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Thirty-seven portable accelerometers were deployed in the eastern San Francisco Bay communities of Walnut Creek and Concord to study site response in a fault-bounded, urban, sedimentary basin. Local earthquakes were recorded for a period of two years from 2017 to 2019 resulting in 101 well-recorded events. Site response is estimated by two methods: the reference site spectral ratio method and a source-site spectral inversion method. The reference site spectral ratio method allows investigation of the variability of site amplification with source azimuth and frequency. The source-site spectral inversion method yields the best least-squares fit to site response for a database of ground-motion records. Both methods show substantial amplification in the Walnut Creek-Concord basin below 2 Hz indicating strong surface-wave development. Greater amplification is seen for sources aligned along the long axis of the basin. Inversion using close-in sources at short distances yields lower amplification at longer periods than the entire data set due to reduced surface-wave generation for steeper angles of incidence. Inversion of site response spectra for shallow shear-wave velocity using a global search algorithm yields VS30 values consistent with generalized mapping results based on geology and topography but with greater variability due to local site variations. 3D finite-element modeling shows greater amplification in the Walnut Creek-Concord basin with a basin-edge effect likely contributing to higher ground motions. Topography is also seen to lead to increased scattering and shadowing effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground-motion models (GMMs) are fundamental for the estimation of ground shaking for probabilistic seismic hazard assessment. Because of the paucity of ground motion recordings in regions of low seismicity, stochastic approaches are often employed to generate synthetic data. In this study, we developed a GMM using a stochastic simulation approach for southwest Iberia--a zone for which seismic hazard is usually assessed using models developed for other regions. We collected geological, tectonic, and ground-motion data for offshore and inland Iberia, and calibrated several parameters for a stochastic simulation. The resulting synthetic response spectra were used to train a machine learning algorithm (artificial neural network) capable of predicting peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and spectral acceleration on rock (VS30 = 760 M/S), along with the associated between-event and within-event terms. The resulting model was compared against other existing models for stable continental regions and ground-motion recordings for Portugal and Spain. The results indicate a good agreement with observations and the model can be used directly in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for southwest Iberia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On-site earthquake early warning (EEW) requires the best estimates of earthquake magnitude and distance parameters within a few seconds after the P-wave arrival for estimating the subsequent S-wave parameters. The errors in the estimates of the earthquake P-wave parameters will propagate into the estimates of the S-wave parameters. To solve this problem, we used the methodology by Zhao and Zhao (2019), which uses the spectral ratio between the response spectral values of the first 3 s of the S wave and that of the first 3 s of the P wave, referred to as the R3P model. The modeling presented here was based on strong-motion records from the Next Generation Attenuation (NGA)-West2 dataset. We also used the spectral ratio between the response spectral values from the full records from the S-wave arrival time to the end of the record and that of the first 3 s P wave to develop a second EEW model (the RFP model). An advantage of these two models is that the magnitude and hypocentral distance are not required in considerable magnitude and distance ranges. This means that the errors in the estimated source and path parameters from the first 3 s of the P wave will not affect the model predictions. A theoretical justification for these results is that the magnitude and the distance scaling rates for the first 3 s of the P wave are similar to those of the first 3 s of the S wave. This may also apply to the full S-wave window within useful EEW magnitude and distance ranges. We also found that when the estimated magnitude and distance for a record are necessary, the effect of the corresponding errors would be smaller than using a ground-motion prediction equation (GMPE), because the magnitude and distance scaling rates from this study are smaller than those of many GMPEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To estimate predicted ground motion from a teleseismic slip model, we use a low- and high-frequency hybrid method to simulate the regional, strong ground motions observed following the 18 April 2014 moment magnitude (MW) 7.3 Papanoa, Mexico, earthquake. To generate the regional ground motion at low frequencies (<1 Hz), a teleseismically derived, finite-fault, kinematic model is used to define the earthquake source, taking into account slip-model variations identified with a parameter sampling approach that considers possible errors in the fault geometry, the hypocenter depth, and the rupture velocity. A 3D crustal model is used to calculate the low-frequency ground motions using a finite-element calculation that includes topography and considers variations in the source model to estimate the uncertainty in the calculations. High frequencies (>1 Hz) are added using a 1D full-wave propagation code that estimates uncertainties by considering multiple random distributions of slip with different spatial correlation lengths. The synthetic, broadband (0.05-10.0 Hz) ground motions are obtained by combining the low- and high-frequency portions match filtered at 1 Hz. These synthetic ground motions are compared with the regional observations using velocity records, peak ground acceleration, and medians of the orientation-independent response spectra of the horizontal components (RotD50) calculated at periods of 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 s. The results indicate that ground motions estimated at these periods using our hybrid approach based primarily on a teleseismically derived source model are comparable to the values observed for the 2014 Papanoa earthquake at regional distances. The approach could be used to estimate strong-motion spectral levels expected for regions with limited local and regional recordings and could also fill in magnitude or distance gaps in ground-motion prediction relations utilized in the assessment of seismic hazard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the depths of small crustal earthquakes is challenging in many regions of the world, because most seismic networks are too sparse to resolve trade-offs between depth and origin time with conventional arrival-time methods. Precise and accurate depth estimation is important, because it can help seismologists discriminate between earthquakes and explosions, which is relevant to monitoring nuclear test ban treaties and producing earthquake catalogs that are uncontaminated by mining blasts. Here, we examine the depth sensitivity of several physics-based waveform features for ~8000 earthquakes in southern California that have well-resolved depths from arrival-time inversion. We focus on small earthquakes (2 < ML < 4) recorded at local distances (<150 km), for which depth estimation is especially challenging. We find that differential magnitudes (MW/ML-MC) are positively correlated with focal depth, implying that coda wave excitation decreases with focal depth. We analyze a simple proxy for relative frequency content, ɸ ≊ log10(M0) + 3log10(fc)ɸ, and find that source spectra are preferentially enriched in high frequencies, or "blue-shifted," as focal depth increases. We also find that two spectral amplitude ratios Rg 0.5-2 Hz/Sg 0.5-8 Hz and Pg/Sg at 3-8 Hz decrease as focal depth increases. Using multilinear regression with these features as predictor variables, we develop models that can explain 11%-59% of the variance in depths within 10 subregions and 25% of the depth variance across southern California as a whole. We suggest that incorporating these features into a machine learning workflow could help resolve focal depths in regions that are poorly instrumented and lack large databases of well-located events. Some of the waveform features we evaluate in this study have previously been used as source discriminants, and our results imply that their effectiveness in discrimination is partially because explosions generally occur at shallower depths than earthquakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimating the corner frequency (fc) of an earthquake is of fundamental importance to improving our knowledge of the physics of the rupture that gives rise to a seismic event, while also having important implications by providing information on the high-frequency radiation for seismic hazard studies. However, the estimation of fc through spectral-fitting methods suffers from trade-offs with the estimation of seismic wave attenuation, making the obtained values precise but not necessarily accurate. For this reason, after a review of the source model proposed by Brune (1970), a new method of estimating fc, based on the phase fitting of Fourier spectra of the Brune's seismic pulse related to S-waves, called Fourier phase spectra fitting (FPS), is proposed and evaluated in this study. The method can be applied in cases in which Brune's model may be appropriate, while also considering the effects of propagation on impulse deformation, for which the synthetic tests have been conducted. The results, obtained first using synthetic seismograms generated under controlled conditions and then on a data set of recordings of real seismic events collected at the Groningen gas field in the Netherlands, showed the method to be promising (being accurate and precise) and at the same time pointed out its limitations, with its applicability being restricted to short hypocentral distances of <20 km. