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The Venezuelan crisis has unleashed multiple forms of sociopolitical violence against its population and created a context of unmet needs, insecurity, and human rights violations. Outward migration caused by this situation has been linked to health emergencies in neighboring countries. Venezuelan migrant and refugee women and girls (VMRWG) are among the most affected. We conducted a cross-sectional qualitative and Participatory Action Research (PAR) project to characterize the risk environments for VMRWG across migration phases, analyzing pre-departure, transit, border crossing, and resettlement risk factors for health and security through semi-structured interviews (n= 30) and human cartographies (n= 16). We found cross border risk and protective factors that inform cross-border health initiatives, migration policies, and human rights efforts for both the migrant and host communities.Findings and RecommendationsMigratory trajectories of VMRWG from Venezuela to Colombia represent a risk environment for women and girls, connecting cross-border contexts through armed actors’ control, culturally reinforced gender roles and limited social and economic resources.Long-term sustainable migratory policies that are culturally sensitive and include a gender-approach to health should operationalize how gender roles are intimately connected to HIV risk and mental health disparities through reinforced structural factors. Such policies must address these structural factors.The public health system needs to incorporate and align with programmatic efforts implemented by international platforms (United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), AID4AIDS, and Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) also known as Doctors Without Borders) targeting screening for infectious diseases (including HIV and mental health disparities) in border crossings and borderlands. Sustainable policies to bridge gaps between services and populations and to decrease growing HIV cases depends on these strategies.Policies and programs of local governments (city and municipality level) addressing mental health disparities need to be expanded through peer leaders and civil society networks of care to guarantee wellbeing and quality of life after resettlement.International efforts and collaborations should capitalize on the re-opening of the border to establish inter-sectoral collaborations with Venezuelan NGOs and civil society organizations on both sides of the border to address gender-based violence, follow-up of cases, and access to services in sending and receiving communities.In order to broach gaps and tackle access barriers in resettlement communities in Colombia, services must be provided in peripheric territories and neighborhoods where some vulnerable migrants resettle. These services must rely on health sector-community collaborations.Public health sector efforts should be integrated and coordinated with family and child services on a local and national level Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar (ICBF), gender working groups, shelters, and citywide supported initiatives like the House of Women) to provide and promote access to social resources (education, jobs, and housing) for migrant women.Health promotion strategies are necessary to decrease infectious diseases and violence-related trauma among migrants across borders. These strategies can include outreach through peer leaders, civil society organization campaigns, and HIV mobile testing and counselling. These services should be delivered in a culturally sensitive manner, capitalizing on in-place cross-border networks of support.In Colombia, sustainable efforts in policy and programs have been made to provide Venezuelans with access to health care and social services with the help of inter-sectoral working groups, national laws, and border commissions. However, there is an urgent need to expand the humanitarian response and the health sector coverage to gender-based violence impacting infectious disease risk and mental health trauma in host communities. Connecting pre- and post-migration contexts in South-to-South migration is paramount. Tackling these issues can improve the protection of human rights and resettlement conditions in host communities.

The genus Peronospora(Oomycota, Peronosporales) is an obligate biotrophic group of pathogens that cause downy mildew in a wide array of plants of economic or ecological importance. In August 2024, Culver’s root plants (Veronicastrum virginicum) growing at a commercial nursery in Wisconsin, USA, showing symptoms and signs of infection by an unknown downy mildew species, were found. Using morphological and molecular data analyses of one mitochondrial (cox2) and two nuclear (ITS and nrLSU) loci, we identified Peronospora digitalisas the species infecting V. virginicum. Peronospora digitalisprimarily infects plants in the genus Digitalis, such as D. purpurea, resulting in significant damage. This study represents the first observation of P. digitalisin a host genus other than its primary one, highlighting the risks these pathogens pose for plant health by increasing the potential for crop losses due to lack of prevention, management and mitigation strategies.

ABSTRACTNeonectria ditissimaand N. faginataare canker pathogens involved in an insect-fungus disease complex of American beech (Fagus grandifolia) in North America commonly known as beech bark disease (BBD). In Europe, both N. ditissimaand N. coccineaare involved in BBD on European beech (Fagus sylvatica). Field observations across the range of BBD indicate ascospores to be the dominant spore type in the environment. Several studies report a heterothallic (self-sterile) mating strategy for Neonectriafungi, but one study reported homothallism (self-fertility) for N. ditissima. As such, investigations into mating strategy are important for understanding both the disease cycle and population genetics of Neonectria. This is particularly important in the United States given that over time N. faginatadominates the BBD pathosystem despite high densities of nonbeech hosts for N. ditissima. This study utilized whole-genome sequences of BBD-associated Neonectriaspp. along with other publicly available Neonectriaand Corinectriagenomes and in vitro mating assays to characterize mating type (MAT) locus and confirm thallism for select members of Neonectriaand Corinectria. MAT gene–specific primer pairs were developed to efficiently characterize the mating types of additional single-ascospore strains of N. ditissima, N. faginata, and N. coccineaand several other related species lacking genomic data. These assays also confirmed the sexual compatibility among N. ditissimastrains from different plant hosts. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses of both MAT1-1-1and MAT1-2-1sequences recovered trees with similar topology to previously published phylogenies of Neonectriaand Corinectria. The results of this study indicate that all Neonectriaand Corinectriatested are heterothallic based on our limited sampling and, as such, thallism cannot help explain the inevitable dominance of N. faginatain the BBD pathosystem.

