regulates plant response to recurrent HS.Abbreviations:AIM: Atg8-interacting motif; ATG: autophagy-related; BiFC: bimolecular fluorescence complementation; ConA: concanamycinA; CoIP: co-immunoprecipitation; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; FKBP: FK506-binding protein; FBPASE: fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase; GFP: green fluorescent protein; HS: heat stress; HSF: heat shock factor; HSFA2: heat shock factor A2; HSP: heat shock protein; HSP90: heat shock protein 90; LC-MS/MS: Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; NBR1: next-to-BRCA1; PQC: protein quality control; RFP: red fluorescent protein; ROF1: rotamase FKBP1; TF: transcription factor; TUB: tubulin; UBA: ubiquitin-associated; YFP: yellow fluorescent protein