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bow wave breaking is a common phenomenon during ship navigation, especially at a high speed, involving complex physical mechanism such as interface mixing, air entrainment, and jet splashing. This study uses the delayed detached eddy simulation (DDES) turbulence model on the OpenFOAM platform to simulate flow around a KRISO Container Ship (KCS) model for a Froude number of 0.35, examining trim angles of 0°, 0.5°, 1°. This paper analyzes the statistical and power spectral density (PSD) characteristics of bow wave heights. The analysis shows root mean square (rms) and mean difference between top and bottom views indicate wave breaking. As the trim angle increases, peaks of rms in the bottom view become much higher than that in the top view, reaching 38% at 1°. PSD analysis reveals that resistance and wave height periods differ by no more than 5%, with small-scale structures like jetting and splashing causing non-dominant periodic and high-frequency wave height variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Maternal speech has been shown to benefit premature infants by improving feeding outcomes and potentiating the development of the auditory cortex. To our knowledge, limited studies have addressed the benefits of exposure to maternal speech on neural development in premature infants. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of early controlled exposure to maternal recording a passage of speech on heart rate variability (obtained before, during, and after playback of a test stimulus of a female stranger speaking the same passage) in very low-birth-weight premature infants tracked weekly from 28 to 34 weeks. Methods: Prospective, randomized controlled trial, longitudinal, and repeated-measures design were conducted on 49 subjects. Infants heard a recording of their mother's speech twice a day from either 28 to 34 weeks (group 1) or from 32 to 34 weeks (group 2). Spectral analysis was measured weekly for 45 seconds before, during, and after playback of maternal speech. A generalized linear mixed model was conducted to examine the 2-way interaction in the log high-frequency power between groups, genders, sessions, and conditions. Results: It was found that there were no significant differences between groups before, during, and after playback of the stimulus. A significant difference, however, was noted between conditions (before vs during period). Conclusion: It can be concluded cautiously that playing back of maternal speech recordings to the premature infant has a beneficial impact on neural development after 32 weeks gestational age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on high-temporal-resolution Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) estimation over Nigeria, which is crucial for enhancing satellite-based applications. Utilizing RINEX, IONEX, and SP3 data from 2011 across 10 stations, the research integrates a novel VTEC model (LIMS) based on orthogonal transformation, achieving an unprecedented 10-minute temporal resolution sampling. The model incorporates multi-Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) constellations. Geomagnetic and solar activity impact assessments involve the Ap index, sunspot number, and DSt index. Specifically, the DSt index for March 16–18, 2015, analyzes the geomagnetic storm of St Patrick's Day. Validation compares LIMS with International GNSS Service (IGS), Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE), and International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-2020) estimates, showing strong correlations during various conditions. Daily VTEC patterns reveal the lowest values in the early morning, a midday peak, occasional double peaks, secondary maximum, and post-sunset enhancements, especially during equinoxes. Seasonal analysis highlights the highest mean VTEC in September Equinox and December Solstice, and the lowest during June Solstice. Spectral analysis identifies prominent diurnal, semi-diurnal, and sub-diurnal frequency components. This research significantly advances the understanding of VTEC in Nigeria, offering a valuable tool for precise positioning, satellite communication, and space weather forecasting. Notably, 9 stations processed 2011 data, while one station from this group and an additional station were used for a 3-day storm analysis in 2015 due to data availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper a comparative study, restricted to one-dimensional stationary case, between several Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimation algorithms of narrowband signals is presented. The informative signals are corrupted by an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), to show the performance of each method by applying directly the algorithms without pre-processing techniques such as forward-backward averaging or spatial smoothing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive comparison of the phase control (PC) and time-proportional control (TPC) schemes, which are commonly used for power control of alternating current (AC) loads with alternating current triodes (TRIACs). Although these control schemes have already been individually studied, our work aims to extend the comparisons in terms of spectral content, quality metrics, and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), considering both theoretical and experimental perspectives, for residential applications. Based on the obtained results, it was verified that the TPC exhibits better characteristics than the PC scheme. Therefore, the TPC scheme becomes a viable alternative for controlling higher power loads while complying with the requirements established in the IEC 61000-3-2, CISPR 11, and IEC 61000-3-3 standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture (rAAA) is still associated with high mortality. Recent studies have shown higher incidences in autumn and winter, and worse outcomes after rAAA treatment on weekends in some countries. This study aimed to analyse seasonal, weekday, and daytime fluctuations of the hospital incidence, treatment modalities, and outcomes of rAAA, based on the most recent nationwide German real world data. A secondary data analysis of diagnosis related group statistics (2009 – 2018), obtained from the German Federal Statistical Office, was conducted. Cases encoded by a diagnosis of rAAA in conjunction with procedural codes for endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) or open aortic repair were included. Patient and procedural characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes were analysed for seasonal (spring, summer, autumn, and winter), weekday (Monday – Sunday) and daytime (0:00 – 8:00, 8:00 –16:00, 16:00 –20:00, and 20:00 – 24:00) fluctuations by descriptive statistics and multivariable regression analyses. Thirteen thousand and seventy patients (85% male, median age 75 years) were treated for rAAA. Endovascular aortic repair was associated with lower mortality (adjusted OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.37 – 0.44). While no significant seasonal fluctuations were found, on a weekday basis lower hospital incidences were found on Mondays (12%) and Sundays (11%) compared with other weekdays (15 – 16%). Similarly, EVAR rates were lower on Mondays and Sundays (25% and 24%, respectively) compared with other weekdays (30 – 33%). Multivariable analyses revealed higher mortality rates on Mondays and Sundays. On a daytime basis, lower EVAR rates and higher mortality rates were found during the 16:00 – 8:00 period. In German hospitals, incidences and EVAR rates to treat rAAA were lowest on Mondays and Sundays. The associated overall mortality rates were highest on the respective days. Further restructuring and centralisation of AAA treatment in Germany could potentially mitigate this weekday effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model to estimate the 5% damped response spectra of horizontal components at specific orientations is presented. The model, which explicitly accounts for directionality, is based on prior research by the authors that identified that the orientation of maximum horizontal spectral response at a site in strike-slip earthquakes tends to occur at or close to the transverse orientation with respect to the epicenter. Using a database of 1962 ground motions recorded in shallow crustal earthquakes with strike-slip faulting, it is shown that there is a significantly larger