El objetivo de esta investigación es generar esquemas logísticos y comerciales rentables, para lo cual se construye una metodología que mide el costo de servir y se determina la rentabilidad a partir de los estados financieros, que va de lo general a lo específico, permitiendo cerrar las brechas identificadas en el análisis de costo de servir para mercados emergentes. La metodología consta de 3 fases y 12 pasos que alinean la estrategia, alcance, procesos y costeo de actividades con la segmentación de cuentas rentables, marginales y no rentables, para generar mayor rentabilidad. Como resultado se construyen herramientas que permiten priorizar a los clientes, así como definir la estrategia logística y comercial ideal para los objetos de estudio (cliente, producto, etc.).

Este artículo tiene como objetivo documentar diferentes enfoques tradicionales sobre el análisis de costos para mercados emergentes a fin de hallar brechas y áreas de oportunidad relacionadas con la temática del costo de servir. El artículo encuentra que no existe una metodología adaptada para mercados emergentes que permita analizar detalladamente la rentabilidad en canales, clientes y productos para crear estrategias de atención acordes con las necesidades que estos grupos expresan. Al final de la revisión y contraste de metodologías, se explica una tabla con los procedimientos analizados y las áreas de oportunidad más importantes que servirán de base para la creación de una metodología de costo de servir para mercados emergentes.

With the recent changes concerning pleomorphic fungi in the new International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants(ICN), it is necessary to propose the acceptance or protection of sexual morph-typified or asexual morph-typified generic names that do not have priority, or to propose the rejection or suppression1of competing names. In addition, sexual morph-typified generic names, where widely used, must be proposed for rejection or suppression in favour of asexual morph-typified names that have priority, or the latter must be proposed for conservation or protection. Some pragmatic criteria used for deciding the acceptance or rejection of generic names include: the number of name changes required when one generic name is used over another, the clarity of the generic concept, their relative frequencies of use in the scientific literature, and a vote of interested mycologists. Here, twelve widely used generic names in three families of Hypocrealesare proposed for acceptance, either by conservation or protection, despite their lack of priority of publication, or because they are widely used asexual morph-typified names. Each pair of generic names is evaluated, with a recommendation as to the generic name to be used, and safeguarded, either through conservation or protection. Four generic names typified by a species with a sexual morph as type that are younger than competing generic names typified by a species with an asexual morph type, are proposed for use. Eight older generic names typified by species with an asexual morph as type are proposed for use over younger competing generic names typified by a species with a sexual morph as type. Within Bionectriaceae, Clonostachysis recommended over Bionectria;in Hypocreaceae, Hypomycesis recommended over Cladobotryum, Sphaerostilbellaover Gliocladium, and Trichodermaover Hypocrea;and in Nectriaceae, Actinostilbeis recommended over Lanatonectria, Cylindrocladiellaover Nectricladiella, Fusariumover Gibberella, Gliocephalotrichumover Leuconectria, Gliocladiopsisover Glionectria, Nalanthamalaover Rubrinectria, Nectriaover Tubercularia, and Neonectriaover Cylindrocarpon.

Thelonectriais a recently established genus of common and ubiquitous fungi on woody hosts, previously placed in the genus Neonectria. Thelonectria coronataand T. veuillotianaoccur sympatrically in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. Previous taxonomic studies including T. coronataand T. veuillotianasuggested these fungi could represent species complexes; however, the morphological features used to define species exhibited few differences useful for testing this hypothesis. To assess the status of T. coronataand T. veuillotiana, phylogenetic analyses of six genomic regions were combined with a morphological examination of specimens. A multi-gene phylogeny reconstructed with maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches identified five phylogenetic groups in T. coronataand six in T. veuillotiana. As is common for cryptic species, unequivocal diagnostic morphological characters could not be identified; however, average values of morphological traits correspond to the phylogenetic groups. An increased number of non-synonymous/synonymous substitutions in the β-tubu-lin gene and a decreased or absent production of conidia were detected within the T. coronatacomplex, possibly indicating the homothallic nature of these isolates. T. coronataand T. veuillotianaand related species are described and illustrated here; a dichotomous key to all species is provided.