probability of exceeding orientation-independent RotD50 intensities in the transverse orientation than in the radial orientation. Furthermore, the results indicate that, on average, spectral responses in the transverse orientation are significantly larger than those in the radial orientation and that these differences become more significant as the period of the oscillator increases. For example, spectral responses in the transverse orientation are, on average, 12% larger than those in the radial orientation for 1 s oscillators and 78% larger for 10 s oscillators. A period- and orientation-dependent model is developed and calibrated to estimate 5% damped response spectral ordinates at specific orientations by modifying orientation-independent RotD50 intensities. The proposed orientation-dependent model can explicitly account for directionality by modifying the means and standard deviations of any ground-motion model that estimates RotD50 response spectral ordinates for strike-slip earthquakes to obtain probability distributions of response spectral ordinates but now at specific horizontal orientations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kappa (the high-frequency spectral decay slope at near-source distances; often referred to as κ0) is determined at 25 seismograph stations in Eastern Canada using broadband ground-motion modeling approaches. The database comprises Fourier spectra (effective amplitude spectrum for the horizontal component and the vertical component, 0.8-40 Hz) computed from 3318 earthquakes of moment magnitude M 1.5-5 recorded on stations within 150 km. Average kappa values for bedrock sites, having shear-wave velocities from 850 to 2400 m/s, are highly variable, ranging from -29 to +21 ms (horizontal) and -28 to +11 ms (vertical), but appear on average to be near-zero. The values obtained are sensitive to methodology, especially the necessary adjustments to the spectra to account for site amplification effects. Kappa values do not appear to correlate well with site parameters such as rock shear-wave velocity, average shear-wave velocity in the upper 30 m, primary wave velocity, site class, type and age of rock, or instrument housing. This lack of correlation may reflect the noted sensitivities to methodological factors. We conclude that kappa values in rock environments are not reliably estimated from such proxies and should be determined from recorded ground motions at a given location. On average, there is little evidence of significant high-frequency attenuation on rock sites beyond that already accounted for in ground-motion modeling by the empirical parameterization of regional Q-related path effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social scientists have become increasingly interested in using intensive longitudinal methods to study social phenomena that change over time. Many of these phenomena are expected to exhibit cycling fluctuations (e. g., sleep, mood, sexual desire). However, researchers typically employ analytical methods which are unable to model such patterns. We present spectral and cross-spectral analysis as means to address this limitation. Spectral analysis provides a means to interrogate time series from a different, frequency domain perspective, and to understand how the time series may be decomposed into their constituent periodic components. Cross-spectral extends this to dyadic data and allows for synchrony and time offsets to be identified. The techniques are commonly used in the physical and engineering sciences, and we discuss how to apply these popular analytical techniques to the social sciences while also demonstrating how to undertake estimations of significance and effect size. In this tutorial we begin by introducing spectral and cross-spectral analysis, before demonstrating its application to simulated univariate and bivariate individual- and group-level data. We employ cross-power spectral density techniques to understand synchrony between the individual time series in a dyadic time series, and circular statistics and polar plots to understand phase offsets between constituent periodic components. Finally, we present a means to undertake nonparameteric bootstrapping in order to estimate the significance, and derive a proxy for effect size. A Jupyter Notebook (Python 3.6) is provided as supplementary material to aid researchers who intend to apply these techniques. Many social and biological phenomena exhibit regular, cyclic patterns, such as the need for regular sleep, and the structure of a seven day week. Such phenomena cannot be modeled with typical methods used in social science and psychology, and it is therefore important that researchers in these fields are equipped with a means to do so. Spectral and cross-spectral analyses can be used for this purpose, and they provide a breakdown of the rates of cycles present in a signal. For example, the seven day week may be associated with a seven day cycle, and any phenomena influenced by this seven day structure would exhibit a peak in the analysis at this rate of fluctuation. This tutorial provides researchers in psychology with a guide for understanding and applying spectral and cross-spectral analyses, as well as supporting software code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Centrifugal pumps are turbomachines that have wide industrial applications and could perform in different ways such as pump and turbine mode. The maintenance of this equipment is mostly carried out using invasive methods that are expensive, time-consuming, and even complicated. The application of non-invasive methods is sought since they offer the advantage of real-time monitoring without stopping the process, reducing component assembly and disassembly times and providing a faster response. The aim of this work is done an experimental investigation that shows evidence about how the information on the hydraulic variables can be obtained if the electrical variables are monitored for the modes of operation such as pump and turbine. This work is divided into two parts, the first part is based on a statistical analysis to perform a multivariate adjustment through copulas and probability distributions. The second part focuses on the graphical analysis of the power density spectra for the hydraulic variables, the torque, and the defined electrical variables. The amplitude peaks of each variable and which peaks are common between them are determined. A statistically significant fit for Tawn type 2 copula is obtained with the indicator variable of pressure fluctuation and a multivariate transformation of the three-phase network currents. In the spectra analysis, common amplitude peaks are observed between the spectra that indicate the information flow on the phenomena between the hydraulic variables and the electrical variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

this paper reviews the results obtained from recent studies mentioning the crustal architecture in Cameroon. It also discusses the study of [1] "Estimation of Curie depth, geothermal gradient and near-surface heat flow from spectral analysis of aeromagnetic data in the Loum-Minta area (Centre-East Cameroon)". The paper published by [1] is an application of the spectral method for the determination of Curie depths, followed by interpretations on the local thermal structure (thermal gradient, heat flux) of the crust. However, some outliers are remarkable and depend at first analysis on a bad mesh of the data following a windows of 27.75 * 27.75 km. Similarly, the failure to take into account the various parameters (seismic, geological, tectonic) which would help to better calibrate the results. with this communication, we would like to mention and clarify some errors in the paper published by [1] based on a global review of thermal behaviour of the crust. It is strongly recommended that information on regional geology and seismicity be used to estimate the Curie depths and that other independent data be integrated to determine the thermal and mechanical behaviour of the crust in Cameroon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic properties of the airborne structures plays a crucial role in the stability of the vehicle during flight. Modal and spectral behaviour of the structures are simulated and analysed. Ground tests are carried out with environmental conditions close to the flight conditions, with some assumptions. Subsequently, based on the flight telemetered data, the on-board mission algorithm and the auto-pilot filter coefficients are fine tuned. An attempt is made in this paper to design a novel architecture for analysing the modal and spectral random vibration signals onboard the flight vehicle and to identify the dominant frequencies. Based on the analysed results, the mission mode algorithm and the filter coefficients can be fine tuned on-board for better effectiveness in control and providing more stability. Three types of windows viz. Hann, Hamming and Blackman-Harris are configured with a generalised equation using FIR filter structure. The overlapping of the input signal data for better inclusiveness of the real-time data is implemented with BRAM. The domain conversion of the data from time domain to frequency domain is carried out with FFT using Radix-2 BF architecture. The FFT output data are processed for calculating the power spectral density. The dominant frequency is identified using the array search method and Goldschmidt algorithm is utilised for the averaging of the PSDs for better precision. The proposed architecture is synthesised, implemented and tested with both Synthetic and doppler signal of 300 Hz spot frequency padded with Gaussian white noise. The results are highly satisfactory in identifying the spot frequency and generating the PSD array. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous improvement of human living standards and the intensification of environmental pollution, the wind direction design of architectural design directly affects the living experience and health. Aiming at the disadvantages of poor ventilation and weak living experience in current urban buildings, this study constructs a coupling model between urban green building design and outdoor wind environment based on the sustainable development strategy and the principle of green environmental protection. By studying the effects of different architectural design factors on the flow direction and velocity of outdoor wind and the content of particulate matter, this study explores the best outdoor design of urban green buildings, and puts forward reasonable design suggestions for outdoor green building based on the concept of green sustainable development. The results show that the height and number of vents Collected the world natural heritage Huanglong state-level scenic area has two core areas of black travertine samples, using X-ray fluorescence spectrum (XRF) spectrum, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT IR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) for different types of travertine samples is black surface and internal are studied. XRF analyzed the chemical composition content of travertine. Under the condition that the main elements were the same, the contents of trace elements in the surface layer and the interior of travertine were significantly different, and the surface layer of travertine showed a uniform growth trend, indicating that the trace elements migrated to the surface layer after the long-term dehydration and blackening of travertine. XRD scanning of the phase composition of travertine, perennial water loss, and intermittent water loss travertine map are stable baseline, stable peak type, less hybrid peaks, indicating that the phase composition of travertine calcite is a relatively high purity, and the longterm landscape water conservation can not obtain the phase composition of travertine calcite, compared with magnesium calcite, Magnesian) transformation. The chemical bonds and functional groups of travertine were obtained by FT-IR, and different samples showed broad consistency. CO3 2- dominated the main absorption band, and the organic groups were obvious, together with inorganic peaks of silicon, phosphorus, iron, manganese, aluminum, magnesium, and other inorganic salts. Morphology of travertine was characterized by SEM, and it was found that the structural characteristics of long-term dehydration blackened travertine calcite was more obvious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of important structures for earthquake resistance requires an assessment of the local seismic hazard. One of its essential components is a site response that evaluates the amplification and attenuation of ground motion on a local scale. The shaking on the ground surface (in which it is generally measured) differs from the one at a depth; therefore, there is a need to characterize the ground motion at depth for important underground structures and buildings with deep foundations. In this study, we introduce a method to characterize the high-frequency (>1 Hz) ground motion at depth. The method makes use of a novel stochastic model (SM) that relates the ground motion at depth and on the surface in the Fourier domain. The SM is physics-based, its spectral amplification resembles an empirical 1D site response, and it allows reliable full-waveform ground-motion predictions. The method is validated through the comparison with empirical surface-to-borehole amplification curves observed in 144 selected KiK-net vertical arrays in Japan. Using a frequency range of 0.1-50 Hz, we identified 36 and 83 sites with a good and partially good mutual fit of theoretical and empirical amplification curves, respectively. Finally, we demonstrate the performance of the method in two diverse applications. First, we design a Bayesian inversion of the empirical surface-to-borehole amplification to retrieve the S-wave velocity model and an effective value of t* (the path-integrated effect of the quality factor). This inversion is applied to all selected KiK-net sites. Second, we perform a full-waveform prediction of the ground motion at depth from surface recordings of the 2018 northern Osaka MW 5.6 earthquake. Both of these applications demonstrate a good performance of our SM in a broad frequency range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review of a collection of theoretical source spectral models revealed: (1) Despite the well-known variation in predicting static stress drop Δσs from the seismic moment and corner frequency, all models, especially the three conventional models, suggest that earthquakes radiate about half of the available strain energy into the surrounding medium. This similarity justifies a less model-dependent approach to estimate Δσs, though estimates for natural earthquakes rely on apparent seismic radiation efficiency (=2σa/Δσs; σa is apparent stress of an earthquake). (2) When one attempts to use Δσs and spectral models to make predictions, such as apparent stress σa, there is a model-dependent discrepancy between the σa inferred from theoretical energy partitioning and the σa predicted using spherical mean corner frequency. Their ratio cp varies significantly from 1.0 for the Brune (1970, 1971) model to 6.38 for the Madariaga (1976) model. If one uses spectral models to predict the ground motion, cp must be considered. (3) We infer that the constancy of the "stress parameter" (Δσ˜) found in engineering seismology (e.g., Boore, 1983; Atkinson and Beresnev, 1998) is similar to having constant apparent stress, σa (e.g., Ide and Beroza, 2001). The observation that Δσ˜ is generally larger than the average static stress drop Δσs for global M >5.5 shallow crustal earthquakes in active tectonic regions implies that these earthquakes radiate, on average, more seismic energy than predicted from the conventional dynamic crack models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Condition monitoring plays an important role in production systems, since a failure of a single device could block the whole production line. State-of-the-art technologies such as vibration monitoring, acoustic emission technique, shock pulse method or similar are often applied through a variety of sensors in order to monitor a big amount of different devices. However, such multi-sensor deployment requires not only high investment and high effort, but qualified personnel resources for the analysis of the various data, especially when it comes to a real-time condition monitoring. Additionally, retrofitting of plants and peripheral devices has its own obstacles, due to either limited resources, high complexity, or other diverse restrictions. To foster condition monitoring in industrial applications hardware-software combinations are needed which excel in low applications costs and reduced installation efforts. In this paper, an economic solution for condition monitoring is presented based on a central power measurement device, which can be applied with a 100 Hz resolution on a device group such as pumps or the exhaust system. Mainly, this paper deals with the detection of active individual devices in a group by their power signature. A spectral analysis is carried out to obtain the power signature of every device. Finally, the device detection is realised through supervised data mining models, which are trained with the data from a manufacturing execution system and the high-resolution power signal. This approach allows the detection of a specific device between similar ones, as for every device of interest an individual model is developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart rate variability (HRV) is one of the tools that can assess autonomic activities during exercise or recovery. Massage is an often-used recovery method with varying recovery outcome. This study was to investigate the effect of lower limb massage on recovery HRV following repeated knee flexion and extension exercise-to-exhaustion. Nine healthy men aged between 20 and 30 years old were recruited and randomly assigned to a control group (n = 5) and massage group (n = 4). The HRV spectral analysis was performed at baseline, pre-exercise, post-exercise and immediately post-intervention. For intervention, the participants in the massage group received a 10-min massage on the quadriceps and hamstring muscles of the dominant leg whereas the control group received none. The HRV was presented as low-frequency (LF) peak (Hz), power (ms2), power (normalised unit; n.u.) and high-frequency (HF), peak (Hz), power (ms2), power (n.u.) as well as LF/HF ratio. Spectral power analysis showed there were no significant differences in the LF indices and LF/HF ratio with massage. HRV normalisation data revealed a within-subject difference with massage. Massage caused an immediate parasympathetic activation during recovery from a single exhaustive muscle contraction exercise. Hence, massage may be used to potentiate recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a common treatment of atrial fibrillation. However, current treatment is associated with a greater than 20% recurrence rate, in part due to inadequate monitoring of tissue viability during ablation. Spectral parameters, in particular cyclic variation of integrated backscatter (CVIB), have shown promise as early indicators of myocardial recovery from ischemia. Our aim was to demonstrate the use of spectral parameters to differentiate atrial myocardium before and after radiofrequency ablation. An AcuNav 10 F catheter was used to collect radiofrequency signals from the posterior wall of the left atrium of patients before and immediately after RFA for AF. The normalized power spectrum was obtained and three spectral parameters (integrated backscatter [IB], slope, and intercept) were extracted across two continuous heart cycles. Parameters were gated for ventricular end-diastole and compared before and after ablation. Additionally, the cyclic variation of each of these three parameters was generated as an average of the variation across the two recorded heart cycles. Data from 14 patients before and after ablation demonstrated a significant difference in the magnitude of the cyclic variation of integrated backscatter (9.0 vs. 6.0 dB, p <.001) and cyclic variation of the intercept (14.0 vs. 11.5 dB, p =.04). No significant difference was noted in the magnitude of the cyclic variation of the slope. Among spectral parameters gated for end-diastole, significant differences were noted in the slope (−4.39 vs. −3.73 dB/MHz, p =.002) and intercept (16.8 vs. 11.9 dB, p =.002). No significant difference was noted in the integrated backscatter. Spectral parameters are able to differentiate atrial myocardium before and immediately following ablation and may be useful in monitoring atrial ablations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the aeromagnetic data over parts of the Lower Benue Trough and Anambra Basin of North central and Southeastern Nigeria obtained from the Nigerian geological Survey Agency, Abuja to quantitatively determine the Curie Point Depth, Geothermal gradient, and Heat flow using Oasis montaj software, Fourpot software, and Surfer software. The results revealed that the average Curie point Depth of the Study area is 8.07594 km, the Geothermal gradient obtained has an average value of 73 °C/km, areas with low and intermediate geothermal gradient are, Southeast of Obubra, Northeast of Obi, North West of Odolu, and Awgu. The study area has an average heat flow of 170 mW/m², it is observed from the map that the areas around Igunmale, Abakaliki, Udi, Ejekwe and some area around Nkanu East have high heat flow rate attributed to presence of intrusive rock. Consequently, the study area is characterized by low, intermediate and high magnetic anomalies, the most prominent trend observed is in the ENE -WSW and NE -- SW minor trend direction and has high heat reservoir potential which can be harnessed as geothermal energy, there is also a possibility of high temperature and pressure hydrocarbon reservoir potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wakes and higher-order turbulence around circular cylinders of different diameters are investigated using particle image velocimetry measurements. The cylinder Reynolds number (Red) is defined by the depth-averaged velocity, cylinder diameter, and kinematic viscosity. The influence of Red on third-order moment of velocity fluctuations, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) flux, TKE budget, and turbulent length scales are presented. The intermittency factor (IF) and quadrant analysis around the cylinders are discussed for Red values ranging from 12,600 to 21,000. The energy budget mostly near free surface upstream and near-bed downstream is changed due to Red. Stream-wise and transverse TKE fluxes decreased significantly with Red, but not the vertical flux. Stream-wise skewness changed sign from positive to negative at a certain critical distance downstream, while vertical skewness showed reversed effect with Red. Negative stream-wise skewness and positive vertical skewness indicate the occurrence of ejection events. On the downstream, the production and dissipation rates increased with Red, whereas an opposite trend was observed for dissipation only on the upstream. Increase of Red led to an increase in the Kolmogorov length-scale much higher on the upstream than the downstream, whereas it showed depleting effect on Taylor's length-scale on the upstream and an increasing effect on the downstream. Ejection and sweep events were more prominent in the downstream near the cylinder than upstream with higher values of shear stress on the downstream. The sum of the shear stress contributions of all quadrant events increased consistently with an increase in Red near the cylinder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study is two-fold. First, we aim to detect the underlying existing periodicities in business and consumer survey expectations through spectral analysis. We use the Welch method to extract the harmonic components that correspond to the cyclic and seasonal patterns in all response options of monthly survey indicators. We find that business survey indicators show a common cyclical component of low frequency that corresponds to about four years, while for most consumer survey indicators, we do not detect any relevant cyclic components, and the obtained lower frequency periodicities show a very irregular pattern across questions and reply options. Second, we aim to provide researchers with a filter specially designed for business and consumer survey expectations that circumvents other filtering methods' assumptions. Most seasonal adjustment methods are based on a priori assumptions about the structure of the components and do not depend on the features of the specific series. To overcome this limitation, we design a low-pass filter that allows extracting the components with periodicities similar to those that can be found in the dynamics of economic activity. We opt for a Butterworth filter and apply a zero-phase filtering process to preserve the time series' time alignment. We find that the balances computed with the filtered series are highly correlated with the seasonally-adjusted balances published by the European Commission, albeit the former tend to be smoother for the consumer survey indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Fluorescence analysis provides a non-invasive, tissue-sparing approach. • Logistic model utilizes fluorescence for cancer detection. • Logistic model correctly identifies 96 % healthy and 74 % cancer cases. The optical fluorescence method is distinguished by key features such as non-invasiveness, high sensitivity, and resolution, which are superior to traditional diagnostic approaches. Unlike histopathological examinations and biochemical analyses, optical diagnostic methods obviate the need for tissue sampling, enabling the analysis of virtually unlimited material. The research aims to examine the effectiveness of emission spectra analysis in the diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the scalp and neck. The analysis was based on data provided by Specialized Hospital No. 2 in Bytom comprising a study sample of 10 patients. For each patient, fluorescence emission spectra were recorded from each of 512 points along a 5 mm line. The results obtained from the histopathological examination, the analysis and morphological evaluation of the tissue, and the diagnosis through microscopic observation were used to define a dichotomous variable (presence or absence of a cancerous lesion), adopted in the study as the modeled variable. The next step of the presented study involved constructing a logistic regression model for identifying cancerous lesions depending on the biochemical indicator's relative fluorescence value (RFV) and emission wavelength (ELW) within the 620 nm to 730 nm range. This wavelength range is often used in fluorescence diagnostics to detect various pathologies, including cancerous lesions. The resulting binary logistic regression model, l o g i t (p) = − 33.17 + 0.04 E L W + 0.01 R F V , indicates a statistically significant relationship between wavelength and relative fluorescence values with the probability of detecting cancer. The estimated model exhibits a good fit and high predictive accuracy. The overall model accuracy is 84.8 %, with the correct classification rates at approximately 96 % for healthy individuals and 74 % for individuals with cancer. These findings underscore the potential of photodynamic diagnostics in cancer detection and monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To accurately determine the shedding frequency of the cavitation cloud in a submerged cavitation jet, the spectral analysis and the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) for high-speed photography images are performed. The spectrums of 6 different kinds of image signals (the area-averaged gray level, the line-averaged gray level, the point gray level, the cavitation length, width, and area) are calculated and compared. The line-averaged gray level is found to be optimal in determining the shedding frequency but an accurate frequency can only be obtained in the stable-frequency zone where the cavitation cloud sheds. In repeated experiments, the plateau-shape distribution of the main frequency is established with a deviation of 10.8%. A revised Reynolds number Re′ is defined and the shedding frequency can be correlated to Re′ by a power law when the cavitation number is less than 0.02. This relationship is validated by the experimental data in literature. The first mode of the POD characterizes the ensemble-average of the cavitation cloud while the second mode is the major part of the cavitation cloud transient components. The modes 2–5 are organized in pairs, which confirms the periodic feature of the cavitation cloud in the submerged cavitation jet. Near the nozzle exit, the modes 2–5 are symmetrically distributed in the jet shear layer. The shedding frequency of the cloud cavitation can also be precisely determined by performing the spectral analysis of the weighting coefficients of the mode 2. This paper shows that the two parameters, namely, the line-averaged gray level and the weighting coefficients of the mode 2, can be confidently used to calculate the shedding frequency of the cavitation cloud in a submerged cavitation jet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-destructive methods have been widely recognized for evaluating fruit quality traits of many horticultural crops and food processing industry. Destructive (analytical) test, and non-destructive evaluation of the quality traits were investigated and compared for 'Red Rose' tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit grown under protected environment. Fresh tomato fruit at five distinctive maturity stages namely; breaker (BK), turning (TG), pink (PK), light-red (LR), and red (RD) were labeled and scanned using the handheld near infra-red (NIR) enhanced spectrometer at a wavelength range of 285–1200 nm. The labeled tomato samples were then measured analytically for flesh firmness, lycopene, β-carotene, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoids content (TFC). The results revealed that quality traits could be estimated using NIR spectroscopy with a relatively high coefficient of determination (R2): 0.834 for total phenolic content, 0.864 for lycopene, 0.790 for total flavonoid content, 0.708 for β-carotene; and 0.679 for flesh firmness. The accumulation of Lyco and β-Car rapidly increased in tomatoes harvested between the TG and the LR maturity stages. Harvesting tomatoes at BK maturity stage resulted in significantly higher flesh firmness than harvesting at the later maturity stages. Tomato fruits had the lowest TPC and TFC contents at the earliest maturity stage (BK), while they had intermediate TPC and TFC levels at LR and RD maturity stages. NIR spectroscopic measurements of fruit firmness and lipophilic antioxidants in tomato fruit at various maturity stages were partially in accordance with those estimated by destructive (analytical) methods. Based on these findings, we recommend using non-destructive NIR spectroscopy as an effective tool for predicting tomato fruit quality during harvest stage and postharvest processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to explore the biocomponents of flowers from Caralluma retrospiciens (Ehrenb). The study investigated the FT-IR and GC–MS spectral analysis of flower from C. retrospiciens (Ehrenb). A flower concentrate (FC) was prepared and the functional groups were determined by FT-IR spectroscopy study. FT-IR analysis showed the presence of significant compounds at frequency 3287.45, 2850.32, 2595.91, 2524.69, 2041.07 cm−1. The GC–MS study demonstrated the presence of unique pharmaceutically important compounds. The extract was characterized by the presence of unique compounds such as "7,8-Epoxylanostan-11-ol, 3-acetoxy", "Pregnan-20-one, 5,6-epoxy-3-hydroxy-, (3á,5á,6á)-", "Benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, methyl ester", "Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester", "Dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate", etc. The antibacterial effect of the FC showed a wide spectrum of activity against the screened human pathogenic bacteria. The activity was predominantly against Gram-negative bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the presented work, 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-amine (1) was reacted with 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride (2) in presence of aqueous basic aqueous medium to obtain 4-chloro-N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6- yl)benzenesulfonamide (3). In parallel, various un/substituted anilines (4a-l) were treated with bromoacetyl bromide (5) in basified aqueous medium to obtain corresponding 2-bromo-N-(un/substituted)phenylacetamides (6a-l) as electrophiles. Then the compound 3 was finally reacted with these electrophiles, 6a-l, in dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent and lithium hydride as base and activator to synthesize a variety of 2-[[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl](2,3-dihydro- 1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)amino]-N-(un/substituted)phenylacetamides (7a-l). The synthesized compounds were corroborated by IR, 1H-NMR and EI-MS spectral data for structural confirmations. These molecules were then evaluated for their antimicrobial and antifungal activities along with their %age hemolytic activity. Some compounds were found to have suitable antibacterial and antifungal potential, especially the compound 2-[[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl](2,3-dihydro-1,4- benzodioxin-6-yl)amino]-N-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)acetamide (7l) exhibited good antimicrobial potential with low value of % hemolytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to establish a computational approach to investigate that a discrete-time almost cyclostationary model is a suitable choice to fit on an observed dataset. The main idea is estimating the support of spectra and applying multiple testing. The simulated and real datasets are applied to study the performance of the introduced approach. The results confirm that the presented method acts efficiently in view of power study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internal waves are abundant in stratified environments such as the atmosphere and the ocean. In this paper, the internal waves and turbulent wake effect of a cylindrical body in a linear stratified environment is investigated. In a glass tank with dimensions 3>

Internal waves are abundant in stratified environments such as the atmosphere and the ocean. In this paper, the internal waves and turbulent wake effect of a cylindrical body in a linear stratified environment is investigated. In a glass tank with dimensions 3x1x0.5 (m), a linear stratification with buoyancy frequency (N) equal to 0.51 per second, was set up. Then a cylindrical body with 6 cm in diameter and 45 cm at length was towed in the fluid, using a computer controlled system. While changing the Froude (from 0.16 to 1.5) and Reynolds numbers of the flow, the effects of these changes were examined on the formation of the internal waves and wake of the cylinder. The internal waves generated were studied using shadowgraph technique and signal fluctuations were recorded. The results show that the presence of internal waves depend on changes of buoyancy frequency (N), Froude numbers, and Reynolds numbers of the flow. It was also found that with an increase up to the critical Froude number, the activity of internal waves and their wavelengths enhanced. Also, irregular long and short waves as well as turbulence of the environment were observed in the range of supercritical Froude numbers. In this study, the signals are recorded in domains of frequency and statistics. Using an ultra-fast salinity meter (densitometer) for recording signal frequencies it was found that increasing Froude number results in more combination of frequencies occurred in the environment. Based on the results of current experiments and previous studies, an equation was extracted to calculate the wavelength by parameters like velocity of body, maximum frequency value and propagation angle. The energy of wave spectrum increased up to a critical Froude number, and then decreased due to turbulence. The statistical distribution of signals recorded in most of the scenarios was normal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Situation awareness is essential to ensure operation of integrated energy systems consisting of the electricity, gas and heat systems. However, the multi-energy flow characteristics of system result in strong coupling relationships among different subsystems including different detection variables, which bring new challenges to situation awareness. To address this issue, a data driven detection method based on spectral analysis of random matrix is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a detection matrix model, which combines different types of variables, is established to fully reflect the interdependencies among subsystems, both internal and external. Furthermore, a novel detection method, which analyzes the degree of the spectral deviation of presented model, is presented to accomplish situation awareness. The proposed method can effectively handle the problem of power-gas-heat coupling, multi-variable modeling and rapid situation judging without requiring complicated numerical model. With this effort, not only the changed time but also the position of changed node could be obtained simultaneously through only spectral computation. Finally, simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed detection method. • The detection matrix model is presented for IES featuring multiple variables. • The proposed method can solve the situation awareness problem. • The proposed method could obtain changed time and node simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Article presents the relevance of creating Smart Grid for public power networks and industrial enterprises. The article describes an experiment in which data were collected from current and voltage sensors from several different consumers of electric energy, using the created Smart Socket - Smart Energy device. The methods and algorithms of intellectual and spectral analysis were used to analyze and process experimental data. In this paper, we developed an algorithm for identifying the type of consumer of electric energy in the network of general power supply using the machine learning model XGBoost - extreme gradient boosted decision trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research was commenced by reaction of 1,4-benzodioxane-6-amine (1) with 4- nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (2) in the presence of aqueous base under dynamic pH control at 9 to yield N-(2,3-dihydro- 1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide (3) which was further reacted with a series of alkyl/aralkyl halides (4a-i) in polar aprotic solvent using catalytic amount of lithium hydride which acts as base to afford some new Nalkyl/aralkyl-N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-4-nitrobenzenesulfonamides (5a-i). The projected structures of all the synthesized derivatives were characterized by contemporary techniques i.e., IR, ¹H-NMR and EIMS. The biofilm Inhibitory action of all synthesized molecules was carried out against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. It was inferred from their results that 5f and 5e exhibited suitable inhibitory action against the biofilms of these bacterial strains. Moreover, their cytotoxicity was also checked and it was concluded that these synthesized molecules displayed docile cytotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Austria is one of the wealthiest and most stable European Union Member States. With spectral analysis this paper attempts to forecast economic indicators of the Austrian economy up to 2030 to provide a clearer picture of its future economy. The applied spectral analysis reveals hidden periodicities in the studied country's economic data which are to be associated with cyclical behaviour or recurring processes in economic time series. The 2018- 2030 period forecasts of Austria's real GDP, government budget deficit or surplus in current prices, current account balance and total population respectively are all bullish, including unemployment rate doomed to expand at an annual rate of 0.58% until 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In sub-Saharan Africa, rain-fed agriculture remains one of the major sources of food, employment for low-skilled and rural community members and income for both commercial and subsistence farmers. Understanding problems posed by dry spells variability on agribusinesses is one of the critical challenges of our time. This study characterised dry spells in Lesotho for the improvement of agribusinesses using standardised precipitation (SPI) and standardised precipitation evapotranspiration (SPEI) drought indices. This study was found imperative mainly because Basotho's livelihood is dependent on rain-fed agriculture and this study further aimed to provide an early warning system that could be used for policymaking against adverse effects of drought events in the area. A 30-year-long rainfall and average monthly temperature data were collected from 10 administrative districts of Lesotho and used to compute SPI and SPEI values. Three dry spell parameters – frequency, duration and intensity – were derived from SPI and SPEI time series. The main findings of this study were that all candidate stations experienced similar dry spell conditions in both duration and frequency and all the selected stations throughout the country experienced extreme drought intensity levels from both SPI and SPEI. Two of the 10 districts showed a statistically significant decrease in Mann Kendal's trend from both SPI and SPEI time series. This implied that farmers must be encouraged to grow drought-resistant cultivars in order to sustain and support agribusiness in Lesotho. Rangeland policies and legislations must be enforced for livestock production, especially in the periods when extreme dry spell events are expected. The government and all other relevant stakeholders are, therefore, encouraged to devise means to support farmers with irrigation systems to maintain agricultural production, revenue and employees' employment status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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• The hyperspectral imaging system, engineered with sequential bandpass illumination techniques, facilitates non-contact imaging measurements, ensuring a pressure-free and comfortable diagnostic experience for patients. • In-depth analysis was conducted on the influence of the light source's radiative spectrum, diffraction efficiency of the grating, and quantum efficiency of the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) detector on spectral response. • Utilizing techniques such as multivariate linear regression, the estimation of oxygen content within tissues based on spectral characteristics was achieved. Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) seamlessly integrates imaging and spectroscopy, capturing both spatial and spectral data concurrently. With widespread applications in medical diagnostics, HSI serves as a noninvasive tool for gaining insights into tissue characteristics. The distinctive spectral profiles of biological tissues set HSI apart from traditional microscopy in enabling in vivo tissue analysis. Despite its potential, existing HSI techniques face challenges such as alignment issues, low light throughput, and tissue heating due to intense illumination. This study introduces an innovative HSI system featuring active sequential bandpass illumination seamlessly integrated into conventional optical instruments. The primary focus is on analyzing oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin saturation in animal tissue samples using multivariate linear regression. This approach holds promise for enhancing noninvasive medical diagnostics. A key feature of the system, active bandpass illumination, effectively prevents tissue overheating, thereby bolstering its suitability for medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread use of biogas slurry could potentially raise the environmental risk of antibiotics. Dissolved organic matter (DOM), as the most active part of biogas slurry, was able to interact with antibiotics and play a crucial role in the structure and function of soil and aquatic ecosystems. The recent shifts in global climate patterns have garnered significant attention due to their substantial impact on temperature, thereby exerting a direct influence on the characteristics of DOM and subsequently on the environmental behavior of antibiotics. However, there is limited research concerning the impact of temperature on the binding of DOM and antibiotics. Thus, this study aimed to explore the temperature-dependent structural transformation and driving factors of biogas slurry-derived DOM (BSDOM). Additionally, the binding characteristics between BSDOM and the commonly used antibiotic norfloxacin (NOR) at different temperatures were studied by using multi spectroscopic methods and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) analysis. The results suggested that the temperature-dependent structural transformation of BSDOM was reversible, with a slight lag in the transition temperature under cooling (13 °C for heating and 17 °C for cooling). Heating promoted the conversion of protein-like to humic-like substances while cooling favored the decomposition of humic-like substances. BSDOM and NOR were static quenching, with oxygen-containing functional groups such as C-O and -OH playing an important role. Temperature influenced the order of binding, the activity of the protein fraction, and its associated functional groups. At temperatures of 25 °C and 40 °C, the fluorescent components were observed to exhibit consistent binding preferences, whereby the humic-like component demonstrated a greater affinity for NOR compared to the protein-like component. However, the functional group binding order exhibited an opposite trend. At 10 °C, a new protein-like component appeared and bound preferentially to NOR, when no C-O stretch corresponding to the amide was observed. The finding will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the interaction mechanisms between DOM and antibiotics under climate change, as well as providing a theoretical basis to reduce the environmental risks of biogas slurry and antibiotics. [Display omitted] • The BSDOM fluorescence structural change was different in protein-like substances. • BSDOM and NOR were statically quenched, with C-O and -OH playing an important role. • Temperature had more influence on the order of binding of functional groups. • Temperature affected the activity of protein components in the binding process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an alternate site-response model to the existing ground-motion prediction equation (GMPE) from our previous study with some calibration to the magnitude term. We used a new site-response proxy TVH =4 × max(30, HB)/VS30 that combines VS30 (the travel-time-averaged shear-wave velocity to 30 m depth) with the engineering bedrock depth HB.VS30. is available for many strong-motion recording stations. However, GMPEs using VS30 do not directly account for the response of the soil layers between 30 m and bedrock depth. Site periodTS (four times the shear-wave travel time to the engineering bedrock depth) has also been used in recent GMPEs, with TS being considered a theoretically better parameter than a pseudosite period TVS30 (four times the shear-wave travel time to a depth of 30 m). Obtaining the shear-wave velocity profiles between 30 m and HB for a deep soil site can be expensive, whereas obtaining bedrock depth based on the geotechnical description of borehole data may be relatively easy. We used velocity profiles from the Kyoshin net and Kiban-Kyoshin net strong-motion networks and found that a pseudosite period TVH and TS have an excellent correlation with a small standard deviation at all spectral periods, suggesting that TVH is a suitable site-effect parameter. The poor correlations between TVS30 and TS and between TVS30 and TVH for sites with TS > 0.4 led to poor model performance at long spectral periods. We modified a GMPE by replacing with TVH, and we made a minor modification to the moment magnitude term of the GMPE that was necessary for the new site term. The response spectra predicted by models using TVH, TS and at short spectral periods up to 0.6 s are generally similar. At long spectral periods, the spectra predicted by the TVS30 are much smaller than those from the other two GMPEs. For all spectral periods, is an excellent substitute for TVS30. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the northeastern (NE) Arabian Sea, the fluctuation in terrestrial and freshwater runoff directly depends on southwest monsoon (SWM) precipitation as well as the meltwater flux provided by Indus River. Therefore, analysis of multi-proxy spectral signatures was carried out to trace the high-resolution SWM periodicities and their influence on the productivity, regional sea level fluctuations and depositional processes in the NE Arabian Sea. The time series data of stable isotopes of oxygen (δ 18O G.ruber), carbon (δ 13C G.ruber and δ 13C org) and nitrogen (δ 15N), Total Organic Carbon (TOC), planktic-benthic foraminiferal ratio (P/B ratio) and >63 μm coarse fraction (CF) were used from two coastal sedimentary cores located offshore Saurashtra, NE Arabian Sea (Core SK-240/485 having 88 m water depth; Core GC/SK-240/496 having 174 m water depth). The REDFIT based spectral analysis recorded significant periodicities (>90% significance) in δ 18O time series centered at ∼1609, ∼667, ∼525, ∼296, ∼290 and ∼256 years. Further, the significant periodicities recorded in carbon isotopes time series (δ 13C G.ruber and δ 13C org) centered at ∼681, ∼512, ∼471, ∼452, ∼438, ∼360, ∼292, ∼275, ∼269, ∼245 and ∼209 years. The significant periodicities in TOC include ∼471 and ∼322 years whereas δ 15N time series recorded significant periodicity centered at ∼360 years. The significant periodicities in P/B ratio time series centered at ∼512, ∼388, ∼304, ∼250, ∼235, ∼217, ∼152, ∼139 and ∼135 years while CF recorded ∼268, ∼216, ∼209, ∼198, ∼188, ∼173 and ∼140 years significant periodicities. The observed periodicities in the multi-proxy record consist of similar cycles (within the radiocarbon dating error) which also match with previously reported solar insolation influenced SWM and other global and regional cycles. Further, the stationarity of the data has been verified using wavelet analysis and shows similar periodicities as observed in REDFIT analysis. Thereafter, the depositional behaviour was studied using correlation analysis of the common periods of δ 18O time series of both the cores. The result suggests that the depositional behaviour was different for both the core sites during the early Holocene and became similar during the middle Holocene. The correlation analysis of Total Solar Index (TSI) with δ 18O time series reveals a significant correlation with the core SK-240/485 whereas an insignificant correlation with the core GC/SK-240/496. These observations suggest that the solar insolation has been a leading factor responsible for the SWM trends during the Holocene which may have further influenced the productivity, regional sea level fluctuations and depositional conditions in the NE Arabian Sea. However, these trends are better preserved in shallow marine sediments as compared to the deeper marine sediments. Image 1 • Comprehensive multi-proxy spectral analysis using marine sediment cores from offshore Saurashtra, NE Arabian Sea. • Significant periodicities in the SWM variations and its influence on the NE Arabian Sea paleoceonography • Decipher the possible amplifying mechanism of relation between solar insolation and SWM variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: One of the methods used to assess autonomic nervous system dysfunction in the etiology of panic disorder (PD) is heart rate variability (HRV). HRV is controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagal) branches of the autonomic nervous system and reflects the capacity of autonomic stimulation by the parasympathetic system. The aim of this study was to evaluate heart rate variability (HRV) time domain parameters based on twenty four hour holter ECG analysis among drug-naive patients with panic disorder (PD) without any other medical and psychiatric comorbidity. Method: The study group consisted of 41 patients with PD and 46 healthy controls. Participants were evaluated with SCID-1 for psychiatric diagnoses. Then Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS), Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) and Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI-S) were applied to participants. Twenty four hour Holter ECG outcomes were analyzed on a computer program and time domain parameters were evaluated. Results: Among the parameters analyzed from HRV, SDANN was significantly higher (p <0.001); duration of RMSSD, NN50 and pNN50 were lower in PD group than the control group (p = 0.003, p = 0.005, p = 0.047, respectively). In the correlation analysis, there was a moderate negative correlation between CGI-S and NN50 and pNN50. In logistic regression analysis, the increase in SDNN was found to increase the probability of PD by 1.11 (95% CI, 1.010-1.209); the increase in SDANN was found to decrease the probability of PD by 0.892 (95% CI, 0.818-0.973), and the increase in pNN50 was found to decrease the probability of PD by 0.523 (95% CI, 0.342-0.801). Conclusion: The data obtained in our study confirm that there is a decrease in some HRV parameters like RMSSD, NN50 and pNN50 reflecting parasympathetic activity among patients with PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A major problem in the analysis of HRV are the often unavoidable artefacts, which can render the data useless. • A great benefit of using surrogate data in spectral analysis is that the 'true' spectrum is known in advance, and all estimates can be compared to this. • Even with many gaps (up to 50%), HRV recordings need not to be discarded and spectral parameter estimates can still be used. • Algorithms such as Burg for segments can provide an accurate estimate from the remaining high quality segments. Heart rate variability is commonly quantified following spectral estimation. However, it is often difficult to obtain continuous recordings of beat-to-beat intervals without interruptions due to artefacts, noise or sporadic arrhythmias. Such data loss may be seen as gaps in the recordings, and often results in such signals being discarded. While a number of methods has been proposed for spectral estimation in heart rate records with gaps, there are no comprehensive comparisons between them. This paper tries to fill this void, comparing methods and identifying the most versatile and reliable one. The mean (bias error) and standard deviation (random error) of estimates of power in the low frequency band (LF), from 0.04 to 0.15 Hz; in the high frequency band (HF), from 0.15 to 0.4 Hz; and their ratio (LF/HF), were calculated in RR-interval time-series with up to 50% of samples missing through large or small gaps introduced into recordings. 'Correlogram (bridging)' and 'Burg for segments' methods proved to be the most robust methods for dealing with gaps, but Burg for segments was found to be more robust, especially in the HF band. Our results clearly show that even large gaps (covering a total of 50% of the recording time) can still yield robust spectral estimates of HRV, provided appropriate methods are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]